Appendix B4:

A Systems View of the Modern Grid

ADVANCED CONTROL METHODS

Conducted by the National Energy Technology Laboratory

for the U.S. Department of Energy
Office of Electricity Delivery and Energy Reliability
March 2007

Office of Electricity
Delivery and Energy
Reliability

v2.0
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Executive Summary .................................................................................. 2

Current State............................................................................................ 4
DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS ................................................................6
ANALYTICAL TOOLS .......................................................................................7
OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS .........................................................................8

Future State ........................................................................................... 11

FUNCTIONS ACM WILL PERFORM: .............................................................. 11

Benefits ................................................................................................. 15

Barriers to Deployment........................................................................... 16

Summary ............................................................................................... 18

Bibliography........................................................................................... 20

Acronyms ............................................................................................... 21

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
It is becoming increasingly difficult today to meet our
nations 21st century power demands with an
electric grid built on yesterdays technologies.

A fully modernized grid is essential to provide service that is

reliable, secure, cost-effective, efficient, safe, and
environmentally responsible. To achieve the modern grid, a
wide range of technologies must be developed and
implemented. These technologies can be grouped into five
key technology areas as shown in Figure 1 below.

Figure 1: The Modern Grid Systems View provides an ecosystem perspective that considers all aspects and all stakeholders.

The advanced control methods (ACM) featured in this paper comprise

one of the five key technology areas that must be developed if we are
to have a truly safe, reliable, and environmentally friendly modern grid.

ACM technologies are the devices and algorithms that will analyze,
diagnose, and predict conditions in the modern grid and determine and
take appropriate corrective actions to eliminate, mitigate, and prevent
outages and power quality disturbances. These methods will provide
control at the transmission, distribution, and consumer levels and will
manage both real and reactive power across state boundaries.

To a large degree, ACM technologies rely on and contribute to each of

the other four key technology areas. For instance, ACM will monitor
essential components (Sensing and Measurements), provide timely and
appropriate response (Integrated Communications; Advanced
Components), and enable rapid diagnosis (Improved Interfaces and

Page B4-2 Modern Grid Systems View: Appendix B4 v2.0 Advanced Control Methods
 Decision Support) of any event. Additionally, ACM will also support
market pricing and enhance asset management.

The analysis and diagnostic functions of future ACM will incorporate

predetermined expert logic and templates that give permission to
the grids software to take corrective action autonomously when these
actions fall within allowable permission sets.

As a result, actions that must execute in seconds or less will not be

delayed by the time required for human analysis, decision-making, and
action. Significant improvement in grid reliability will result due to this
self-healing feature of the modern grid.

ACM will require an integrated, high-speed communication

infrastructure and corresponding communication standards to process
the vast amount of data needed for these kinds of system analyses.
ACM will be utilized to support distributed intelligent agents, analytical
tools, and operational software applications.

This paper covers the following four important topics:

Current state of ACM

Future state of ACM
Benefits of implementation
Barriers to deployment

Although it can be read on its own, this paper supports and supplements
A Systems View of the Modern Grid, an overview prepared by the
Modern Grid Initiative team.

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CURRENT STATE
The communication infrastructure supporting todays control
systems consists of a wide spectrum of technologies patched
together. The required information is transmitted from the
sensor to the control systems, processed by the control
systems, and then transmitted to the controlling devices.

This current communication infrastructure is too limited to support the

high-speed requirements and broad coverage needed by ACM, and it
does not provide the networked, open architecture format necessary
for the continued enhancement and growth of the modern grid.
Additionally, today's grid lacks many of the smart sensors and control
devices including consumer portal devices that need to be deployed to
measure the required data and provide the control mechanisms to
manage the electric system.

Some progress is being made. For instance, distribution automation

(DA) technologies are presently being integrated with supervisory control
and data acquisition (SCADA) systems to provide rapid reconfiguration of
specific sections of the distribution system. This will minimize the impact
of system faults and power quality disturbances on customers. DA
provides the ability to monitor and operate devices that are installed
throughout the distribution system, thereby optimizing station loadings
and reactive supply, monitoring equipment health, identifying outages,
and providing more rapid system restoration. However, this integration
needs to happen more quickly and on a much wider scale.

Some of todays ACM technologies are locally based, such as at a

substation, where the necessary data can be collected in near real time
without the need for a system-wide communication infrastructure. But
these control algorithms act autonomously at a local substation level and
hence do not benefit from a system-wide perspective. Often, these
algorithms are integrated with centralized systems to enable others not
located at the substation to have access to the data. Substation
automation technologies provide this functionality and are in their early
phases of implementation at most utilities. Numerous vendors provide
modern substation automation technologies today using architectures
similar to that shown in Figure 2.

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Figure 2: Example schematic of substation data architecture. Image courtesy of the International Electrotechnical Commission.

ACM technologies depend heavily on data sensing and some form of

data transmission (See Appendix B2: Sensing and Measurement and
Appendix B1: Integrated Communications). Todays sensors that
measure system parameters (e.g.., watts and watt-hours, VArs and VAr-
hours, volts, amperes, power factor, phase angles, harmonics, etc.) are
only beginning to evolve from the traditional electric/electromechanical
design to a solid-state, electronic-based technology of higher accuracy,
more intelligence, and with the capability to interface with digital
communication systems. The widespread deployment of intelligent
electronic devices (IEDs) at the system, equipment, and consumer levels
must occur to support ACM in the future.

Significant advances have been made in software-based control

algorithms in nearly every industry and much has been done in the
area of ACM. Some of the ACM technologies needed for the modern grid
are currently available or are in research and development. These
technologies are slowly being integrated into three important areas:
distributed intelligent agents, analytical tools, and operational
applications. Some of the technologies in these areas are described in
the three tables which follow.

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 DISTRIBUTED INTELLIGENT AGENTS
Distributed Intelligent Agents are adaptive, self-aware, self-healing,
and semi-autonomous control systems that respond rapidly at the local
level to unburden centralized control systems and human operators.
Several of these agents are often combined to form a multi-agent system
with peer-to-peer communication. These multi-agent systems are
capable of reaching goals difficult to achieve by an individual system.
Some of these technologies are described in Table 1 below.

Distributed Intelligent Agents

Agent Description

Digital protective relay Senses electric system parameters, analyzes data, and initiates
control actions autonomously to protect system assets
Communication-enhanced coordination ensures only last device
feeding a faulted section clears the fault
Protection coordination can be automatically updated as circuits are
reconfigured
Provides post-disturbance data for analysis of event
New design not yet universally deployed across the grid
Intelligent tap Senses both high- and low-side voltages to perform advanced control
changer Minimizes draw of reactive power from transmission system

Dynamic circuit rating tool Determines the safe and accurate dynamic rating of lines
Interfaces with advanced sensors that monitor weather parameters,
line sag, and conductor temperature to obtain the required inputs
Normally provides additional line capacity except during times when
weather conditions and line loadings are not favorable
Energy management system Monitors electric system parameters and marketing information;
considers consumer preset settings and acts on the behalf of the
consumer to manage energy costs, comfort, and health
Supports demand-response (DR) programs based on real-time
pricing
Grid-friendly appliance Senses grid conditions by monitoring the frequency or voltage of the
controller system and provides automatic DR in times of system distress
Can be installed in household appliances such as refrigerators,
washers, dryers, stoves, etc., to turn them off or on as required to
allow the grid to stabilize
Dynamic distributed power Increases or decreases line impedance
control devices Improves utilization of under-utilized lines
Can manage flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS)
devices installed at substations to provide instantaneous and
autonomous control of line flow and voltage
Low-cost, mass-produced, distributed power-flow devices can be
installed on each phase of a line to provide 10% or more
instantaneous control of power flow
Table 1: Distributed intelligent agents

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 ANALYTICAL TOOLS
The heart of the ACM analytical tools are the software algorithms and the
high-speed computers needed to process and analyze the information.
This feature is a key part of the overall ACM control loop. Some of these
tools are described in Table 2 below.

Table 2: Analytical Tools

Analytical Tools

Tool Description

System performance Monitors frequency, voltage, congestion, and market power to

monitoring, simulation, and detect abnormal operating patterns
prediction Predicts how system will respond if critical equipment is forced out
of service
Validates quality of real-time data and off-line system models
Optimizes plans for system stabilization and restoration based on
real-time or simulated disturbances
Phasor measurement analysis Monitors the instantaneous value of voltage or current
Determines whether a transient swing in the power system is stable
or unstable
Detects imminent grid emergencies
Supports more rapid state estimation
Improves dynamic modeling and analysis
Online model with better visualization still needs to be developed so
that control room operators can effectively interpret phasor
measurement unit (PMU) phasor data.
Weather prediction and Improved accuracy of weather forecasts leading to improved load
integration forecasts
Better at detecting the possibility of extreme events at long range
Various methodologies available, including artificial intelligence,
neural networks, fuzzy logic, etc.
Ultra-fast load flow analysis Provides visualization tools showing regions of secure operations
limited by voltage constraints, voltage instability, thermal limits, and
flow gate constraints
Optimal mitigation measures can be applied online to expand the
boundary of the operating region, reduce transmission congestion,
optimize outage management, and support improved system
planning analyses
Ultra-fast load flows that solve a 40,000-bus system in less than a
second are available

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 Analytical Tools

Tool Description

Market system simulation Analyzes engineering and market aspects of the grid links physical
performance and control with economics
Provides open-source environment where independently developed
software components can be shared by other people and
organizations
Spans energy systems currently analyzed in isolation (e.g.,
transmission grid, distribution systems, and customer systems)
Under development at PNNL
Distribution fault location Will use data from digital relays or other monitoring systems along
with circuit databases to determine the location of a fault on the
distribution circuit
A new traveling wave system is being developed that is expected to
be cost-effective for distribution systems.
Technologies have not yet been adopted due to complexity and high
cost.
High-speed computing Essential because of the vast amount of data and the complexity of
the analyses performed by ACM
Takes advantage of multiple networked computers to create a
virtual computer architecture capable of distributing process
execution across a parallel infrastructure
Work is being done to create a universal medium for information
exchange.
New technologies are under development
Table 2: Analytical tools

OPERATIONAL APPLICATIONS
The modern grid will rely on local intelligence, automation, and
decentralized control for selected applications, particularly those with
primarily local impact. Centralized ACM will be utilized in other
applications that provide a broader and more integrated perspective,
such as the prediction of overall system capability and health. Some of
these applications are described in Table 3 below.

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Table 3: Operational Applications

Operational Applications

Application Description

SCADA Supports energy management systems (EMS) and transmission

operations but has limited deployment at the distribution level
Todays SCADA systems are too slow and do not acquire data at the
speed needed for ACM technologies.
More recently, Regional Transmission Organizations and Independent
System Operators have expanded SCADA capabilities.
Substation automation Provides local control, remote control, and monitoring at the
substation level
IEDs utilized for protection and control are normally integrated with a
station computer, providing human-machine interface for local control,
monitoring, and system configuration.
Makes the substation information available for retrieval by substation
planners, protection engineers, maintenance personnel, and others as
needed
The IEDs and the local network are linked to various other users to lay
the foundation for higher-level remote functions such as advanced
power system management and equipment condition monitoring while
it is in service.
Transmission operations, Transmission SCADA systems provide system data to advanced state
energy management systems, estimators, which solve large networks to determine system conditions
and market operations every five minutes
Determines needed changes in system generation and, based on
economic factors, provides EMS signals to participating units
Optimizes the economic dispatch of energy and at the same time
mitigates the congestion on transmission lines
Location-dependent, real-time prices are calculated based on the re-
dispatch of generation every five minutes to provide a price signal to
generators, transmission owners and operators, and consumers.
Control methods currently in use by some of the Regional
Transmission Organizations have advanced substantially over the past
few years.
Need to incorporate advanced flow control, distributed energy
resources (DER), and demand response (DR) options
Distribution automation IEDs have been integrated with distribution SCADA systems on a
limited basis to provide rapid reconfiguration to minimize system
impacts from faults and other power-quality disturbances
Currently, cost of DA technology has limited its widespread
deployment.
New low-cost, high-speed, and reliable digital communications systems
will eliminate many of the economic hurdles faced by DA deployment.

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 Operational Applications

Application Description

Demand response Used by system operators as a tool for mitigating congestion and peak-
loading issues
Consumers give permission to system operators to interrupt loads
under specific conditions
Consumers interact with system operators using the consumers
energy management system
Load can be interrupted autonomously using technologies embedded
in grid-friendly appliances (GFAs) when specific conditions are
detected.
Condition-based maintenance Monitors and trends key asset characteristics, analyzes the
(CBM) information, and predicts when maintenance or replacement should
be performed to prevent failure
Enables more effective and efficient maintenance practices, reducing
occurrences of unexpected component failures as well as consumer
and system outages
Becoming an accepted practice for managing health and maintenance
of system assets
Outage management Integrates customer outage information with the up-to-date status of
the distribution network
Helps operators rapidly determine causes of distribution outages
Enables more rapid restoration, including remote reconfiguration
Gives accurate information to customers regarding the status of power
interruptions
Asset optimization Integrates plant operations, fuel management, and maintenance
processes
Collects, verifies, and analyzes operational data using facility-specific
parameters, and informs operators in real-time when a system is
malfunctioning or running below expectations
Identifies conditions that could lead to a problem, determines the root
cause, and prioritizes recommended solutions
Provides actual and what-if load data for devices, feeders, and
substation transformers at the system level
Reconciles hourly SCADA data to provide an accurate view of asset
loading system-wide and hourly-load profiles for each device
Assists operators in understanding which assets are over- or under-
utilized and performs a risk analysis for each asset
Various technologies currently exist
Table 3: Operational applications

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FUTURE STATE
The advanced control methods of the future require an
advanced and integrated communication system to operate
effectively (see Appendix B1: Integrated Communications).
Many control functions are performed today to some degree and in
limited locations. In the future, however, ACM will become significantly
more sophisticated, will consider regional and national perspectives in
addition to local ones, and will be fully deployed throughout the national
grid. Where appropriate ACM will be distributed and where necessary, it
will be centralized.

FUNCTIONS ACM WILL PERFORM

Collect data and monitor grid components In the future, low-cost,

smart instrument transformers, IEDs, and analytical tools will measure
system and consumer parameters for every significant data point needed
by ACM. New, low-cost devices will provide the condition of grid
components and will be deployed and integrated with ACM to provide an
overall assessment of the systems condition. These data will be
presented to ACM for analysis on a near real-time basis by an integrated
communication system. In addition, phasor measurement units (PMU),
integrated with global positioning system (GPS) time signals will be
deployed nationwide to provide a perspective of grid status and an early
warning of developing instabilities.

Analyze data The availability of near real-time data for all needed data
points, and more powerful processors to analyze this data, will make
possible rapid expansion and advancement in the capability of software-
based analytical tools. Here are some specific examples:

State estimators and contingency analyses will be performed in

seconds rather than minutes, giving ACM and human operators
additional time to react to emerging problems. This will also support
the use of real-time transmission system optimization tools.
Expert systems will convert the data to information that can be used
for decision making. This information can then be input into
probabilistic risk analyses.
Load forecasting will take advantage of the system-wide distribution
of near real-time data as well as improved weather forecasting
technologies to produce highly accurate load forecasts at the system,
component, and consumer levels.
Probabilistic risk analyses will be performed routinely to determine
the level of risk when taking equipment out of service for repair,
during periods of high system stress, and following unexpected

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 outages. Indicators that present real time operating risk will be in
place at regional and local operations centers to assist operators with
the decision-making process.
Grid modeling and simulations will enable operators to perform
accurate what-if scenarios from a deterministic as well as
probabilistic perspective.

Diagnose and solve The availability of near real-time data processed by

powerful high-speed computers will enable expert diagnostics to identify
solutions for existing, emerging, and potential problems at the system,
subsystem, and component levels. The probability of success for each
solution will also be identified and the results made available to the
human operator. This function of ACM will be carried out at local,
regional, and system-wide levels based on the perspective needed or
desired.
Take autonomous action when appropriate Protective relaying
schemes have acted autonomously in response to system faults for many
years and will continue to do so in the future. The modern grid, however,
will make significant advances by incorporating real-time communication
systems with advanced analytical technologies. These advances will
make possible autonomous action for problem detection and response.
They also will mitigate the spread of existing problems, prevent emergent
problems, and modify system configurations, conditions, and flows to
prevent predicted problems.
Autonomous action will continue to be performed at the local level but will
also be expanded to the regional and national level as control methods
become more integrated with local control systems and centralized in the
overall structure. Protective relay settings will be adapted to meet actual
system conditions in real time.
Provide information and options for human operators In addition to
providing actuating signals to the control devices, ACM will provide
information to the human operator. This information will be useful in two
different ways.
First, the vast amount of data collected by the control system for its own
use is of great value to the human operator. This data will be filtered and
presented to sophisticated visualization programs to create an effective
man-machine interface. (See Appendix B5: Improved Interfaces and
Decision Support). These visualization programs will reduce the large
amount of data to a format that allows the human operator to understand
system conditions at a glance.
Second, the data will provide decision assistance. When the control
algorithms determine a corrective action needs to be taken by a human
operator (i.e., an action not appropriate for autonomous control), it will
provide options to the human operator, giving probabilities for success for
each option. In addition, when the controls take autonomous actions,
those actions and their results will be reported to the operator.
Integrate with other enterprise-wide processes and technologies
Much of the data collected by ACM and the results obtained through the

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 analyses they perform are of significant value to numerous other
enterprise-wide processes and technologies. Equipped with this new
data, these other processes and technologies can be significantly
enhanced. Feedback from these secondary results will enable the
advanced control methodologies to gain additional intelligence that will
further refine the self-healing nature of the modern grid. The following
are some examples where ACM can enhance existing processes and
technologies.
Load forecasting and system planning Having extensive near real-
time load data will eliminate the need to estimate past load and will
provide accurate coincident load data from which more accurate
forecasting will result. More accurate load forecasting will optimize
the decision-making process concerning when and where new
capacity additions are needed.
Maintenance Near real-time component condition and loading
information will make possible a significant reduction in the number
of equipment failures and the cost of reactive maintenance. The
results of the maintenance process (including condition-based
maintenance) will be fed back to the ACM technologies to improve
their probabilistic risk analysis capabilities.
Market operations with RTOs ACM at the control area level will
improve the interface with advanced control algorithms at the RTO
level, resulting in the improvement of economic dispatch, the
mitigation of transmission congestion, and the enhancement of
system reliability.
Work management Near real-time consumer and system
component data will enable work management and scheduling
processes to determine the most effective timing for performing
scheduled work. For example, what if scenarios will be performed
to determine the risk in taking equipment out of service for
performing work.
Outage management ACM will assist operators and storm-
response personnel by sectionalizing, isolating, and providing
recovery status on a near real-time basis. The outage management
system will take advantage of the status information of all consumers
and system components (integrated and analyzed by ACM) to
precisely locate the outage and its cause. This information will also
allow more accurate prediction of return-to-service times.
Simulation and training The increased level of sophistication that
ACM technologies bring to the modern grid requires a corresponding
increase in sophistication in the training for the human operator. The
online controls and data will be interfaced to the training simulator to
provide realistic system conditions and responses for various training
scenarios.
Geographic information systems (GIS) for Spatial Analysis Near
real-time data will be imported into GIS technologies to enable spatial
analyses of various types to be performed. Locations of movable
assets such as trucks, equipment, and personnel will be provided to
the ACM to give the operators a better understanding of where these

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 assets are located and to incorporate the personnel safety
component into the self-healing feature of the modern grid.
Automatic meter reading Manual meter reading will be eliminated
as meter reading and billing will be performed using accurate near
real-time data collected by modern grid technologies.

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BENEFITS OF IMPLEMENTATION
The wide acceptance and implementation of the modern
grid's advance control methods will benefit all involved the
power industry, businesses, and industry as well as
consumers and society in general.

Here are some of the many advantages to be realized:

The overall reliability of the distribution and transmission systems
will be generally improved, leading to decreased costs and increased
revenues.
The self-healing vision for the Modern Grid will be achieved.
Appropriate actions will be taken to prevent or minimize adverse
consequences. The scope of cascading events will be limited to
prevent wide-area outages.
Sophisticated analytical capabilities will prevent, detect, and
mitigate the consequences of security attacks.
Integration with consumers and their loads will provide energy price
signals to encourage them to participate in the electricity market
based on real supply-and-demand influences. The markets will then
be more efficient and the result will be the lowest possible price for
electricity.
Restoration times following major grid events will be reduced by the
provision of key and timely information and strategies needed by
emergency response organizations.
Transmission congestion will be minimized, contributing to further
reductions in energy prices and more robust energy markets.
Supply-side and demand-side conditions will be monitored to
identify both emerging and actual power quality issues. Appropriate
corrective actions will be taken to address power quality challenges
before they become significant or lead to loss of reliability.
Utilization of DER and DR to displace spinning reserve and increase
system efficiency will reduce environmental impacts.
Integration of asset utilization data into transmission and delivery
(T&D) planning models will aid the planning of major long-term
investments needed to increase system capacity.
Providing the material-condition data for assets to condition-based
maintenance (CBM) programs will improve the overall health and
reliability of assets, reduce their out-of-service times, reduce the cost
of maintenance, and improve the repair vs. replace decision-making
process.
Integration of ACM with work management and outage management
systems will improve the efficiency in performing system and trouble
work and will reduce the outage time and cost to consumers.

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BARRIERS TO DEPLOYMENT
Significant barriers exist that impede the development and
implementation of advanced control methods, but
deployment of ACM is necessary to ensure safe, reliable,
clean, economic, and environmentally responsible power in
the future.

The move forward will remain limited until system data are available
from a much wider area in near real time and a high-speed
communication system is in place so that these ACM technologies can
act. In addition, faster and more powerful computers are required so that
ACM can respond immediately to rapidly forming power system events.

Another barrier is the lack of broad consensus for the modern grid
vision among stakeholders. A greater understanding of the advantages
of the modern grid especially its self-healing function and its huge
environmental benefits is lacking. Conflicting objectives among
stakeholders impede the full implementation of these control methods
and their integration with other important processes and technologies.
For example, the possibility of reduced revenues to suppliers of electricity
impedes the full utilization and dispatch of consumer DER, much of which
is far cleaner than central fossil-based generation. New regulatory
models may be a solution to this conflict.
State regulatory bodies and current regulations do not fully support the
vision for the modern grid. Increased cooperation between state and
federal regulators is also necessary. New regulations that stir and
motivate the vision for a modern grid must be created and existing
regulations that impede progress must be modified. Regulated utilities
need incentives for investing in ACM that provide societal benefits.
The perspective for ACM lacks breadth. Existing control methods are
primarily focused at the local level. A greater deployment of local controls
is needed and must be encouraged in the future; however, a wider, more
centralized perspective is also needed. Effective integration of
distributed controls to support a regional and even national monitoring
and control perspective is lacking. An integrated, system-wide (region-
wide or greater) control perspective needs to be formulated.
The cost of sensors is too high. The widespread deployment of IEDs is
currently limited because of cost. In addition, a method to retrofit existing
components to make them IED-ready is needed to keep implementation
costs down. Otherwise, the placement of IEDs into the current electric
system could take decades since components are not replaced today
until they fail. Economies of scale and design innovation are needed to
drive costs down.

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 The data today are incomplete and not available fast enough. As long
as only limited data are available, many needed features of the modern
grid, like the self-healing characteristic, are not possible.
The infrastructure for integrated communication is missing.
Deployment of the needed communication systems, including
supercomputers, is needed to support the processing and analysis of the
large data volumes that will be supplied by advanced technologies of the
modern grid.

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SUMMARY
Advanced control methods are technically achievable.
The needed software and hardware systems can be developed relatively
easily following the development of a comprehensive set of control-
system specifications.

But first the lack of a clear vision, the problem of insufficient data, the
absence of a comprehensive communications infrastructure, and the
inadequacy of IED deployment must be addressed for ACM to be
universally accepted and implemented.

In addition, conflicting objectives among stakeholders must be addressed

and answers found to benefit all involved.

Development of clear specifications for ACM and other key

technologies is an important step in advancing the modern grid.
Specifications for data acquisition, communication standards, and
retrofits of existing components to convert them to IED functionality, all in
support of these ACM technologies, will provide the basis for rapid
progress.

But the most important step is the development of a national vision for
the modern grid, endorsed by the great majority of stakeholders.

For More Information

This document is part of a collection of documents prepared by The
Modern Grid Initiative (MGI) team. For a high-level overview of the
modern grid, see A Systems View of the Modern Grid. For additional
background on the motivating factors for the modern grid, see The
Modern Grid Initiative.

MGI has also prepared five papers that support and supplement these
overviews by detailing more specifics on each of the key technologies of
the modern grid. This paper has described the fourth key technology
area, Advanced Control Methods.

Page B4-18 Modern Grid Systems View: Appendix B4 v2.0 Advanced Control Methods
 These documents are available for free download from the Modern Grid
Web site.

The Modern Grid Initiative

Website: www.netl.doe.gov/moderngrid

Email: moderngrid@netl.doe.gov

(304) 599-4273 x101

Page B4-19 Modern Grid Systems View: Appendix B4 v2.0 Advanced Control Methods
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http://gridwise.pnl.gov/technologies/transactive_controls.stm
Power System Engineering Research Center. http://www.pserc.org
U.S. Department of Energy Office of Electric Transmission and
Distribution. 2004. National electric delivery technologies roadmap:
Transforming the grid to revolutionize electric power in North America.
Yeager, K. E. and C. W. Gellings. 2004. A bold vision for T&D. Paper
presented at the Carnegie Mellon University Conference on Electricity
Transmission in Deregulated Markets, Pittsburgh, PA.

Page B4-20 Modern Grid Systems View: Appendix B4 v2.0 Advanced Control Methods
ACRONYMS

ACM Advanced Control Methods

CBM Condition Based Maintenance

DA Distribution Automation

DER Distributed Energy Resources

DR Demand Response

EMS Energy Management System

FACTS Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System

GFA Grid-Friendly Appliance

GIS Geographic Information System

GPS Global Positioning System

IED Intelligent Electronic Device

MGI Modern Grid Initiative

PMU Phasor Measurement Units

PNNL Pacific Northwest National Laboratory

SCADA Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition

T&D Transmission and Distribution

VAr Volt-amperes reactive

Page B4-21 Modern Grid Systems View: Appendix B4 v2.0 Advanced Control Methods