Discipline of Biomedical Science

Faculty of Medicine
The University of Sydney

Undergraduate Unit of Study Outline

BIOS1155
Structure, Function and Disease A
Semester 1, 2017

Coordinator: Dr Elizabeth Hegedus

Email: elizabeth.hegedus@sydney.edu.au

UNIT OF STUDY DESCRIPTION

This is an entry-level unit designed to give students an overview of anatomy, physiology and
pathophysiology of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems relevant for
professional practice. The basic concepts of pharmacology will also be introduced to enable
students to understand the action of drugs on each of the body systems as they are covered in
this unit and in BIOS1158, Structure, Function and Disease B (Semester 2). Material will be
presented in lectures and practical sessions. Students are expected to complete self-directed
learning packages prior to some practical sessions. This unit includes laboratory classes in
which human cadavers are studied; attendance at such classes is strongly encouraged.
Students who achieve a pass have a basic working knowledge of professionally relevant
aspects of anatomy and physiology. Students who achieve higher grades are better able to
integrate various aspects of the unit, and to apply their knowledge to solve problems or explain
higher level phenomena.

Page 1 of 19
UNIT OF STUDY AIMS

This unit of study aims to provide an understanding of: the normal anatomy (traditional and sectional) and
physiology of the musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and respiratory systems; selected diseases associated
with these body systems (either because they are common and thus frequently encountered in practice, or
because they provide significant insight into the reaction pattern of an injured organ); the basic principles of
pharmacology so that you will be able to understand the action of medications on the three body systems
covered in this unit.

LEARNING OUTCOMES

1. MUSCULOSKELETAL ANATOMY

By completing this unit students will be able to:

1. Define and demonstrate the anatomical position and explain its significance.
2. Define the terms relating to the anatomical planes
3. Define and demonstrate terms used to explain directional relationships in the anatomical planes
4. List five functions of bones and identify examples
5. Delineate axial and appendicular bones.
6. Define the terms relating to markings (projections/processes and depressions) on bones and state the
functions and identify examples of each.
7. Describe the macrostructure of bones and describe, identify (on sectioned bones and radiological
images) and state the functions of the following features
8. Describe the microstructure of spongy/trabecular bone and compact bone and state the functions of
the following features
9. Identify bony structures of upper and lower limb, pelvis and thorax, skull and vertebral column on
disarticulated bones and radiological images.
10. Define the anatomical term joint, classify joints and identify examples of each joint type.
11. State the general structure and function of structures relating to synovial joints.
12. Identify, classify and state the movements available at the joints of the upper limb and lower limb,
pelvis, thorax, skull and vertebral column.
13. Identify and demonstrate the actions of muscle groups and selected muscles moving the joints of the
upper and lower limb, thorax and vertebral column.
14. Identify and follow the course of the major nerves of the upper and lower limbs and state the
movement(s) for which each nerve is responsible.
15. Identify and follow the course of major blood vessels of the upper and lower limbs.
16. On a living person and/or surface anatomy photographs, observe and/or palpate bones/bony markings
and features of upper and lower limb, thoracic and pelvic regions.

2. MUSCULOSKELETAL PHYSIOLOGY

By completing this unit students will be able to:

1. Describe the composition, structure and metabolism of bone and explain how they influence growth,
diseases and healing.
2. Describe different types of fractures and explain normal and abnormal healing processes.
3. Describe common pathological processes occurring in bone, and explain their symptoms and
diagnosis.
4. Explain the structure and function of the common types of joints in the body.
5. Describe common pathological processes occurring in joints, and explain their symptoms and
diagnosis.

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3. INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOLOGY

The objective of these lectures is for the student to develop an understanding of the fundamentals of
pharmacology.

This knowledge forms the basis of an understanding of clinical diagnostic interventions.

1. Explain the basic principles of pharmacokinetics

2. Explain how drug action can be measured
3. Explain how drugs exert their effects
4. Explain adverse reactions and interactions
5. Explain drug development
6. Explain drug scheduling, the Poisons Act and the responsibilities of health professionals

4. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

By completing this unit students will develop an understanding of the following:

1. The structures comprising the conducting and respiratory portions, respectively, of the respiratory
system:
a. The upper & middle respiratory tract:
i. The nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses
ii. Pharynx, larynx and trachea
b. The lower respiratory tract:
i. Lungs: lobes, fissures, surfaces, pulmonary vessels
ii. Respiratory tree
iii. Alveoli
iv. Pleura
2. The thoracic cavity:
a. Ribs
b. Intercostal muscles
c. Diaphragm
3. The CT index levels for bronchi and their relationship to structures in the respiratory tract:
a. Trachea
b. Carina
c. Right upper lobe bronchus
d. Bronchus intermedius
e. Left upper lobe bronchus
f. Right middle lobe bronchus
g. Left and right basilar (lower) lobe bronchi
4. The various roles of the upper airways.
5. The basic physical processes involved in respiratory function.
6. Outline the role of the musculoskeletal framework of the thorax and the diaphragm in normal and
forced breathing.
7. The ways in which airflow through the respiratory system is generated and how this is affected in
certain disease states.
8. Common diagnostic tests used to assess respiratory function.
9. The process by which gas is exchanged between the alveoli and the blood.
10. The process by which gases are transported between the lungs and the tissues and the key role of
haemoglobin.
11. The processes by which ventilation is controlled.
12. The common diseases that affect the respiratory system and the pathophysiological changes they
produce.

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5. CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

By completing this unit students will develop an understanding of the following:

1. The structure of the heart.

2. The CT Index levels for the heart and their relationship to structures around the heart:
a. Great veins
b. Aortic arch
c. Aortopulmonary (AP) window
d. Left pulmonary artery
e. Right pulmonary artery
f. Four (4) Chamber heart
g. Two (2) Chamber heart
3. Movement of blood through the adult heart and through the systemic and pulmonary circulations.
4. The route by which oxygenated blood is distributed to the wall of the heart.
5. The function of the heart, including electrical events underlying contraction, filling and pumping, and
how these events occur.
6. The basic mathematical formulae used to describe cardiac function, and the factors influencing each
of these variables.
7. The way in which cardiac function is controlled.
8. The way in which the structure of various types of blood vessels is related to their function in the
cardiovascular system.
9. The importance of blood pressure and blood flow, the factors determining blood pressure, how it is
controlled and pathophysiological changes that affect it.
10. The structure and role of the lymphatic system.
11. The various forms of ischaemic heart disease and the pathophysiological processes underlying their
development with a special emphasis on atherosclerosis.
12. The ways in which heart failure develops and the pathophysiological changes associated with it.
13. The nature of specific diseases affecting the cardiovascular system including cardiomyopathy, valvular
heart disease, congenital diseases and pericardial diseases.

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LEARNING AND TEACHING RESOURCES
References and resources may be placed on the eLearning site by individual lecturers or available online
through the library as an eResource (search BIOS1155).

It is recommended that all students have access to a recent edition (2012+) Anatomy and Physiology
textbook. Any of the following would be suitable:

Title: Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

Author: F.H. Martini, J.L. Nath, E.F. Bartholomew.
Publisher: Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Edition/Year: 10th Edition, 2015
Type: Optional resource [Traditional textbook layout. Also available as an ebook]
or
Title: Visual Anatomy and Physiology
Author: F.H. Martini, W.C. Ober, J.L. Nath, E.F. Bartholomew.
Publisher: Pearson Benjamin Cummings
Edition/Year: 2015
Type: Optional resource [Similar text and diagrams/pictures to above textbook, but layout more
oriented to visual learners. Also available as an ebook]

And an atlas eg
Title: Color Atlas of Anatomy
Author: J.W. Rohen, C. Yokochi and E. Ltjen-Drecoll
Publisher: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Edition/Year: 8th Edition, 2015
Type: Optional resource [Expensive, but a good investment.]

There are also a number of good atlases available online [eg Grays Anatomy Online - see the Additional
Resources and Web Links page of the BIOS1158 eLearning site]

The following Anatomy Resources are recommended and are available online via the University of Sydney
library.

Acland's Video Atlas of Human Anatomy contains over 300 detailed video clips of human dissections
in their natural colours presenting the head and neck, upper and lower extremity, trunk and internal
organs. Explores moving structures from bone to surface anatomy, with narration, structure labelling
and a PDF transcript. Create a free personal account to complete anatomy self-tests.

An@tomedia is a comprehensive online anatomy resource enabling the exploration of anatomy by

regions and systems as well as the deconstruction of the body with dissection and imaging
techniques.

Lecture recordings

The Discipline of Biomedical Science will record lectures in accordance with university policies. Recordings
may not be made if recording facilities are unavailable, non-operational in the lecture venue, or if the lecturer
exercises their right not to be recorded. From time to time, delays in lecture uploading may occur. Because
lectures are recorded remotely, neither the individual lecturer nor the Discipline of Biomedical Science have
control over lecture uploading.

Students should not rely on recordings to replace face-to-face classes.

Terms & condtions

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UNIT OF STUDY COORDINATOR

Dr Elizabeth Hegedus
L220
93519136
elizabeth.hegedus@sydney.edu.au
Consultation hours: By appointment

LECTURERS

Academic questions and questions regarding clarification of the lecture content should be addressed to the
individual lecturer concerned. All staff members involved as instructors within this subject would appreciate
your cooperation in making appointments at mutually agreeable times, should you wish to discuss any aspect
of the work with them.

Dr Aaron Camp
L114
93519140
aaron.camp@sydney.edu.au
Consultation hours: By appointment
Musculoskeletal Anatomy

Dr Peter Knight
L223
93519339
peter.knight@sydney.edu.au
Consultation hours: By appointment
Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology
Introduction to Pharmacology
Cardiovascular System

Dr Jaimie Polson
L228
93519353
jaimie.polson@sydney.edu.au
Consultation hours: By appointment
Respiratory System

PROGRAM ADMINISTRATOR/S

Felicia Lim
S202C
93519285
felicia.lim@sydney.edu.au

Helen Ananin
S202E
93519608
helen.ananin@sydney.edu.au

Page 6 of 19
UNIT OVERVIEW - CLASSES AND TOPICS

Lectures: Up to 3 lectures per week. Please note that, occasionally, changes may be made to the order of
lecture topics. Please check the timetable on the BIOS1155 Blackboard eLearning site for times of each
weeks lectures.

Practical/Tutorial Classes: will be held in Weeks 2-5, 7, 11, 12.

You have been allocated to a practical group. Check the time of your practical or tutorial on your personal
timetable.

Note: Students must attend their own practical/tutorial at the time and place indicated.
Students may not swap groups for their own convenience. Each tutor will have a list of students in the
tutorial group and regular attendance checks will be made.

The exact location of the practical class MUST be confirmed through the BIOS timetable link on the
Website before the practical class. The locations of practical classes, other than those held in L107 (the
Anatomy Lab), are also found on various notice boards near the entrance to the labs. Locations of Practical
classes have Building code, Level code and Room number. For example L107 or L215 or H211.

Practical classes and their associated tutorial sessions require that you PREPARE prior to the scheduled
class. Bring your lecture notes and an atlas to each anatomy practical/tutorial class.

Note: Content presented in Practical/Tutorial classes will be examined in the Mid-semester and End-
semester exams.

In weeks when a lecture or practical/tutorial class is not scheduled: It is recommended that you utilise
this time to complete an online quiz or a post lecture activity. This means that besides lectures and
tutorials/practicals, an important aspect of your learning requires you to answer the questions in the post
lecture activities and the quizzes, in your own time.

As an independent, adult learner it is up to you to determine a study plan that best suits you. You have a
number of resources available to assist your learning including post-lecture activities (online),
practical/tutorial classes, practice exam quizzes (online) and a range of textbooks. This means that besides
lectures, an important aspect of your learning requires you to complete activities, in your own time.

Analyses of previous years student experiences has shown that those students who do not complete post-
lecture activities and attend practical/tutorial classes are more likely to obtain a FAIL grade for this Unit
of Study.

From time to time unforeseen circumstances may necessitate the cancellation of lectures. If this occurs, the
Discipline of Biomedical Science will endeavour to schedule a replacement lecture at the earliest convenient
time. However, timetabling constraints may make rescheduling impossible. In these circumstances an
alternative that is deemed educationally valid will be provided. Under no circumstances will students be
educationally disadvantaged by lecture cancellations.

Help! - Who to see if you need help in BIOS1155

If you have questions about the material covered in the lectures, you can make an appointment (by email) to
meet with the relevant lecturer.

Questions from the practical/tutorial classes should be directed to the academic who teaches your practical
group in the Anatomy Laboratory.

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BIOS1155 TIMETABLE SEMESTER 1, 2017 (Correct at time of printing but subject to change)

Practical/Tutorials Lecture Lecture Lecture

Readings/Post Lecture
WEEK Mon 9-11am/11-1am Mon 2-3pm Tue 8-9am Tue 9-10am
Activities
L107 (Anatomy Lab) M118 B030 B030
Read the Introduction to
1 Introduction Introduction to Bones and joints of Anatomy and Physiology
(6/3/17) to BIOS1155 Anatomy upper limb chapter of your A&P
textbook.
Read about the
2 Nerves and blood Appendicular Skeleton and
Bones & Joints of upper limb Muscles of upper limb
(13/3/17) vessels of upper limb Articulations of the Upper
Limb in your A&P textbook.
Read about the Muscles of
3 Muscles, nerves & vessels of Joints and muscles of Nerves and blood the Upper Limb (only those
(20/3/17) upper limb lower limb vessels of lower limb mentioned in class) in your
A&P textbook.
Read about the
4 Bones & joints of pelvis Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Appendicular Skeleton and
(27/3/17) and lower limb Physiology 1 Physiology 2 Physiology 3 Articulations of the Lower
Limb in your A&P textbook.
Read about the Muscles of
the Lower Limb, and the
5 Muscles, nerves & vessels of Musculoskeletal Musculoskeletal Introduction to Structure of Bone in your
(3/4/17) lower limb Physiology 4 Physiology 5 Pharmacology 1 A&P textbook.
Practice MSE Quiz
available online

Read about the structures of

6 Introduction to Vertebral column and
Skull the Axial Skeleton in your
(10/4/17) Pharmacology 2 thoracic cage
A&P textbook.

Easter Holiday and Universities Australia Common Week

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 Practical/Tutorials Lecture Lecture Lecture
Readings/Post Lecture
WEEK Mon 9-11am/11-1am Mon 2-3pm Tue 8-9am Tue 9-10am
Activities
L107 (Anatomy Lab) M118 B030 B030

Practice MSE Quiz

7 Skull, vertebral column &
ANZAC DAY Due online before 9 am
(24/4/17) thoracic cage
Public Holiday Monday Week 8, 1/5/2017

Read about the Respiratory

8 MID-SEMESTER EXAM (Musculoskeletal only) Respiratory Respiratory
System in your A&P
(1/5/17) (10am; Venue TBA) System 1 System 2
textbook.

Read about the Respiratory

9 Respiratory Respiratory
System in your A&P
(8/5/17) System 3 System 4
textbook.
Explore the Respiratory
10 Respiratory Respiratory System using Upper
(15/5/17) System 5 System 6 Respiratory Virtual Lab (for
ipad/iphone) or similar.
Read about the
11 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Cardiovascular
Respiratory Anatomy Cardiovascular System in
(22/5/17) System 1 System 2 System 3
your A&P textbook.

12 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Cardiovascular Practice ESE Quiz

Cardiovascular Anatomy
(29/5/17) System 4 System 5 System 6 available online

Online activity: Cross-

13 Cardiovascular Cardiovascular
sectional Anatomy of the
(5/6/17) System 7 System 8
Chest tutorial

14
STUDY VACATION
(12/6/17)

15/16 Practice ESE Quiz

(19/6/17- Due online before 9 am
EXAMINATION PERIOD
1/7/17) Monday 19/6/2017,

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ASSESSMENT

Explanation of assessment

The aim of our teaching is to support your learning. The various assessment tools have been developed over
many years as a result of our experience of teaching and previous students learning. We have also learned
much from surveys of learning that previous students have completed.

As a result we have learnt that students with little or no background in the topics covered in this unit need to
work steadily at understanding, because so much of the later semester work is building on material covered
in the early weeks. It takes some time for all the pieces to come together. Because of this, there are several
post-lecture activities which carry no marks, but completion is recommended. Assessments carrying marks
(summative assessment) follow in Weeks 8 and 15/16 when there has been more time for the bigger picture
to have been painted and understood.

The online quizzes and post-lecture activities also give students who have some background the opportunity
to assess what they do already know, and the areas where they need to focus more strongly.

Exam questions are designed to test both factual knowledge of relevant material and critical analysis. Short
answer questions (post-lecture activities) also test clarity of written communication and application of material
in a broader context.

A framework for the development of these skills is provided by the post-lecture activities and online quizzes.
Students are encouraged to work in groups on the post-lecture activities to further their understanding and
assist development of collaborative skills, a key graduate attribute.

Types of Assessment:

FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT ie assessment that provides ongoing feedback on your progress, not centrally
recorded and administered in the following ways:

1. Non-assessed Post Lecture Activities (eg activity sheets or worksheets and on-line computer
tutorials) are provided for some topics:
provide extra revision
to be completed in your own time
do not need to be submitted

2. Discussion of answers with peers

via the Discussion Board on the eLearning site

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SUMMATIVE ASSESSMENT ie the formal assessment, centrally recorded:

1. Written examinations
Material covered in lectures, tutorials, practical sessions, and worksheets will be assessed in two
formal written examinations and two online practice quizzes. Refer to details below. Questions will be
allocated to each topic in proportion to the time devoted to it through lectures, practical and tutorial
classes.

Individual/ Assessment
Assessment Item Length Weight Due
Group Conditions
Close book
1. Mid-Semester Exam Individual exam; MCQ and 40 minutes 28.5% Week 8
short answer

Closed book
Week
2. End-Semester Exam Individual exam; MCQ and 2 hours 66.5%
15/16
short answer
Contribution of
Examinations to Final 95%
Grade:

Online quiz;
Prior to
3. Practice MSE Quiz Individual Short answer 40 minutes 2%
Week 8
and MCQ
Online quiz;
Prior to
4. Practice ESE Quiz Individual Short answer 60 minutes 3%
Week 15
and MCQ
Contribution of
Semester Tasks to Final 5%
Grade

Total 100%

Assessment Item 1: Practice MSE Quiz

Task description Online mastery quiz to familiarise students with MSE format. Short answer and
multiple choice questions. Questions will cover the material on Musculoskeletal
Anatomy and Musculoskeletal Pathophysiology presented in lectures, tutorials
and practical sessions
Task length 40 minutes
Links to units
intended learning 1:1-16, 2:1-5
outcomes
Assessment criteria Basic factual knowledge and a working understanding of the important concepts
as specified in the relevant unit of study learning outcome(s) and presented in
lectures, tutorials and practical sessions.
Dates and times due Online, any time prior to 9am Monday Week 8, 1/5/2017

Assessment Item 2: Mid Semester Exam

Task description Closed book written exam; Short answer and multiple choice questions. Questions
will cover the material on Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Musculoskeletal
Pathophysiology presented in lectures, tutorials and practical sessions.

Page 11 of 19
 Task length 40 minutes
Links to units
intended learning 1:1-16; 2:1-5.
outcomes
Assessment criteria Basic factual knowledge and a working understanding of the important concepts as
specified in the relevant unit of study learning outcome(s) and presented in lectures,
tutorials and practical sessions.
Dates and times due 9 am Tuesday Week 8, 1/5/2017

Assessment Item 3: Practice ESE Quiz

Task description Online mastery quiz to familiarise students with ESE format. Short answer and
multiple choice questions. Questions will cover material on Introduction to
Pharmacology and the Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems presented in
lectures, tutorials and practical sessions.
Task length 1 hour
Links to units
intended learning 3:1-6; 4:1-12; 5:1-13.
outcomes
Assessment criteria Basic factual knowledge and a working understanding of the important concepts as
specified in the relevant unit of study learning outcome(s) and presented in lectures,
tutorials and practical sessions.
Dates and times due Online, any time prior to 9am Monday Week 15, 19/6/2017,

Assessment Item 4: End Semester Exam

Task description Closed book written exam. Short answer and multiple choice questions. Questions
will cover material on Introduction to Pharmacology and the Respiratory and
Cardiovascular Systems presented in lectures, tutorials and practical sessions.
Task length 2 hours (10 minutes reading time)
Links to units
intended learning 3:1-6; 4:1-12; 5:1-13.
outcomes
Assessment criteria Basic factual knowledge and a working understanding of the important concepts as
specified in the relevant unit of study learning outcome(s) and presented in lectures,
tutorials and practical sessions..
Dates and times due Week 15/16
(http://www.usyd.edu.au/current_students/student_administration/examinations/)

ALL FORMAL (SUMMATIVE) ASSESSMENTS MUST BE COMPLETED

Feedback How do you know whether you are studying well?

As well as the feedback you receive by completing the Post-lecture activities mentioned above, feedback will
also be provided via the My Grades tool on the BIOS1155 eLearning site regarding your performance in the
mid-semester exam. In addition, you will also receive individual feedback via your University of Sydney email
about your performance in each of the topic areas examined.

Page 12 of 19
Page 13 of 19
Assessment policy and procedures

It is the individual students responsibility to be available for all assessments.

Students are required to be present at the correct time and place. Misreading or misunderstanding of the time
and/or the location of an assessment will not be accepted as a reason for failure to attend an assessment.

Calculators are not permitted in examinations; assessments have been modified so that calculators are not
required.

Grading Process for formal assessments

1. Your final mark will be generated by addition of the mid-semester and end-semester marks and the
assessed post-lecture activities (submitted online by the due dates indicated above). The total mark will
be converted to a percentage mark. A total percentage mark of 50% is required to pass this unit. If you
do not achieve 50% in the mid-semester examination you can still achieve an overall total of 50% and
pass the unit. Cut-offs for the various grades will be based on the following grade descriptors. The
examination has been designed with a predetermined number of questions of pass (P), credit (CR) and
distinction + (D, HD) difficulty.

Grade Grade Descriptor

High Distinction (HD) Students who achieve this grade have demonstrated comprehensive
basic knowledge and the ability to apply that knowledge to complex
problems to the level specified in the unit of study description above.
Distinction (DI) Students who have achieved this grade have correctly answered enough
questions to demonstrate they have achieved the basic level of
knowledge to meet the aims of the unit as specified in the unit of study
description above. They have also answered many of the higher grade
questions correctly indicating that they can extensively apply the basic
knowledge to relevant questions and engage in abstract problem solving.
Credit (CR) Students who have achieved this grade have correctly answered enough
questions to demonstrate they have achieved the basic level of
knowledge to meet the aims of the unit as specified in the unit of study
description above. They have also answered some of the higher grade
questions correctly indicating that they can apply the basic knowledge to
relevant questions.
Pass (PS) Students who have achieved this grade have correctly answered enough
questions to demonstrate they have achieved the basic level of
knowledge to meet the aims of the unit as specified in the unit of study
description above. This may have been achieved by answering at least
80% of the pass level questions correctly, or by answering a significant
percentage of the higher grade questions correctly. In setting the
standard it is assumed that the ability to correctly answer the higher
grade questions indicates that the student has a working understanding
of the important concepts and the knowledge that underpins those
concepts, without necessarily being able to express the knowledge
explicitly.
Fail (FA) Students who fail this unit have failed to accumulate enough marks to
reach the pass threshold. This means that they have failed to
demonstrate an adequate level of knowledge of basic concepts to meet
the aims of the unit as specified in the unit of study description above.

All results will be handled according to Academic Board and/or Faculty policy. Students are welcome to
review the process with their unit coordinator.

Page 14 of 19
SAMPLE QUESTIONS

Pass grade

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

A) carbaminohemoglobin.
B) solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.
C) carbonic acid.
D) bicarbonate ions

The correct answer is D. This is considered a pass grade question because it tests basic knowledge. The
expectation is that all students who have achieved an acceptable level of knowledge would be able to
answer this question.

Credit grade

Damage to the type II cells of the lungs would directly contribute to:
A) a decreased rate of gas exchange.
B) a thickening of the respiratory membrane.
C) alveolar collapse.
D) decreased surface tension in the water lining of the alveoli

The correct answer is C. This is considered a credit grade question because it requires the application of
two separate pieces of knowledge in order to reach the answer. Students who answer this question
correctly demonstrate knowledge and its basic application.

Options A It is true that the rate of gas exchange would decrease, however this is secondary to alveolar
collapse due to the absence of surfactant produced by the type II alveolar cells. This is NOT the best
answer.
Option B It is true that damage to type II cells would result in an inflammatory response with subsequent
thickening of the respiratory membrane, but this would also be secondary to alveolar collapse. This is NOT
the best answer.
Option C This statement is CORRECT. You would need to know that type II cells produce surfactant and
that the primary role of surfactant is to reduce the surface tension in the alveoli. Reduced production of
surfactant would therefore cause the surface tension in the alveoli to increase, making it more likely that
alveoli would collapse on expiration.
Option D This statement is INCORRECT. Damage to Type II cells would result in an increase in the
surface tension in the water lining the alveoli.

Distinction + grade

Which of the following statements is CORRECT?

(A) The left atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation under high pressure.
(B) The damage causing myocardial infarction is often located in the sulci of the heart.
(C) The parietal pericardium increases cardiac contractility because it is attached to the pericardial sac.
(D) Increased resistance in the systemic circulation will increase contact between heart and diaphragm in an
AP view of the chest.

The correct answer is B. This is considered a higher level question because it requires the application and
integration of several pieces of knowledge in order to reach an answer.

Option A- This statement is INCORRECT. This question tests your knowledge of the circulation. Blood from
the systemic circulation returns to the right atrium of the heart and is deoxygenated. However, blood flow
through the veins is always low pressure.
Option B - This statement is CORRECT. This question tests your knowledge of the anatomy of the heart and
the pathophysiology of myocardial infarction. A myocardial infarction occurs when blood flow through a
coronary artery is occluded by a clot. The coronary arteries are located in the sulci.
Option C - This statement is INCORRECT. This question tests your knowledge of the anatomy and function
of the heart. It is true that the parietal pericardium is attached to the pericardial sac. However, the parietal
pericardium does not contribute to contractility as it is made up of fibrous tissue rather than muscle cells.

Page 15 of 19
Option D - This statement is INCORRECT. This question tests your knowledge of the circulatory systems,
the effects of hypertension on the structure of the heart and the appearance of the heart in plain radiographs.
Increased resistance in the systemic circulation will cause enlargement of the left ventricle because the left
ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation. However, the left ventricle forms the left border of the
heart in an AP view. Enlargement of the right side of the heart will increase contact between the heart and
the diaphragm in an AP view.

COMMUNICATION POLICIES

Blackboard site

This unit of study requires students to use the BIOS1155, Structure, Function and Disease A on-line
eLearning site (https://elearning.sydney.edu.au) (Blackboard) to access information or complete
assessments. Materials on the site include: the Unit of Study Outline, Timetable, Lecture Notes, Practical
Notes, Worksheets and Discussion Forum.

The eLearning site should be accessed by students at regular intervals.

Students are encouraged to use the discussion forum to discuss material covered in the Unit of Study.
Lecturers may monitor these discussions and intervene if material being discussed contains any errors.

Help for logging in to eLearning is at:

http://sydney.edu.au/elearning/student/gettingStarted/login.shtml

ICT helpdesk links can be found at: http://sydney.edu.au/ict/contact/helpdesk.shtml

Email

When communicating with teaching staff the most straightforward method is via email. Note the following
guidelines when emailing staff.

Use your university email address.

Address the person appropriately
Identify yourself by name
Identify the Unit of Study that you are enquiring about
Word your email clearly

Due to concerns about viruses, anonymous emails, emails containing unsolicited attachments emails from a
non-university address are unlikely to be opened or read.

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ACADEMIC HONESTY

While the University is aware that the vast majority of students and staff act ethically and honestly, it is
opposed to and will not tolerate academic dishonesty or plagiarism and will treat all allegations of dishonesty
seriously.

All students are expected to be familiar and act in compliance with the relevant University policies,
procedures and codes, which include:
Academic Honesty in Coursework Policy 2015
Academic Honesty Procedures 2016
Code of Conduct for Students
Research Code of Conduct 2013 (for honours and postgraduate dissertation units)

They can be accessed via the Universitys Policy Register: http://sydney.edu.au/policies (enter Academic
Honesty in the search field).

Students should never use document-sharing sites and should be extremely wary of using online tutor
services. Further information on academic honesty and the resources available to all students can be found
on the Academic Integrity page of the University website:
http://sydney.edu.au/elearning/student/EI/index.shtml

Academic Dishonesty and Plagiarism

Academic dishonesty involves seeking unfair academic advantage or helping another student to do
so.

You may be found to have engaged in academic dishonesty if you:

Resubmit (or recycle) work that you have already submitted for assessment in the same unit or in a
different unit or previous attempt;
Use assignment answers hosted on the internet, including those uploaded to document sharing websites
by other students.
Have someone else complete part or all of an assignment for you, or do this for another student.
Except for legitimate group work purposes, providing assignment questions and answers to other
students directly or through social media platforms or document (notes) sharing websites, including
essays and written reports.
Engage in examination misconduct, including using cheat notes or unapproved electronic devices (e.g.,
smartphones), copying from other students, discussing an exam with another person while it is in
progress, or removing confidential examination papers from the examination venue.
Engage in dishonest plagiarism.

Plagiarism means presenting another persons work as if it is your own without properly or
adequately referencing the original source of the work.

Plagiarism is using someone elses ideas, words, formulas, methods, evidence, programming code, images,
artworks, or musical creations without proper acknowledgement. If you use someones actual words you
must use quotation marks as well as an appropriate reference. If you use someones ideas, formulas,
methods, evidence, tables or images you must use a reference. You must not present someones artistic
work, musical creation, programming code or any other form of intellectual property as your own. If referring
to any of these, you must always present them as the work of their creator and reference in an appropriate
way.

Plagiarism is always unacceptable, regardless of whether it is done intentionally or not. It is considered

dishonest if done knowingly, with intent to deceive or if a reasonable person can see that the assignment
contains more work copied from other sources than the students original work. The University understands
that not all plagiarism is dishonest and provides students with opportunities to improve their academic
writing, including their understanding of scholarly citation and referencing practices.

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USE OF SIMILARITY DETECTION SOFTWARE

All written assignments submitted in this unit of study will be submitted to the similarity detecting software
program known as Turnitin. Turnitin searches for matches between text in your written assessment task and
text sourced from the Internet, published works and assignments that have previously been submitted to
Turnitin for analysis.

There will always be some degree of text-matching when using Turnitin. Text-matching may occur in use of
direct quotations, technical terms and phrases, or the listing of bibliographic material. This does not mean
you will automatically be accused of academic dishonesty or plagiarism, although Turnitin reports may be
used as evidence in academic dishonesty and plagiarism decision-making processes.

SPECIAL CONSIDERATION

What it means to receive Special Consideration

If you apply and receive approval for Special Consideration prior to the examination, you do not sit
for the normal examination and you will be required to sit a Deferred Assessment*.
If you apply and receive approval for Special Consideration after the examination and did not sit
the examination, you will be required to sit a Deferred Assessment*.
If you apply and receive approval for Special Consideration after sitting the examination, your exam
paper for the normal examination will not be marked and you will be required to sit a Deferred
Assessment*.

*You must make yourself available at the Universitys Deferred Assessment periods.

Mid Semester Deferred Assessments: Week 13 Mon or Tue, 5pm

End Semester Deferred Assessments: Week 18 (all week)

Please Note:
No alternative arrangements are available.
There will be changes in the replacement examination questions from those in the original
examination.
The replacement exam may not cover the same topics as the exam that was impacted, but will test
the same learning outcomes. Other factors (such as the length, duration or structure of the exam)
may also be different.

Applying for Special Consideration

Please visit the following website for information and application form:

https://sydney.edu.au/current_students/special_consideration/index.shtml

Student appeals

Student appeals: academic and administrative

A student may appeal against a mark or grade for either a single assessment, or the final assessment for a
whole unit of study. Students are encouraged to consult with their unit of study coordinator in the first instance.

A student may appeal against an administrative decision. More information can be found here:
http://sydney.edu.au/health-sciences/current-students/coursework/appeals.shtml

AVAILABLE IT SERVICES FOR STUDENTS

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Computer access
All Students are given a UniKey account that lets them access IT (internet) services around the university.
The University Computer Access Labs provide students and staff members of the University of Sydney with
access to computers. These labs give students and staff access to printing, scanning, internet access, word
processing, and expert staff assistance.

On the Cumberland Campus, computer labs are located on level 2 of Building B, in Room B107 Opening
hours: During Semester: Monday Friday 7:30 am - 10:00 pm, During Vacation: Monday Friday, 7:30am
- 6:00pm, Staff available: Monday to Friday 7:30am- 3:30pm
http://sydney.edu.au/ict/student/locations/cumberland.shtml

RESPONSE TO STUDENT FEEDBACK

Student feedback, gathered through surveys and other sources, have been incorporated into worksheets,
practicals, tutorials and lectures. Lecture notes are now provided approximately 1 week prior to each lecture
series. Changes have been made to the sequencing of lectures and to the use of online quizzes for
feedback.

STUDENT SUPPORT

Student Central
Provides prospective and enrolled students with information and advice on the various courses offered by
the Faculty of Health Sciences, manages student records and administers admissions, enrolment,
examinations and graduations. The Student Central Office is located in Block F (next door to the Depot),
Cumberland Campus and is open Monday to Friday, 9.00am to 5.00pm
http://www.fhs.usyd.edu.au/current_students/index.shtml

Counseling Service
(free and confidential):
On the Cumberland Campus you can find the Counseling Services office on the Ground Floor in Building
A. Telephone: (02) 9351-9638, Facsimile: (02) 9351-9635,
E-mail: CS.Cumberland@stuserv.usyd.edu.au
http://www.usyd.edu.au/stuserv/counselling/

International Student Services Unit

(provides an integrated counseling and welfare service to international students):
On the Cumberland Campus the ISSU is located on the Ground Floor in Building A.
Telephone: (02) 9351 9638, Facsimile: (02) 9351 9635,
E-mail: ISSU.Cumberland@stuserv.usyd.edu.au
http://www.usyd.edu.au/stuserv/issu/

Disability Services Office

(provides information and assistance):
On the Cumberland Campus you can find the Disability Services office on the Ground Floor in Building A.
Enquiries: (02) 9351 9638, Appointments: (02) 9351 9638,
Facsimile: (02) 9351 9635, Opening Hours: From 11am Monday, Tuesday & Thursday
Email: ds.cumberland@stuserv.usyd.edu.au,
http://www.usyd.edu.au/stuserv/disability/index.shtml

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