The Sins of Greenwashing

Home and Family Edition

2010

A report on environmental claims made

in the North American consumer market
company overview

At TerraChoice, we help grow the worlds most

sustainable companies. By combining expertise
in science and business, we help genuine leaders
build market share and accelerate progress towards
sustainability.

Our clients are Fortune 500 consumer packaged goods

companies, energy conglomerates, green entrepreneurs,
and everything in between. The common thread is their
genuine legitimate leadership in environmental sustainability.

For more information, visit www.terrachoice.com

company overview

Operating around the globe, the UL family of companies

is one of the worlds largest independent testing and
certification organizations. UL has been testing products
and writing Standards for Safety for more than a century.
UL evaluates more than 19,000 types of products,
components, materials and systems from more than
66,000 manufacturers each year. More than 20 billion UL
Marks appear on products yearly worldwide. ULs global
family of companies and network of service providers
including Underwriters Laboratories of Canada Inc. and
ULC Standards is composed of 68 laboratory, testing and
certification facilities serving customers in 102 countries.
UL also specializes in providing environmental services,
verification services, life and health safety testing, and
educational training services through its various business
units. By becoming one of the UL family of companies,
TerraChoice can leverage the expertise and reach of
UL Environment, a full-service environmental solutions
company and one of ULs fastest growing businesses.
For more information, visit: www.ul.com/newsroom or
www.ulenvironment.com.
contents

5 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

8 Introduction

11 A GREENER RETAIL WORLD

12 gentle green giants

14 GREENWASHING IS A PERSISTENT PROBLEM

17 COMPANIES IMPROVE WITH PRACTIcE

19 ECO-LABELING: PROBLEM + SOLUTION

21 Toys + Baby Products

23 household Cleaning Products

25 DIY BUILDING & CONSTRUCTION PRODUCTS

27 Consumer ELECTRONICS

29 Appendices
ExecUTIVE Summary

Since the first Sins of Greenwashing study was published

in 2007, the world has re-awakened to the issue of false and

misleading environmental claims. Although we at TerraChoice

have been pleased by these developments, we hope to see

more reporting that is encouraging of business. Scrutiny of

environmental claims will be positive only as long as it manages

to discourage greenwashing while simultaneously encouraging

more and more green product innovation and commercialization.

With that in mind, we launched this edition of the Sins of

Greenwashing research to update the state of knowledge of

environmental claims, to focus particular attention on home

and family products, and to add a constructive perspective to

the debate.

What we found is fascinating and telling, and includes both good

news and bad.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 

Since Consumers are offering companies both a carrot and a stick.

They reward green product innovation, and they scold green-

washing. And it appears to be working. There are more green

2009, the
products than ever before, theres a little less greenwashing, and

there is good evidence that companies and big retailers - are

learning with experience. Consumers are creating a gradually

greener retail world.

number of WHAT We found

Consumers are changing the world for the better:

There are many more green home and family products and theres

greener
a little less greenwashing. In the 24 stores we visited in both 2009
and 2010 (same brand, same location, same size), the number of
greener products (products claiming to be green) increased by
73%. And, although greenwashing is still a significant problem (this
year we have found that over 95% of greener products commit one

products
or more of the seven Sins of Greenwashing), there is evidence that
it is improving. The proportion of sin-free products appears to have
doubled in each of the last two years, from less than 1% in 2007 to
approximately 2% in 2009, and to almost 4.5% in 2010.

Companies improve with practiCe: Categories of products

has gone
that have more experience with greening have less greenwashing,
more reliable green certification, and continued green growth.

Big box stores are gentle green giants: With less green-
washing, more green product selection, and more use of legitimate

up by 73%
certification we find that consumers can trust big box stores to
provide the best selection and integrity of greener product claims.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 

Categories WHAT We found (continued)

that have
Eco-Labeling is an important solution, and sometimes
part of the problem. Of products certified by an ISO 14024-based
program, more than 30% were sin-free (compared to the 4.4% study-
wide result). Clearly, good eco-labeling helps prevent (but doesnt

more
eliminate) greenwashing. Unfortunately, the use of fake labels (a sin
we first identified in 2009 and dubbed the Sin of Worshiping False
Labels) has increased dramatically.

experience
BPA + phthalate-related claims are skyrocketing.
The percentage of products making BPA-free claims has increased
by 577%, and those making phthalate-free claims increased in 2550%!
Two-thirds of these claims appear on toys and baby products.

with
greening
have 5
times more
sin-free
products terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 
GREEN IS A DIFFICULT WORD. ITS EVOCATIVE AND POWERFUL.
Consumers and companies alike are attracted to it. But its vague,
and can mean something different to everyone that uses or hears
it. Cautiously (and only in quotation marks), we use green and
greener to describe the products in this study. We mean simply
products that claim to offer an environmental benefit.

INTRODUCTION

Since the first Sins of Greenwashing study was published in

2007, the world has re-awakened to the issue of false and

misleading environmental claims. Regulators have become

re-engaged (the Canadian Competition Bureau re-published its

environmental claims guidelines in 2008, and the U.S. Federal

Trade Commission appears poised to re-publish its Green Guides

in 2010 or 2011). The popular press has reported the issue widely.

And, various movements grassroots, legislative, and advocacy

are developing solutions.

Although we at TerraChoice have been pleased that the Sins

of Greenwashing research has contributed to this awareness,

we hope to see more balance in media coverage to encourage

business to do better. Scrutiny of environmental claims will be

positive only as long as it manages to discourage greenwashing

while simultaneously encouraging more and more green product

innovation and commercialization.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 

Striking this balance is the essence of what we do at TerraChoice:

combine great science and great marketing to help market and

sell genuinely greener products.

What customers demand, companies will do their best to

provide. And as they compete for the attention of consumers

and for profit, they will innovate and leapfrog one another in

that pursuit. So, as consumers demand greener products, and

companies race to meet that demand, they will advance the

cause of environmental sustainability dramatically; perhaps

more rapidly and efficiently than any governmental intervention

ever has or could produce.

But competition and free markets need good information if consumer

demand is to have anything but superficial effect. With that in mind, in

this edition of the Sins of Greenwashing research (the methodology is

described in Appendix 1), we set out to do two different things:

1. Focus on the home and family, since these are the

products that give consumers a daily opportunity to use
their purchasing to make a greener world; and,

2. Focus oN the constructive findings and implications

of the research (notwithstanding the general conclusion that
greenwashing is, still, a significant problem).

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 

 THE 7
SINS OF
1
Sin of the Hidden Trade-off: committed by suggesting a product
is green based on an unreasonably narrow set of attributes without
attention to other important environmental issues. Paper, for example,
is not necessarily environmentally-preferable just because it comes from
a sustainably-harvested forest. Other important environmental issues in
the paper-making process, including energy, greenhouse gas emissions,
and water and air pollution, may be equally or more significant.

GREEN- 2 Sin of No Proof: committed by an environmental claim that cannot be

substantiated by easily accessible supporting information or by a reliable
third-party certification. Common examples are tissue products that claim
various percentages of post-consumer recycled content without providing

WASHING
any evidence.

3
Sin of Vagueness: committed by every claim that is so poorly defined or
broad that its real meaning is likely to be misunderstood by the consumer.
All-natural is an example. Arsenic, uranium, mercury, and formaldehyde are
all naturally occurring, and poisonous. All natural isnt necessarily green.

4
Sin of Irrelevance: committed by making an environmental claim that
may be truthful but is unimportant or unhelpful for consumers seeking
environmentally preferable products. CFC-free is a common example,
since it is a frequent claim despite the fact that CFCs are banned by law.

5
Sin of Lesser of Two Evils: committed by claims that may be true within
the product category, but that risk distracting the consumer from the greater
environmental impacts of the category as a whole. Organic cigarettes might
be an example of this category, as might be fuel-efficient sport-utility vehicles.

6
Sin of Fibbing: the least frequent Sin, is committeed by making environmental
claims that are simply false. The most common examples were products
falsely claiming to be Energy Star certified or registered.

7
Sin of Worshiping False Labels: The Sin of Worshiping False Labels
is committed by a product that, through either words or images, gives the
impression of third-party endorsement where no such endorsement
actually exists; fake labels, in other words.
 DI=:G

8A:6C>C<E6E:G

A6LC <6G9:C
A GREENER RETAIL WORLD
4,744 767N86G:

7J>A9>C< 8DCHIGJ8I>DC

products
Its easier than ever to find greener products
IDNH
for our homes and families.
:A:8IGDC>8H

D;;>8:EGD9J8IH
In the last edition of the Sins of Greenwashing study, we found
=DJH:L6G:H
that greener product offerings had grown by 79% between
8A:6C>C<EGD9J8IH
2008 and 2009. Green markets were strong and growing.
2010 HEALTH + BEAUTY

That trend continues in 2010. At the two dozen stores we visited

both in 2009 and again for this years study, greener product

offerings increased by a total of 73%, from 2,739 products in

2009 to 4,744 products in 2010. More specifically:

In nine repeat-visit stores, the number of greener products increased

73%
by more than 200%. All of these stores are very large and well-known
brands.
2009
INCREASE DI=:G
IN Greener
Of all 24 repeat-visit stores, only four showed a decline in their
product 8A:6C>C<E6E:G
offerings greener product offering between 2009 and 2010. Three of these
showed greener product declines of between 10 and 20%. One
A6LC <6G9:C

2,739 showed a decline of almost 61%.

767N86G:
products In three repeat-visit stores there were at least 500% more
7J>A9>C< 8DCHIGJ8I>DC
greener products than there had been in 2009.
IDNH

:A:8IGDC>8H terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 11

D;;>8:EGD9J8IH
Big box stores offered a much higher
percentage (22.8%) of home and
family products with legitimate green
certifications than either specialty
(11.5%) or green boutiques (12.8%)

Gentle Green Giants

% OF PRODUCTS 20
USING LEGITIMATE
GREEN CERTIFICATION Big box stores are the best providers

10 of trustworthy greener products.

It has recently been popular to question the motives and

0 legitimacy of greening at large corporate retailers. We
BIG BOX SPECIALTY BOUTIQUES

were interested, consequently, in whether or not a meaningful

% OF SIN-FREE 5 difference could be found in the number and quality of greener
PRODUCTS
claims on home and family product offerings at three different

categories of retailers: big box stores with large footprints and

2.5
multiple unrelated product categories (we visited thirteen such

stores); specialty retailers which focus on one product category

0 or multiple, related product categories (we visited eleven of these
BIG BOX SPECIALTY BOUTIQUES

stores); and, green boutiques - smaller stores that self-identify as

# OF GREENER 300 offering only greener products (we visited five of these).
PRODUCTS

Taken together these findings suggest perhaps counter-

150
intuitively, and whatever the motives of the retailers - that

consumers can trust big box stores to provide the best selection

0
BIG BOX SPECIALTY BOUTIQUES

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 12

 and integrity of greener product claims. (Heres one possible
case study explanation: The combination of the scrutiny they receive and
rona & responsible retailing
their power over their supply chains puts large retailers in a
The largest Canadian distributor and retailer of hardware, home renovation better position than smaller retailers to demand progress on
and gardening products is also a leader in green retailing. With close to
greenwashing.)
700 stores, nearly 30,000 employees, and a market share of more than
17.5%, RONA is paving the way to responsible retailing.

In the 2010 Sins study, TerraChoice found a 245% increase in the number
of green product offerings at an Ottawa RONA location between 2009 WHAT WE FOUND
and 2010. Normand Dumont, Executive Vice-President of Merchandising at
RONA, explains this rise as a function of the companys solid environmental Big box stores offered a much higher percentage
platform and critical buy-in from CEO Robert Dutton. This support (22.8%) of home and family products with legitimate green
bolstered sustainable developments place in RONAs four-year strategic certifications than either specialty retailers (11.5%) or green
plan, which includes introducing 442 of RONAs ECO brand of products boutiques (12.8%).
over four years. At year three, they are at 98% of this goal. They are also
introducing 1,673 products designated as Eco-responsible choices by a Big box stores have more products that are free of
credible third-party and have already reached 84% of their target ending greenwashing (5.6%) than either specialty retailers (1.7%) or
in 2011. green boutiques (0.5%).

Behind marketing efforts including in-store signage for both RONA ECO There are more greener products, on average,
and Eco Responsible products, RONA is taking a third-party approach to at big box stores (293 per store) than at either green
environmental product assessment. Founding their choices and own brand boutiques (109) or specialty retailers (85).
on life cycle analysis (LCA) principles developed in partnership with the
International Chair in life cycle assessment of lcole polytechnique de
Montral, RONA works to assure consumers that they are not greenwashing.

In the fall of 2010, RONA is poised to launch its Responsible Procurement

Policy. We want to make a real and lasting impact. says Dumont.
We want to focus on the product that has the most significant impact
on our footprint. Look for an even deeper emphasis on the social side
of products to ensure they are responsible to the planet and people, too.

For more information, visit www.eco.rona.ca.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 13

GREENWASHING IS
A PERSISTENT PROBLEM

Green claims on home and family products are getting

better, but the vast majority is still misleading.

Consumer demand for greener products is changing the world.

As they compete for the attention of green consumers and for

profit, companies are innovating and leapfrogging one another

in that pursuit. As evidence of this, the Sins of Greenwashing

research has found for two years in a row that the number of

greener products on offer has increased by more than 70%.

But if green demand is to create genuinely greener products,

the environmental claims of those products must be true and transparent.

This is why greenwashing is such a significant impediment to

continued progress.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 14

 In this years Sins of Greenwashing research, we examined 5,296

unique home and family consumer products. This sample was

made up of:

2583
2,583 products found in Canada.
1,960 products found in the United States.
CANADA 753 found in both countries.
Visits to 19 stores in Canada, and 15 stores in the U.S.

1960
These 5,296 home and family products made a total of 12,061

green claims.
USA

+ 753
(continued on next page)

BOTH

5296
TOTAL UNIQUE
HOME & FAMILY
PRODUCTS
EXAMINED FOR
THIS REPORT

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 15

 PERCENTAGES oF OCCURENCE OF SINS IN 2007 2009 2010

WHAT We found

100 Greenwashing is still a significant problem. Applying

the same tests as we have in past years - tests based on the FTC
Green Guides, the Canadian Competition Bureau Guidelines for
Environmental Claims, ISO 14021, and our own understanding of
50 global best practice we find that over 95% of greener products
commit one or more of the seven Sins of Greenwashing.

0 But, greenwashing is declining. Although the numbers are

HIDDEN NO PROOF VAGUENESS IRRELEVANCE FIBBING LESSER OF WORSHIPING
TRADE-OFF TWO EVILS FALSE LABELS very small the proportion of sin-free products is increasing at a
rate that is statistically significant. In fact, the number of sin-free
products appears to have doubled in each of the last two years,
from approximately 1% in 2007 to less than 2% in 2009, and to
almost 4.5% in 2010. We need to be cautious in our interpretation
of such small numbers, but we believe theyre early evidence of
good news.

And, greenwashing is changing. There are several

noteworthy patterns in the evolution of greenwashing this year.
The Sin of the Hidden Trade-off declined sharply from 2009
(71.3% of all products) to 2010 (27.4%). This is at least partially a
result of the variation between the way we defined and applied
this sin between 2009 and 2010. The Sin of No Proof increased
from 56.4% of all products to 70.1%, much of which was related
to BPA-free (and related) claims on toys and baby products. And,
the Sin of Worshiping False Labels increased from 23.3% to 30.9%.
The sins themselves are described in detail on page 10.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 16

COMPANIES IMPROVE
WITH PRACTICE

With experience in green marketing greenwashing declines,

certification grows, and real green growth continues.

Green is newer to some home and family product categories

than others. Its older in building and construction products and

much newer to toys and baby products. (The latter has yet to see

a well-organized movement or standard emerge, although an

environmental standard is currently being developed by the EcoLogo

Program.)

To examine whether or not green maturity makes a difference

to the claims in a sector, we constructed two clusters of product

categories, representing their relative experience with greening.

In the mature greening category we included building/

construction products, office products, cleaning chemicals,

and tissue products. In the immature greening category

we included toys, baby products, and consumer electronics.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 17

 120
WHAT We found
PERCENTAGE OF
GREEN GROWTH 60 Growth continues in the long-term. Although the
2009 - 2010
building/construction, office, cleaning and tissue categories have
been greening for a number of years, they have all continued

0 higher-than-average rates of growth in the last twelve months.

MATURE IMMATURE OVERALL
Compared to the study wide growth rate of 73%, greener product
offerings in mature categories increased by an average of 104.3%
30 (building/construction 108%, office 126%, cleaning chemicals
106%, tissue 77%).
PERCENTAGE
USE OF LEGITIMATE 15 Use of legitimate certification increases with maturity.
CERTIFICATION There is considerably more use of legitimate certification in the
more mature green categories. With an average frequency of
28.8% (and a narrow range of between 24% and 32%) legitimate
0
MATURE IMMATURE OVERALL labeling was considerably more common than the study wide
result (19.8%) and much more frequent than it was in the less
mature categories (13.8%).

good green marketing 101 Greenwashing declines with experience. Perhaps most
significantly (and notwithstanding our overall observation that
Be self-honest about the whole, lifecycle-based,
greenwashing is still far too common in all categories), the
environmental impacts of your product. Acknowledge them
proportion of sin-free products is more than five times greater
and address them one step at a time.
in mature (5.1%) than in immature (0.3%) categories and is greater
than the study-wide result of 4.4%. Companies get better with
Make, claim, and ask your customers to support stepwise progress
experience (thanks to continued consumer scrutiny). (Tissue
(they will). But dont overstate your progress; theres no such thing
products are an outlier in this finding. With a sin-free rate of
(yet) as a truly green or environmentally-friendly product.
only 0.8%, it showed considerably more greenwashing than any
of its mature counterparts and more even that the study-wide
Ask your customers to join you on a journey to ever
sin-free result of 4.4%.)
more sustainable products. This is the most honest message,
(and it makes for great and long-lasting customer relationships).

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 18

ECo-labeling:
PROBLEM + SOLUTION

The last three years have seen more growth in greener

home and family products than has ever been seen before.

As green claims have soared so has consumer scrutiny, the

demand for better evidence of claims and consequently

the demand for third-party endorsement. Environmental

standards and certification (eco-labels, more commonly)

emerged as one protection against greenwashing in the 1980s

wave of green product launches. In fact, the International

Organization for Standards (ISO) established best practice

for eco-labeling more than a decade ago, in ISO 14024.

Environmental standards and certification will be essential

to continuing progress in greener products. Ironically, the

potential importance of eco-labels has led to a proliferation of

them, and to a multitude of types and degrees of meaningfulness and

integrity. In last years Sins of Greenwashing study, we recognized

this problem as a new sin: the Sin of Worshiping False Labels.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 19

 WHAT We found

Legitimate green standards help fight greenwashing.

Of products certified by an ISO 14024-based program (EcoLogo,
Green Seal, and Nordic Swan were the three that we found in this
study) more than 30% were sin-free (compared to the 4.4% study-
wide result). In other words, good eco-labeling helps prevent (but
doesnt eliminate) greenwashing.

False eco-labeling is increasing. The use of fake labels (a sin

we first identified in 2009 and dubbed the Sin of Worshiping False
Labels) is increasing. More than 32% of greener products found in
this study carried such a fake label, compared to the 26.8% in 2009.

False labels are a dime a dozen. Ease of access to false,

completely meaningless eco-labels has become almost comical. By
searching certified green at many stock image websites, we were
offered meaningless false eco-labels downloadable for only a few
dollars.

WE BOUGHT THIS
CERTIFICATION
MARK ONLINE FOR $15.
ITS JUST ONE EXAMPLE
OF AN ALMOST COMICAL
VARIETY OF FALSE
LABELS ON THE MARKET
terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 20
 TOYS & BABY PRODUCTS

Parents care, and companies are trying, but greenwashing is rampant.

Despite the adage that few consumers are more attentive to

health and environment than new parents, wide scale greening

of toy and baby products is only a recent phenomenon. Now,

finally, it is growing rapidly.

We found a total of 168 toys and 706 baby products that made

a total of 2,073 greener claims. In addition to multi-category

retailers, our field work included six specialty toy/baby stores of

Whats a GREEN MOM to do?
various sizes and brands.
1. Support green products whenever you can,
even if you suspect greenwashing. Since most greenwashing
is exaggeration rather than falsehood, youre probably choosing BPA and phthalate-related claims are skyrocketing
a greener product (its probably not as green as it claims).
And, every time you choose a greener product, the market More than any other single claim that we observed, BPA-free and
hears you say: I like this. I want more green products. Please phthalate-free (and variations on the theme) have become more
frequent in the last year. The percentage of products making BPA-
keep trying. (And the market will.)
free claims increased by 577%, and those making phthalate-free

2. Choose the green product that offers the best proof. claims increased by 2,550%!

Choose EcoLogo or other reliable standards and certifications Two-thirds of these claims appear on toys and baby products.
when you see them, and choose more information over less
information. When you do, youre more likely to wind up with the An extraordinary 44% of all green baby products include a BPA-free
(or similar claim), and 10% include a phthalate-free claim. Only 5% of
greenest choice and, you tell the market I want more information!
green toys make either a BPA- or phthalate-free claim.
(And it will hear you again).

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 21

 Toys & Baby ProductS.
Percentage of Products Committing Each Sin WHAT We found

Very high rates of growth of greener product

100
offerings. Since 2009 greener toy offerings have increased by
150%, and green baby products by 194%. At stores that specialize
in this category, the rates of growth in greener products are even
50 greater, ranging from 191% to 375% and averaging 289%. Compare
these to the all-product greener product growth rate of 73%.

More Greenwashing. As compared to the study-wide finding of

0
HIDDEN NO PROOF VAGUENESS IRRELEVANCE FIBBING LESSER OF WORSHIPING 4.4%, less than 1% of the greener toys and baby products are free
TRADE-OFF TWO EVILS FALSE LABELS
of the Sins of Greenwashing. We did not find a single green toy
(0.00%) that was free of greenwashing, and only 0.8% (only 6 of 706
products) of baby products were sin-free. (The only other category
Key Lessons for Great Green CLAIMS in which we found zero sin-free products was consumer electronics.)
Toys & Baby Products

1. Transparency and Proof. Its not good enough that you are
Lack of Evidence. The Sin of No Proof is the most frequent
greenwashing sin on toys and baby products. And, with 89% of all
confident that your product is free of BPA (or phthalates, lead,
greener toys and baby products committing this sin, it is a more
mercury, PVC and so on). Parents deserve proof. Get the studies,
pervasive problem than in other categories (the overall frequency in
make them available, and build a dialogue of open transparency
other categories is 64%.)
with your customers. They will reward you for it.

2. Learn from the Lessons of Others. Pay attention to the

BPA and Phthalates. More than two-thirds of all of the BPA-free
claims (and similar variations) in this study were found on toys and
experiences of those categories that have preceded you through
baby products, as were more than half of all of the phthalate-free
greener product innovation. Observe the pitfalls (vagueness,
claims. In fact, 44% of all green baby products made a BPA-free or
false labels, hidden trade-offs, most notably) and avoid them.
similar claim.

3. Quickly Build or Adopt A Certification System.

The scrutiny is imminent and the winners will be the first to
build unequivocal trust with customers. Unanimous agreement
that the health of children was non-negotiable led quickly to
the demand for third-party certification of green claims. The
same needs to happen for toys and baby products.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 22

 HOUSEHOLD
Key Lessons for Great Green CLEANING PRODUCTS
claims on cleaning products

1. Explain THE CLAIM. Environmentally-friendly (or the hundreds

Green cleaning claims are getting better,
of variations on the theme) isnt in itself the problem. Its the not
explaining yourself that gets you in trouble. Since no product is but vagueness is still a problem.
actually (yet) friendly to the environment, and since recycled
fiber (or sustainable harvesting, or low toxicity) isnt the only
Once a niche category and the territory of small (even anti-
environmental impact of a product, loose language like green,
eco, earth can only mislead. Be honest with yourself, and then establishment) brands, green cleaning has hit the mainstream.
with your customers, about what you mean by these terms. With recent green product launches, acquisitions, and campaigns

2. Keep Leaning on Legitimate STANDARDS. This is a category from some of the worlds largest consumer packaged goods

that is already comfortable with legitimate certification. Whether companies, green cleaning has entered the big leagues.
its EcoLogo, FSC, or another, these are programs with deep
experience in cleaning chemistry and tissue products. Look
By cleaning products, we mean both cleaning chemistry (such
for certification cost efficiencies between your B2B and B2C
brands. Lean on your manufacturers or private labelers to deliver as detergents, window cleaners, and general purpose cleaning
certification through extended licenses. Partner with certifiers liquids), and tissue products (such as toilet paper, paper towels and
to explain this advantage to customers. And partner with retailers
so on). In this study, we examined 605 cleaning chemistry products,
and certified products in other categories to deepen the value
and competitive advantage. and 120 tissue products which we found in a variety of retailers

including grocers, DIY construction outlets, and houseware

specialty retailers. They made a combined total of 2,001 green claims.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 23

 CLEANING PRODUCTS.
Percentage of Products Committing Each Sin
WHAT We found
Different rates of growth. While the rate of green
inventory growth in this category (101%) is greater than the overall

100 study result (73%), this is largely accounted for by green cleaning
chemicals (105%). Tissue products show a much more typical rate
of growth (77%). This is consistent with the much longer presence
of environmental scrutiny in the paper industry. In particular, claims
50 related to recycled fiber content have been common for decades.

Greenwashing varies. Although the overall rate of greenwashing

0 in this category is fairly typical (a sin-free rate of 3.73% as compared
HIDDEN NO PROOF VAGUENESS IRRELEVANCE FIBBING LESSER OF WORSHIPING
TRADE-OFF TWO EVILS FALSE LABELS to the all-study result of 4.4%), this varies significantly by sub-category.
Whereas the rate of sin-free products in cleaning chemicals is average,
4.3% as compared to the overall study result of 4.4%, tissue products have
a much higher rate of greenwashing (only 0.8% were sin-free).

Vagueness is the most COMMON problem. The Sin of

Vagueness is the most frequent problem (committed by 77.4% of
products) in this category, and was more frequent than the all-study
result (67.3% of products). Some frequent examples include
unelaborated uses of: 1 Eco-friendly 2 Environmentally-friendly
3 Earth-friendly 4 Environment safe 5 Harnessing nature 6 Eco-chemistry

Good use of legitimate certification. 32% of cleaning

products displayed certification by a legitimate eco-label, as
compared to only 19.8% in the study-wide sample. (Principally, these
certifications were EcoLogo and Green Seal). We speculate that
this is a reflection of the importance of eco-labeling in the professional
janitorial/sanitation industry. In that space, procurement demand for
greener and healthier products has been accompanied by a demand
for certification to just a few recognized standards. Just as the
formulation experience and economies of scale have spilled over from
professional to consumer markets, so has the importance and use
of legitimate certifications.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 24

 DIY BUILDING/CONSTRUCTION.
Percentage of Products Committing Each Sin WHAT We found

Very strong green growth. With 108% more green products

100
in 2010 than in 2009, building and construction products are being
greened more quickly than the rest of the marketplace (a study-wide
increase of 73%). At the five DIY specialty stores we re-visited this
50 year, the average increase in green product offerings was almost
138%. At the two stores we have now studied three years in a row,
the three year increase in green product offerings averages 410%.

0
HIDDEN NO PROOF VAGUENESS IRRELEVANCE FIBBING LESSER OF WORSHIPING Less Greenwashing. At just over 6%, the proportion of sin-free
TRADE-OFF TWO EVILS FALSE LABELS
products in this category is slightly but meaningfully higher than the
all-product study result of 4.4%.

Hidden Trade-Offs are Unusually Common. Compared

Key Lessons for Great Green Claims
to a study-wide frequency of 27.4%, almost 40% of building and
on DIY Building/Construction
construction products were found to commit the Sin of the Hidden

1. Enough already with the exaggeration. The most unique

Trade-off. The most common of these single-benefit claims included:
air quality (100 products); energy (61 products); and, recycled
problem in this category is the Sin of the Hidden Trade-off: start-
content (41 products).
ing with one good environmental thing, and claiming to be green
on the strength of it. Green is a ladder, and a long one. Water,
Improved use of legitimate STANDARDS. Although the study-
energy, toxics, recycled contents are each just rungs. Be proud of
wide result showed a decline in the use of legitimate eco-labeling
each step, and expect your customers to reward you (they will),
from 23.4% in 2009 to 19.8% in 2010, the reverse was true in this
but dont mistake a rung for the top. (And invite your customers
category. Perhaps because of their greater maturity of green
to join you on the climb, which builds long-lasting relationships.)
attention in this space, 31.7% of products turned to legitimate

2. Keep certifying. Certification schemes are rapidly maturing eco-labels. The most credible certifications include Energy Star,
GREENGUARD, UL Environment and EcoLogo.
in this category. They will become easier to access, more
standards will be available (UL Environment is developing a
number of standards in this space), and you can expect greater
leverage through retailers and non-competitive partners.

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CONSUMER ELECTRONICS

Consumer electronics are new to green, and it shows.

In some circles policymakers and professional purchasers,

notably attention to the environmental consequences of

electronic products has been growing for several decades.

(This is particularly true in relation to energy efficiency and end-

of-life management, but electronics have also been associated with

issues manufacturing, toxicity, resource extraction and depletion,

landfill contamination, and packaging waste.) For consumers,

however, greener electronics is a relatively new concept.

As interest and scrutiny spills over from B2B to B2C markets,

consumer electronics are poised for rapid greening.

We examined a total of 85 consumer electronic products,

which made a total of 204 green claims. All of these products

were found at general product retailers, rather than electronic

specialty retailers. Their claims related to toxicity of components,

energy efficiency, packaging-related benefits such as recycled

content and biodegradability, as well as frequent use of very

vague environmental jargon.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 27

 CONSUMER ELECTRONICS
Percentage of Products Committing Each Sin. WHAT We found

Still relatively slow green growth. Whereas the overall

100 number of greener products increased by 73% between 2009 and
2010, in consumer electronics we found an increase of only 13%.

50 High rate of greenwashing. Not a single green electronic

product was found to be free of greenwashing. (The only other
category in which this is true is toys, another relative newcomer
to green).
0
HIDDEN NO PROOF VAGUENESS IRRELEVANCE FIBBING LESSER OF WORSHIPING
TRADE-OFF TWO EVILS FALSE LABELS
False Labels A Particular Problem. More than half (51.8%)
of the green products in this category committed the Sin of
Worshiping False Labels. In all product categories, the rate of false
labels was only 31%. Almost all of these false labels appeared to
KEY LESSONS FOR GREAT GREEN CLAIMS be self-generated and intended to create the appearance of third-
ON CONSUMER ELECTRONICS party endorsement. Most (34 of 45) were simply seal-like icons
with variations of eco, environment, environmentally-friendly,
1. Dont hesitate. Green growth in consumer electronics was and so on.
relatively slow between 2009 and 2010, but - judging by the
experience of other sectors - business and institutional demand
will soon and suddenly spill over into consumer markets. Brands
that are first to build reputation as genuine green leaders will
win important first mover advantage in this category.

2. Emphasize proof. With such a high rate of greenwashing

(not a single sin-free product), and rampant false labeling,
this category will be well-served by consumer-facing claim
endorsements. Multi-attribute standards such as IEEE 1680,
and single-attribute verifications such as UL Environments
Environmental Claim Validation, will both be valuable to
serious green marketers in this category.

terrachoice | the sins of greenwashing | 28

APPENDICES
Appendix 1: Methodology

Overview
Between March and May of 2010, our researchers visited 19 retail stores If a product suggested that further information could be located at a
in Canada and 15 in the United States. These researchers had instructions product website, or through a customer service hotline, the researchers
to inventory and record the details of every product that made an environmental investigated these sources for further detail.
claim. They recorded a total of 5,296 products which made a total of 12,061 Claims that may be absolved of committing any of the Sins of
green claims. We then tested those claims against best practice, notably Greenwashing by way of certification that the product carried
against guidelines provided by the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, the were measured against the attributes which are verified by the
Competition Bureau of Canada, and the ISO 14021 standard for environmental certifying standards.
labeling. We used the Sins of Greenwashing framework from our previous Products for which there was a diverging opinion among analysts
studies to organize the findings, and we looked for other patterns in the results. were flagged, and the dispute was resolved by the project lead.
All analysts met at regular intervals to discuss trends and systemic
Store selection issues that arose during their analysis.
In order to mitigate regional bias, data was collected from multiple regions in
both Canada and the United States (Philadelphia, Ottawa, Toronto, Miami and Quality Control & Quality Assurance
Niagara). All told, the sampling occurred at retailers that collectively have more Consistency in methods of data collection and analysis was maximized in several ways:
than 40,000 stores distributed across North America. Researchers in all locations received instruction and training in collection
methodologies from the same principal researcher.
In addition, and to address a criticism we received in past years, we included Data collection sheets, guidelines and analysis procedures were
both big box and large specialty retailers as well as a sample of boutique green standardized and tested in advance.
specialty stores. Trial collections and analyses were undertaken to further assist standardization.
A randomly selected 5% of the product analyses were scrutinized by the
To facilitate longitudinal analysis, we visited a total of twenty-four locations principal researcher for consistency and conformity with analysis guidelines.
that had also been included in previous Sins of Greenwashing research.

Analysis & Interpretation

To mitigate the risk of inconsistent interpretations by different researchers, each
products data was independently evaluated by two analysts. Specifically:

Each claim was independently tested against the Seven Sins of

Greenwashing criteria, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission, Competition
Bureau of Canada, and the ISO 14021 standard for environmental labeling.
If a product offered further information in accompanying literature,
that information was accepted as part of the claim.

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Appendix 2: Legitimate Environmental Standards & Certifications

In our view, best-in-class environmental standards and certifications are those

that are consistent with ISO 14024. These programs are transparent, life-cycle
based, leadership-focused, and third-party verified. In North America, EcoLogo
and Green Seal are the only two such programs commercially available today.
UL Environment is currently developing standards that also will meet these conditions.

Nevertheless, a number of other environmental standards and certifications

deliver enough credibility that we recognized them as legitimate in this
research (principally for the purpose of screening products against the Sin
of Worshiping False Labels). These are the standards and certifications that we
EcoLogo is an ISO-14024 Type UL Environment (ULE) offers recognized as legitimate for this purpose:
1 environmental standard and a number of environmental
certification program. It was endorsement programs. The ULE
founded in 1988, and today Energy Efficiency Certification LEGITIMATE ENVIRONMENTAL STANDARDS AND CERTIFICATIONS

certifies thousands of products program tests and certifies Biodegradable Products Institute Natural Products Association
against more than 70 standards. products for their compliance
CFPA Nordic Swan
The two variations of the to a variety of energy efficiency
certification mark are for requirements, including those CRI Green Label PEFC

Canadian and international of Natural Resources Canada, EcoCert Rainforest Alliance

markets. California Energy Commission,
EcoLogo SCS
and Energy Star. The Environmental
For more information, visit Claim Validation program tests ENERGY STAR SFI

www.ecologo.org and verifies specific environmental OKO-TEX Skal EKO

claims such as recycled content,
Fair Trade Certified Soil Association
VOC emissions, bio-based content,
UL Environment Environmental Claim
and water efficiency. The ULE FSC
Validation
Sustainable Products Certification
UL Environment
program will certify products Green-E
Energy Efficiency Verification
against ISO 14024-type standards.
GreenGuard USDA Organic

Green Seal Water Sense

For more information, visit
www.ulenvironment.com

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sinsofgreenwashing.org