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    BIOL 2P92 - Lecture 1 Notes: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals (Chapter 4)

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    This document outlines key concepts in taxonomy and phylogeny discussed in a biology lecture. It defines taxonomy as the classification of organisms and describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Phylogeny is defined as the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry between organisms or groups, often represented as a branching tree. The document emphasizes that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationships and phylogeny, with monophyletic groups including all descendants from a common ancestor.

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    BIOL 2P92 - Lecture 1 Notes: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals (Chapter 4)

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    This document outlines key concepts in taxonomy and phylogeny discussed in a biology lecture. It defines taxonomy as the classification of organisms and describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Phylogeny is defined as the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry between organisms or groups, often represented as a branching tree. The document emphasizes that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationships and phylogeny, with monophyletic groups including all descendants from a common ancestor.

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    BIOL 2P92 Lecture 1 - Jan 10

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    This document outlines key concepts in taxonomy and phylogeny discussed in a biology lecture. It defines taxonomy as the classification of organisms and describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Phylogeny is defined as the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry between organisms or groups, often represented as a branching tree. The document emphasizes that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationships and phylogeny, with monophyletic groups including all descendants from a common ancestor.

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    35 views2 pages

    BIOL 2P92 - Lecture 1 Notes: Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals (Chapter 4)

    Uploaded by

    RomilPatel
    This document outlines key concepts in taxonomy and phylogeny discussed in a biology lecture. It defines taxonomy as the classification of organisms and describes the taxonomic hierarchy from domain to species. Phylogeny is defined as the evolutionary relationships and common ancestry between organisms or groups, often represented as a branching tree. The document emphasizes that taxonomy should reflect evolutionary relationships and phylogeny, with monophyletic groups including all descendants from a common ancestor.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    BIOL 2P92 Lecture 1 Notes

    Taxonomy and Phylogeny of Animals (Chapter 4)


    Carlos Linnaeus created taxonomical basis of phylogeny
    Taxonomy
    Table 4.1
    Focus is on Animalia, with a little bit on Protozoa
    35 Different Phyla of Animals
    o Human, Gorilla, Southern Leapord Frog all belong to same phylum of Chordata
    Subphylum further divides organisms (vertebrates, uniramia)
    Class, Subclass
    Order
    o Primates (Humans, Gorilla)
    At lower levels, there are different types of differences between orders and respective phyla
    Family always ends with idae
    Sub Family always ends with inae
    Genus
    Species
    Subspecies sometimes there are recognized groups within the same species
    Animals within same taxonomic hierarchy should be more closely related than those from
    different taxonomical hierarchies.
    Phylogeny
    Family tree of varying lengths
    Series of tips
    Has a root
    Represents evolutionary time and relationships
    Wherever lines join up, there is a common ancestor
    An OUTGROUP represents and evolutionary split between the group of interest
    (INGROUP) and the rest of its lineage
    o Ingroup is the group interested in understanding
    o Outgroup is the group one uses as a reference point for comparison to understand the in
    group (NOT THE ANCESTOR, but rather a good guess of a close one).
    Blue lines represents branching pattern
    Shared Derived Trait: a trait common within previous organisms of the same lineage
    o Ex: Monkey, Horse, Lizard all have Vertebrae
    If interest was in mammals (Horse, Monkey), then Lizard can be used as the outgroup

    *Figure 4.5*
    Clade: A Branch
    Monophyletic all of the descendants and their common ancestor
    Paraphyletic includes all common ancestors, but NOT all the descendants
    Polyphyletic includes many of the descendants, but NOT the common ancestors
    o Usually occurs when you have misrecognized something
    Figure 4.4
    What kinds of groups?
    o Mammals Monophyletic
    o Birds Monophyletic
    o Reptiles Paraphyletic
    o Homeotherms (warm-blooded) Para/Polyphyletic
    What is sister group?
    o Kangaroos
    Taxonomy should reflect PHYLOGENY. Groups should be monophyletic
    Hominidae = monophyletic family grouping
    Homininae = monophyletic sub family including all extinct and modern Homo
    Microevolution and Speciation
    Microevolution - the gradual accumulation of mutations and changes in allele
    frequencies over time
    Eventually, the accumulated changes result in reproductive incompatibility between
    descendant lineages
    Speciation process by which single species splits into lineages that eventually become
    genetically distinct species

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