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    Standing Wave Patterns

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    Leon Mathaios
    When an object vibrates at one of its natural frequencies, it forms a standing wave pattern within itself. These patterns occur because reflected waves from one end of the object interfere with incoming waves from the other end. Only specific frequencies produce regular, repeating patterns called harmonics. Chladni plates demonstrate standing waves through patterns formed by salt sprinkled on vibrating metal plates - the salt settles at nodal points where there is no displacement due to destructive interference.

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    Standing Wave Patterns

    Uploaded by

    Leon Mathaios
    38 views2 pages
    When an object vibrates at one of its natural frequencies, it forms a standing wave pattern within itself. These patterns occur because reflected waves from one end of the object interfere with incoming waves from the other end. Only specific frequencies produce regular, repeating patterns called harmonics. Chladni plates demonstrate standing waves through patterns formed by salt sprinkled on vibrating metal plates - the salt settles at nodal points where there is no displacement due to destructive interference.

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    Standing Wave Patterns

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    When an object vibrates at one of its natural frequencies, it forms a standing wave pattern within itself. These patterns occur because reflected waves from one end of the object interfere with incoming waves from the other end. Only specific frequencies produce regular, repeating patterns called harmonics. Chladni plates demonstrate standing waves through patterns formed by salt sprinkled on vibrating metal plates - the salt settles at nodal points where there is no displacement due to destructive interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    38 views2 pages

    Standing Wave Patterns

    Uploaded by

    Leon Mathaios
    When an object vibrates at one of its natural frequencies, it forms a standing wave pattern within itself. These patterns occur because reflected waves from one end of the object interfere with incoming waves from the other end. Only specific frequencies produce regular, repeating patterns called harmonics. Chladni plates demonstrate standing waves through patterns formed by salt sprinkled on vibrating metal plates - the salt settles at nodal points where there is no displacement due to destructive interference.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 2

    3/6/2017 StandingWavePatterns

    StandingWavePatterns
    NaturalFrequency
    ForcedVibration
    StandingWavePatterns
    FundamentalFrequencyandHarmonics

    Asmentionedearlier,allobjectshaveafrequencyorsetoffrequencieswithwhichtheynaturallyvibrate
    whenstruck,plucked,strummedorsomehowdisturbed.Eachofthenaturalfrequenciesatwhichan
    objectvibratesisassociatedwithastandingwavepattern.Whenanobjectisforcedintoresonance
    vibrationsatoneofitsnaturalfrequencies,itvibratesinamannersuchthatastandingwaveisformed
    withintheobject.ThetopicofstandingwavepatternswasintroducedinUnit10ofThePhysics
    Classroom.Inthatunit,astandingwavepatternwasdescribedasavibrationalpatterncreated
    withinamediumwhenthevibrationalfrequencyofasourcecausesreflectedwavesfromoneendofthe
    mediumtointerferewithincidentwavesfromthesource,Theresultoftheinterferenceisthatspecific
    pointsalongthemediumappeartobestandingstillwhileotherpointsvibratedbackandforth.Such
    patternsareonlycreatedwithinthemediumatspecificfrequenciesofvibration.Thesefrequenciesare
    knownasharmonicfrequenciesormerelyharmonics.Atanyfrequencyotherthanaharmonic
    frequency,theinterferenceofreflectedandincidentwavesresultsinadisturbanceofthemediumthat
    isirregularandnonrepeating.


    NaturalFrequenciesandVibrationalPatterns
    Sothenaturalfrequenciesofanobjectaremerelytheharmonicfrequenciesatwhichstandingwave
    patternsareestablishedwithintheobject.Thesestandingwavepatternsrepresentthelowest
    energyvibrationalmodesoftheobject.Whiletherearecountlesswaysbywhichanobjectcan
    vibrate(eachassociatedwithaspecificfrequency),objectsfavoronlyafewspecific modes
    orpatterns
    ofvibrating.Thefavoredmodes(patterns)ofvibrationarethosethatresultinthehighestamplitude
    vibrationswiththeleastinputofenergy.Objectsfavorthesenaturalmodesofvibrationbecausethey
    arerepresentativeofthepatternsthatrequiretheleastamountofenergy.Objectsaremosteasily
    forcedintoresonancevibrationswhendisturbedatfrequenciesassociatedwiththesenatural
    frequencies.
    Thewavepatternassociatedwiththenaturalfrequenciesofanobjectischaracterizedbypointsthat
    appeartobestandingstill.Forthisreason,thepatternisoftencalleda"standingwavepattern."The
    pointsinthepatternthatarestandingstillarereferredtoasnodalpointsornodalpositions.These
    positionsoccurastheresultofthedestructiveinterferenceofincidentandreflectedwaves.Eachnodal
    pointissurroundedbyantinodalpoints,creatinganalternatingpatternofnodalandantinodalpoints.
    SuchpatternswereintroducedinUnit10ofThePhysicsClassroomTutorial.Inthisunit,wewill
    elaborateontheessentialcharacteristicsandthecausesofstandingwavepatternsandrelatethese
    patternstothevibrationsofmusicalinstruments.


    ChladniPlates
    AcommonPhysicsdemonstrationutilizesasquaremetalplate(knownasaChladniplate),aviolinbow
    andsalt.Theplateissecurelyfastenedtoatableusinganutandbolt.Thenutandboltareclampedto
    thecenterofthesquareplate,preventingthatsectionfromvibrating.Salt(orsand)issprinkledupon
    theplateinanirregularpattern.Thentheviolinbowisusedtoinducevibrationswithintheplatethe
    strummed
    plateis andbeginsvibrating.Andthenthemagicoccurs.Ahighpitchedpuretoneissounded
    outastheplatevibrates.And,remarkably(asisoftenthecaseinaphysicsclass),thesaltuponthe
    platebeginsvibratingandformsapatternupontheplate.Asweknow,allobjects(evenasillylittle
    metalplate)haveasetofnaturalfrequenciesatwhichtheyvibrateandeachfrequencyisassociated
    withastandingwavepattern.Thepatternformedbythesaltontheplateisthestandingwavepattern
    http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson4/StandingWavePatterns 1/2
    associatedwithoneofthenaturalfrequenciesoftheChladniplate.Astheplatevibrates,thesaltbegins
    3/6/2017 StandingWavePatterns

    tovibrateandtumbleabouttheplateuntilitreachespointsalongtheplatethatarenot
    vibrating.Subsequently,thesaltfinallycomestorestalongthenodalpositions.Thediagrams
    attherightshowtwoofthemostcommonstandingwavepatternsfortheChladniplates.The
    whitelinesrepresentthesaltlocations(nodalpositions).Observeinthediagramthateach
    patternischaracterizedbynodalpositionsinthecornersofthesquareplateandinthecenter
    oftheplate.Forthesetwoparticularvibrationalmodes,thosepositionsareunabletomove.
    Beingunabletomove,theybecomenodalpointspointsofnodisplacement.




    FlickrPhysicsPhoto
    Saltissprinkledontoametalplate.Theplateisstrummedwithaviolinbowandsetintovibration.The
    saltcrystalsvibrateabouttheplateuntiltheysettleontopositionsofnodes(pointsofno
    despacement).Severalpatternscanbeobtained,eachassociatedwithauniquefrequencyofvibrations.
    ThesestandingwavepatternsareknownasChladnipatterns,namedinhonorofa19thcenturyGerman
    physicistwhoadvancedourunderstandingofacousticsandthephysicsofmusic.

    http://www.physicsclassroom.com/class/sound/Lesson4/StandingWavePatterns 2/2

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