H11 S

Curtain walling
H11
330^ General movement
Scope 332^ Appearance and fit
335 Thermal movement service temperature ranges 14
This section deals with proprietary (standard or nonstandard) 340^ Air permeability
nonloadbearing walls of glass and other sheet and panel 345^ Air permeability exfiltration 15
materials supported on framing, fixed to a supporting structure, 350^ Water penetration
designed and fixed as an integrated assembly complete with 370^ Thermal properties
opening lights, doors, ventilators, etc. 380^ Solar and light control 16
For definitions of associated walling and roofing systems and 385^ Thermal stress in glazing
their relevant NBS sections see general guidance 1 in this 390^ Avoidance of condensation 17
section. 410^ Sound transmittance
420^ Fire resistance of curtain walling
This section does not include: 425^ Internal surface spread of flame of curtain walling
General glazing see section L40. 430^ Fire stopping
Permanent access and safety equipment see section N25. 435^ Opening lights (windows) 18
436 Doors and other access facilities
437 Louvres 19
440^ Durability
Contents 445^ Lightning protection system
450^ Safety
Reference documents 2 460 Structural sealant glazing requirements
General guidance Testing 20

510^ Comparison (type) testing
1 Definitions 515 Project testing (laboratory)
2 Standards 520^ Project testing (site)
3 Types of curtain walling 3 530 Testing authority independent laboratory
4 Selection of curtain walling 4 535^ Testing authority curtain walling manufacturer/
5 Dimensional coordination 5 contractor
6 Testing (verification of performance) 6 540 Test specimen
7 Health and safety 550 Test sequence standard laboratory tests (1) 21
8 Contractual arrangements 555 Test sequence standard laboratory tests (2) 22
560 Test sequence standard and discretionary 23
Specification clauses 7 laboratory tests
^ denotes included in the Intermediate Version. 630^ Site spray bar test 25
635^ Site hose test
Tendering 650 Additional tests
10^ Information to be provided with tender 655 Wind load fatigue test, small specimen
660 Structural sealant glazing tests 26
Types of curtain walling
110^ Curtain walling Products
130^ Sun screens 9 710^ Aluminium alloy framing sections
135^ Doors 712^ Aluminium alloy sheet
140^ Louvres 715^ Carbon steel framing sections/ reinforcement
145^ Integrated access equipment 717^ Carbon steel sheet
720^ Stainless steel sheet
General requirements/ Preparatory work 725^ PVC-U framing sections
210^ Design 730^ Mechanical fixings
215^ Design proposals 732^ Adhesives 27
220^ Specification 10 735^ Fixing anchors
230^ Information to be provided during detailed design stage 737^ Glass generally
232^ Quality plan 739 Dimensional tolerances on glass
235^ Information to be provided before commencement of 741^ Distortional tolerances on glass
testing or fabrication of curtain walling 742^ Heat soaking of thermally toughened glass
240 Information to be provided before commencement of 11 745^ Insulating glass units 28
structural sealant glazing 747 Glass edge condition for structural sealant glazing
250^ Product samples 750^ Infill panels/ Facings
260^ Samples of fixings 755^ Natural stone infill panels/ Facings
270^ Fabrication samples 760^ Gaskets 29
280 Mock-up 765^ Weatherstripping of opening units
770^ General sealants
Design/ Performance requirements 772^ Curtain walling joint assembly sealants
305^ CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes 775 Bonding sealants for structural sealant glazing
311 Integrity (1) 12 777 Weathersealing for structural sealant glazing
312 Integrity (2) 780^ Thermal insulation
313^ Integrity (3) 785^ Vapour control layer 30
320^ Deflection under dead loads 13
325 Deflection under wind load
National Building Specification Ltd July 2006 Standard Version H11 Page 1
Curtain walling H11
Finishes
810^ Protective coating of carbon steel framing sections/ General guidance
Reinforcement
820^ Protective coating of carbon steel mechanical fixings 1 Definitions
830^ Powder coating Developments in facade technology have resulted in a blurring of
840^ Anodizing the boundaries between the many different methods and
850^ Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) coating of aluminium alloy functions of cladding. It may be helpful, therefore, to define, not
only curtain walling as covered by this section, but also the other
Fabrication and installation 31 categories most of which are already covered in NBS.
910^ Generally Regardless of the differences, all of the following have one
912^ Metalwork characteristic in common they are all nonloadbearing, dead
915^ Glazing and live loads acting on them being transferred via connections
917^ Fixings/ Adhesives application to the building structure.
920^ Sealant application Curtain walling: Glazing and panels/ facings set into or
925 Structural sealant glazing attached to framing members fixed back to the building
930^ Assembly structure see also general guidance 3. External curtain
955^ Fixing anchor installation walling should be specified in this section; internal curtain
965^ Preliminary curtain walling installation walling can also be specified here subject to adjustment of
970^ Curtain walling installation Design/ Performance Requirement clauses.
975^ Welding 32 Patent glazing: Glazing supported on two or four edges by
980^ Interfaces metal glazing bars fixed back to the building structure to form
982^ Ironmongery walls or sloping roofs. Specify in section H10.
985^ Maintenance Structural glass assemblies: Frameless glazing with sealant
joints, attached by assembly fixings to glass fins or a
secondary support structure and thereby back to the building
structure. Specify in section H13. Do not confuse with
Reference documents structural sealant glazing as a method of curtain walling
assembly see general guidance 3.1.
For a list of documents cited in NBS, refer to the Reference Overhead glazing: Glazing with a slope of less than 75 to the
documents listing on the subscriber website. horizontal usually assembled from one of the three systems
previously defined. Overhead glazing has inherent technical
For a list of documents cited in this section, refer to All reference differences to curtain walling in providing for, e.g. rainwater
documents for a work section on the subscriber website. and condensation drainage, snow and maintenance loadings.
Where it is integral with curtain walling it may be specified in
To check the currency of documents cited in this section, refer to this section, provided the technical differences are
the list of New and amended reference documents on the accommodated.
subscriber website. Rainscreen cladding: An external cladding or overcladding
assembly fixed back to and providing weather protection to an
Publishers of documents cited in this section include: inner structural leaf; the cavity between being drained and
American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA) ventilated or pressure equalized. Specify in section H92.
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE) Precast concrete cladding: Large unit precast concrete
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) panels (also known as integral panels) that may be faced with
British Board of Agrment (BBA) other materials. The panels are fixed back to the building
British Constructional Steelwork Association Ltd (BCSA) structure but are able to support their own weight and resist
British Standards Institution (BSI) design loads without additional framing. Specify in section
Building Research Establishment (BRE) H42.
Building Services Research And Information Association
(BSRIA) 2 Standards
Butterworth Heinemann The gap in UK curtain walling standards was closed in 1993 by
Centre for Window and Cladding Technology (CWCT)/ the issue of the Standard and guide to good practice for curtain
University of Bath walling by the Centre for Window and Cladding Technology
Chartered Institution Of Building Services Engineers (CIBSE) (CWCT) at the University of Bath. In 1996 the document was
Construction Confederation (CC) formerly Building Employers revised and republished as a second edition in three volumes:
Confederation (BEC) Standard for curtain walling.
Construction Industry Training Board (CITB) Guide to good practice for facades.
Council for Aluminium in Building (CAB) Test methods for curtain walling.
Fire Protection Association (FPA) These documents have been superseded by a single
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) publication Standard for systemised building envelopes, which
Institution of Structural Engineers (ISE) in nine volumes takes account of the European (CEN) standards
Loss Prevention Certification (LPCB) dealing with envelope technologies. The nine (10 with Standard
The Stationery Office (TSO) test methods for building envelopes) volumes are:
Part 1 Scope, terminology, testing and classification
Part 2 Loads, fixings and movement
Part 3 Air, water and wind resistance
Part 4 Operable components, additional elements and means
of access
Part 5 Thermal, moisture and acoustic performance
Part 6 Fire performance (Not included in the first issue of the
standard. To be released after publication of revised building
regulations covering aspects of fire.)
Part 7 Robustness, durability, tolerances and workmanship
Part 8 Testing*
Part 0 Specifiers checklist and certification.
Standard test methods for building envelopes.
Curtain walling H11
*CWCT issued an erratum sheet dated 26 May 2006 revising secondary retention devices. Unsupported units require a
the discretionary test sequence clause 8.13.5. significantly wider sealant joint bite dimension, increasing
The CWCT Standard covers both curtain walling and silicone use and thereby cost. Insulating glass units should not
rainscreen cladding (section H92). be specified as four sided bonded without secondary support
BS EN 13830 is the curtain walling product standard and is or retention of the outer pane.
supported by the following performance and test/ calculation For further guidance see the following publications:
standards: AAMA, Structural sealant glazing systems.
Air permeability: BS EN 12152 and BS EN 12153. ASTM, Science and technology of glazing systems.
Watertightness: BS EN 12154, BS EN 12155, BS EN 13051 ISE, Structural use of glass in buildings.
and DD ENV 13050.
Resistance to wind load: BS EN 13116 and BS EN 12179.
Figure 1
Impact resistance: BS EN 14019.
The CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes takes
account of the British standards and sets appropriate levels of
performance for use in specific environments.
Sets conditions when existing test results may be extrapolated
to new projects.
Provides additional information not included within European
standards.
3 Types of curtain walling

The parts of the CWCT Standard for systemised building
envelopes do not deal with the design of curtain walling; their
forewords state The documents are not a design guide and are
intended for use by Designers and Specifiers with experience of
building envelopes. It is also not the purpose of this NBS section
to offer detailed advice on design, but an understanding of the
technical language of curtain walling is essential for specifiers,
even where design input is limited to preliminary design
drawings and evaluation of proprietary systems. A brief
introduction to the assembly and weathering methods of
common types of curtain walling is given below and design items
are noted where relevant in clause guidance.
3.1 Methods of assembly Figure 2

There are three basic methods of assembling curtain walling:
Stick systems: (See figure 1). Site assembled, linear, light
carrier frameworks (usually continuous mullions interspaced
with discontinuous transoms) with infill glazing and panels.
Manufacturers offer proprietary systems capable of versatile
solutions to design requirements. All components should be
delivered cut or formed to size to limit sitework to assembly
and installation.
Unitized systems: (See figure 2). Workshop prefabricated
units of framework, glazing and panels/ facings. Units usually
span vertically between storeys in module widths but may Large unit
span horizontally between columns as spandrels. Large units with integral
(often referred to as panelized systems) will have steel or secondary
aluminium secondary framing integral with the units or site framing
erected as a support structure. Manufacturers offer standard or
bespoke systems dependent upon the custom design
requirements and complexities of the project. Completed units
are delivered to site and craned or hoisted into place on the
facade. Sitework is usually limited to fixing units in place and
fitting perimeter gaskets and cover strips.
Structural sealant glazing systems: (See figure 3).
Workshop or site bonding of glazing to prefabricated frames
with silicone adhesive sealant. 3.2 Methods of weathersealing
Workshop bonding is considered essential for UK systems and There are three basic methods of weathersealing curtain walling:
is the only method specified in this section. Hence the Single front sealed systems: (See figure 4). These rely on
assembled units may be considered as variants of unitized weatherproof outer seals to glazing/ infill panel rebates and
systems and will usually be site fixed to a secondary support cavities to stop water penetration to the interior. Any water that
structure. Areas dedicated to structural sealant glazing bypasses the outer seals can drain away only within the
fabrication should be provided in the workshop where framing system and may penetrate to the interior; it may also
temperature, humidity and dust contamination can be degrade mullion/ transom seals and double glazing edge
controlled. Structural bonding of panels/ facings should only be seals. Single front seal curtain walling varies from simple
specified with project specific approval of the sealant systems for low rise, low exposure risk applications, to
manufacturer (clause 240) to all products in contact with the patented framed gasket systems for high exposure risk
bonding sealant. applications.
Structural sealant glazing units can be bonded on two or four Drained and ventilated systems: (See figure 5). These have
sides. Two sided bonding uses sealant for two opposite sides weatherproof outer and inner seals to glazing/ infill panel
and conventional curtain wall framing for the other two. Four rebates and cavities to stop water penetration to the interior.
sided bonding uses sealant for all four sides, usually with The rebates and cavities are also drained and ventilated to the
secondary support setting blocks underneath and possibly with exterior to prevent accumulation of any water that bypasses
Curtain walling H11
the outer seals. Drainage of stick and exposed frame unitized

systems is usually via small holes in the underside of transoms Figure 5
or via transom channels into and down mullions (the latter
should drain to the outside of not more than three storey Double glazed unit Weatherproof
intervals). inner seal
Structural sealant glazing systems with enclosed glazing Weatherproof
rebate cavities should be drained and ventilated, particularly outer seal
where insulating glass units are specified.
Pressure equalized systems: (See figure 6). These also Setting block Alternative
have weatherproof outer and inner seals and are drained and drainage and
ventilated. The ventilation openings are of an increased size to Pressure plate ventilation route
permit rapid equalization of pressure in the curtain walling via transom
cavities with the external pressure, thereby preventing water glazing rebate
Thermal break
penetration of the outer skin. It is important that the inner seals to mullion
to the cavities are airtight and continuous to resist pressure Cover plate
fluctuations. Compartmentation within cavities is necessary to
prevent pressure loss across an elevation to zones exposed to Drainage out,
lower wind pressures. The confines of stick system cavities ventilation in, Transom
usually provide adequate discontinuities, but large cavities typically via 8mm diam.
within unitized systems will require further measures. holes in pressure and
cover plates
Figure 3
Figure 6
Double glazed unit Weatherproof

inner seal
Weatherproof
outer seal
Glazing unit, four Setting block Alternative

sided workshop pressure
bonded to carrier Pressure plate equalisation and
frame and drainage route
mechanically site via transom
Thermal break glazing rebates
fixed to secondary
support structure to baffled slots in
Cover plate mullions
Pressure equalisation and Transom

drainage, typically via
8 x 50mm baffled slots in
pressure and cover plates
Figure 4
4 Selection of curtain walling
Double glazed unit Inner seal 4.1 Choice of system

There are three approaches when deciding upon a curtain
Weatherproof walling system:
outer seal Proprietary systems: Standardised systems designed,
manufactured and tested by curtain walling manufacturers,
Setting block usually for predetermined market areas. The manufacturers
performance and test data should be sufficient to determine if
Pressure plate the system will meet the project requirements.
Modified proprietary systems: Proprietary systems as
Cover plate Thermal break described above, with a limited number of components
modified to suit particular project details. Project testing may
be necessary to ensure that the modifications have not
impaired the systems ability to meet the project requirements.
Transom Bespoke systems: Custom designed, manufactured and
tested systems, specified where proposals for curtain walling
depart significantly from proprietary system concepts.
Standard components will be used where possible but often
not in the way conceived by the manufacturer.
The choice of system will depend upon the type, complexity and
budget of the project. It is important to select from manufacturers
of similar capabilities, with fabricators/ installers of similar
experience, all appropriate to the demands of the project.
Manufacturers are prepared to offer early advice on the design/
performance capabilities of their systems and arrange visits to
workshops and sites of approved fabricators/ installers. This may
Curtain walling H11
result in elimination of one or more manufacturers from equivalent basis. Two stage tenders may be favoured for more
consideration, but equally may highlight impracticable design complex projects, the preliminary stage leading to qualifying
criteria. interviews for the submission stage. Meetings during the tender
period can resolve any difficulties of interpretation and should
4.2 Design ensure the preparation of comparable bids.
Curtain walling contributes significantly to the aesthetic of a Submissions must provide sufficient information to enable the
building. Consequently, it is an area where the Architect will design team to verify that all requirements have been correctly
normally seek to keep firm design control but not compromise and adequately interpreted see clause 10.
good practice. Design intent should be communicated in contract On acceptance of a submission, the successful curtain walling
documentation by preliminary design drawings and a concise contractors detailed design process should start as soon as
specification. possible, with priority given to fixings and feature/ interface
The drawings will usually show three levels of detail: details. All members of the design team should be involved in
General arrangement: this stage of detail development.
Structural frame and floor levels with preferred locations and
types of fixings and movement joints. 5 Dimensional coordination
Critical overall or opening dimensions.
Setting out centres, e.g. for mullions and transoms or for 5.1 Fixings
units. The design of curtain walling attachments involves the architect,
Cladding zones. structural or cladding consultant, and curtain walling contractor.
Panel: Fixing design responsibilities should be clearly defined at tender
Sketch panel/ unit details. stage and agreed in principle before acceptance of a tender.
Positions of incorporated components, e.g. doors, opening Detailed fixing design should then be agreed before
lights, sun screens. commencement of building structure works on site.
Components: The building structure will normally dictate the type and
Sketch extrusion/ frame section details. positioning of fixings to be used. All fixings should be capable of
Sketch perimeter details, e.g. sills, copings, abutments. not less than 25 mm adjustment in three directions. Shims
Preparing detailed design drawings at pre-tender stage is likely should only be used where adjustment beyond these tolerances
to be unproductive. With proprietary systems they may limit is required; they should be of equal size to the area of fixing
competition and with bespoke systems they may pre-empt attachment, not more than 10 mm thick, and be locked by
solutions for which the manufacturer will not accept liability. serrations, bonded or welded to the fixing.
Experienced curtain walling companies can usually prepare Lining and levelling is carried out on site as preparatory work
tender submissions without first producing detailed drawings, before erection of curtain walling. Only fine adjustment and
because they can confidently anticipate how their system will locking of fixings should then be necessary during curtain walling
meet the project requirements. installation. Good access to all fixing positions will facilitate the
Specification clauses 210, 230 and 235 in this section assign speed and accuracy of installation.
the preparation of detailed drawings to the appointed curtain Comprehensive guidance on the type and location of fixings
walling manufacturer or the approved fabricator/ installer. It is most suitable for different curtain walling systems is given in the
important that the contract documentation clearly defines SCI publication, Curtain wall connections to steel frames.
responsibilities for detailed design to ensure that the Employer
has a redress in the event of failure due to design. 5.2 Accuracy of structure
The design of the curtain walling system and its method of fixing
4.3 Specification must take account of the degree of accuracy that can be
The content of a specification must be appropriate to the method achieved in the construction of the supporting structure.
of choosing a curtain walling system. Whatever the approach, Conversely, the degree of accuracy required of the supporting
there should be a performance bias, since the product, structure will depend to some extent on the amount of
fabrication and installation capabilities will be better understood adjustability that will be provided by the fixing system. Generally,
and interpreted by the curtain walling companies. They must curtain walling tolerances are of the order of 1/4 to 1/3 of those
prove that their proposed solutions can meet the performance associated with the supporting structure. The method of
criteria. achieving these finer tolerances rests with adjustment of
Writing a performance biased specification for curtain walling connections, or the inclusion of buffer zones.
is a way for the specifier to share, not shed, design Recommended permissible deviations for structural steel
responsibility. Curtain walling manufacturers should be allowed frames are given in BS 5950-2, section 7.3 and in the National
to advise the design team before tendering and the appointed Structural Steelwork Specification for Building Construction
contractor should become a part of the design team. (NSSS), section 9. Recommended permissible deviations for in
This NBS section, therefore, contains comprehensive situ concrete frames and walls are given in BS 5606.
subsections for design/ performance requirements and testing. Levels of accuracy for steelwork specified in the NSSS are
Specifications for bespoke and modified proprietary systems will invoked by NBS in clause G10/125, higher levels being specified
require inclusion of most clauses from these subsections. in clause G10/420. Levels of accuracy for in situ concrete work
Specifications for proprietary systems will also require given in BS 5606 (or higher levels) are specified in Preliminaries
comprehensive inclusion of clauses from these subsections even section A33. Increased accuracy should be specified only after
when comparison (type) testing (clause 510) is acceptable. consideration of increased cost.
Architects, unless specialists in curtain walling, may feel out of
their depth with the specification of more complex curtain walling 5.3 Avoiding critical relationships
systems. The expertise of other design disciplines (structural Problems of dimensional coordination are better avoided rather
engineers, service engineers and/ or cladding consultants) than solved. Structure and curtain walling should be detailed so
should be enlisted where required. that there is the minimum possible requirement for their parts
and features to coincide. Curtain walling usually runs past
4.4 Tender submission columns and beams and is not directly related to the space
A disciplined approach to contract documentation can reduce the between them. The only critical dimensions are the overall length
cost of curtain walling tender preparation and thereby tender and height of the facade, thus allowing minor inaccuracies
prices. It is usually desirable to restrict the number of tender between the curtain walling and the structure to be taken up over
submissions to three or four, whichever method of procurement many joints rather than a few.
is followed. This may mean starting from a list of five or six Consider also the coordination of tolerances of other building
companies and eliminating those that are not competing on an components at abutments, e.g. ceiling, wall and floor finishes.
Curtain walling H11
5.4 Live load deflection variations in the proposed project details, e.g. spacing of
In addition to permissible deviations in the structure, the curtain mullions/ transoms, will require evaluation.
walling will also have to cope with live load deflections. The Project testing (for proprietary, modified proprietary and
structural consultant should provide drawings and schedules of bespoke systems): A full scale specimen is laboratory tested in
anticipated loadings to curtain walling contractors at tender stage. accordance with specified criteria and procedures. Panels can
Where deflections are high and curtain walling contractors are be tested using the facilities of an independent laboratory or the
involved in design development (see general guidance 4.4) it may curtain walling manufacturer, in the latter case the results and
be considered more economical for the primary structure to be report must be certified by an independent consultancy. Project
stiffened than allowances made to accommodate movement in the testing is always time consuming and costly.
curtain walling.
7 Health and safety
6 Testing (verification of performance) Health and safety risks should be listed in the pre-tender health
Testing of curtain walling can expose design, fabrication and and safety plan (Preliminaries section A34 ) and method
installation weaknesses at an appropriate time for corrective action statements obtained from the contractor in the outline construction
to be applied, but it does not guarantee satisfactory performance in phase health and safety plan (Preliminaries section A30 ).
use. Testing is intended to subject a specimen to performance
criteria that will match or exceed the extremes of environmental 7.1 Materials
conditions likely to be experienced during the life of the curtain The usual components of curtain walling are not considered a
walling. However, the exact combination or cyclical changes of health risk, but care is required in handling cut edges of glass,
conditions that may occur, cannot be reproduced and the panels/ facings and framing members. Unitized systems will
specifiers evaluation of test results should make appropriate require mechanical lifting into position and restraint during
allowances where necessary. attachment of fixing anchors. Normal precautions should be taken
The CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes states with sealant application.
in clause 1.5 It is fundamental to the use of this standard that a
representative sample of the envelope system shall be tested as 7.2 Design
appropriate for air tightness, water penetration resistance, and The main hazards are associated with installing and maintaining
resistance to wind and other loads, prior to installation. curtain walling at high levels people falling off the structure and
Specification clauses for testing these and a range of other criteria materials or equipment falling onto others below. Consideration
are provided in this section, but this does not imply that project should be given to safe access systems for cleaning and
testing is mandatory. The options for satisfying a specification for inspection, e.g. gantries, cradles and anchorage points.
testing are:
Previous results (for proprietary systems only): The CWCT 7.3 Reference documents
Standard for systemised building envelopes allows testing to be For guidance on working at heights see:
deemed unnecessary if one of two conditions are satisfied: CC Construction health and safety manual, section 8D Work on
The system has been successfully tested to the CWCT standard roofs.
to pressures not less than those applicable to the proposed CITB Construction site safety, section C6 Safe working on roofs
location and the system is to be used with spans, support and at heights.
conditions and supporting structural frames similar to those HSE Publications INDG 401 The work at height regulations
originally tested or used. 2005. A brief guide, Designing for Health and Safety in
The supplier/ manufacturer can demonstrate and/or produce Construction: A guide for designers on the Construction (Design
evidence of satisfactory, prolonged and extensive use of their and Management) Regulations and HSE Guidance booklets HSG
product in a similar manner and location to the intended project 33 Health and safety in roof work and HSG 150 Health and
for not less than ten years. safety in construction.
Classification (for proprietary systems only): The CWCT have
adopted the performance classification system established in BS 8 Contractual arrangements
EN 13830. Proprietary systems are tested and performance The performance of curtain walling is dependent upon careful
classes shown in CWCT table 1.2 reproduced in table 1. fabrication and installation in accordance with detailed design.
Complications may arise where the curtain walling system includes
Table 1 CWCT Classification and appropriate usage components designed and/ or manufactured by other specialists,
Maximum Design Air test Water Wind Wind e.g. glazing and infill/ facing panels. Where such components are
calculated wind pressure test serviceability safety an integral part of the curtain wall assembly, the scope of this
wind pressure pressure test pressure test section enables their inclusion within the curtain walling
[pressure (p) pressure specification and thereby achieves single contractor responsibility.
Up to 1200 Maximum 300 Pa 300 Pa 1.0 p 1.50p This approach is recommended since the performance of the
Pa calculated (A2) (R5)* curtain walling is reliant upon the integrity of all components.
1201 to wind 450 Pa 450 Pa Where curtain walling is one cladding component of a complex
1600 Pa pressure (A3) (R6)* building envelope, this section can be part of a stand alone
1601 to but not 600 Pa 600 Pa contract package or it can be incorporated with other sections (e.g.
2400 Pa less than (R7) (R7)* L10 Windows, L20 Doors, H92 Rainscreen cladding) into an
Over 2400 800 Pa 0.25p 0.25p inclusive work package.
Pa (RE) (RE)
* The selection of the test pressure is based on the degree of exposure to 8.1 Subcontracting
the weather. Where justifiable, the Specifier may wish to test the envelope The specifier may choose a subcontractor or influence the choice
to higher pressures than indicated. of subcontractor in several different ways. See Preliminaries
section A30.
The CWCT Standard defines the parameters for a standard test
panel and details a suitable panel for proprietary systems. Test 8.2 Requirements for submission of information
results are expressed in terms of pressures achieved for air The specifier may require the Contractor or a subcontractor to
permeability, water penetration and wind resistance g Air submit drawings or other technical information. Clause 10 specifies
permeability A2, A3, A4 or AE.xxx, Water penetration R5, R6, submissions at tender stage. Clauses 230, 235 and 240 specify
R7 or RE.xxxx and Wind resistance as the actual pressure submissions during the course of the contract. See also
achieved. Manufacturers have the opportunity to test standard Preliminaries section A31.
systems and make results available for comparison. Again, any
Curtain walling H11
Guidance notes Specification clauses

H11 CURTAIN WALLING
To be read with Preliminaries/ General conditions.
TENDERING
10 10 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED WITH TENDER

The listed particulars are intended to provide adequate information Submit the following curtain walling particulars:
for technical evaluation of tender submissions. Typical plan, section and elevation drawings at suitable
Second item: Insert, e.g. Full size head and sill sections at scales.
positions indicated on drawing L(2)04. Typical detailed drawings at large scales, including . . . . . .
Third item: List products and finishes specified by performance or Technical information and certification demonstrating
to approval for which submission of proposals are required at tender compliance with specification of proposed incorporated
stage. Insert, e.g. products and finishes, including . . . . . .
insulating glass units. Certification, reports and calculations demonstrating
structural sealant glazing. compliance with specification of proposed curtain walling.
Sixth item: Amendments and additions to supporting structure may Proposals for connections to and support from the building
improve accuracy and/ or loading deflections see general structure and building components.
guidance 5.2 and 5.4. Proposals for amendments to primary supporting structure
and for secondary supporting structure additional to that
shown on preliminary design drawings.
Schedule of builders work, special provisions and special
attendance by others.
Examples of standard documentation from which project
quality plan will be prepared.
Preliminary fabrication and installation method statements
and programme.
Schedule of products and finishes with a design life
expectancy less than that specified in clause 440, with
proposals for frequencies and methods of replacement.
Proposals for replacing damaged or failed products.
Areas of non-compliance with the specification.
TYPES OF CURTAIN WALLING
110 110 CURTAIN WALLING . . . . . .

Use this clause for performance or proprietary reference Supporting structure: . . . . . .
specification of all types of curtain walling. Curtain walling system:
Some abbreviation of the clause may be possible for proprietary Manufacturer: . . . . . .
systems. However, most curtain walling manufacturers obtain Product reference: . . . . . .
glazing and infill/ facing panels from other manufacturers, hence a Type: . . . . . .
full specification is still required here. Internal framing member:
This clause can be repeated as necessary for each variation in Material: . . . . . .
type of glazing, external materials, etc. For complex systems it may Finish: . . . . . .
be necessary to significantly expand the clause to convey a full Colour/ Texture: . . . . . .
description of the curtain walling components and assembly Minimum film thickness: . . . . . .
requirements. External cover cap:
The example inserts assume that the curtain walling contractor will Material: . . . . . .
be providing information and detailed drawings see general Finish: . . . . . .
guidance 4.2, 4.3 and 4.4. Colour/ Texture: . . . . . .
Clause heading: Insert location or identification, e.g. Minimum film thickness: . . . . . .
TO EAST ELEVATION BLOCK B Glazing: . . . . . .
TYPE A Inner pane: . . . . . .
Supporting structure: Insert details of building frame construction. Outer pane: . . . . . .
Describe or refer to any prerequisites for positioning of fixing Glazing system: . . . . . .
anchors. Clause 10 requires proposals from the curtain walling Panel/ facing type: . . . . . .
contractor for any additional secondary supporting structure. External material: . . . . . .
Curtain walling system: External finish: . . . . . .
Manufacturer/ Product reference: See general guidance 8.1. Internal material: . . . . . .
Insert two or more proprietary references where selection from Internal finish: . . . . . .
comparable systems is acceptable. It is common practice when Core insulation: . . . . . .
specifying standard curtain walling systems to select a manufacturer Accessories: . . . . . .
and obtain competitive tenders from approved fabricators/ installers. Incorporated components: . . . . . .
If choice of system is left to the contractor, insert, e.g. Contractors Other requirements: . . . . . .
choice.
Type: Describe design principles see general guidance 3.1 and
3.2. Insert, e.g.
Stick system, pressure equalized.
Unitized structural sealant glazing system, drained and ventilated via
mullions.
Curtain walling H11
Internal framing member: The subitems are for use with exposed
mullion/ transom sections of stick or unitized systems. Adapt them
for other framing member arrangements, e.g. unitized systems with
secondary framing (see general guidance 3.1).
Where framing members are to provide support to internal fixtures,
e.g. radiators, partition end posts, details of the fixtures should be
provided on drawings or schedules.
Material: See Products clauses and insert, e.g.
Aluminium.
PVC-U.
Finish: A decorative finish will normally be required for metal
framing. Aluminium alloy can be anodized, powder coated or liquid
coated. Steel must be galvanized and can be powder coated or
liquid coated. Curtain walling manufacturers may offer standard
factory applied finishes that can be specified if a single proprietary
system is selected. To complete this and the following two subitems
see Finishes clauses and insert, e.g.
Finish: Powder coating.
Colour/ texture: RAL 9003/ matt (30 5 units).
Minimum film thickness: 60 micrometres.
External cover cap: The subitems are for use with cover caps to
pressure plates of exposed mullion/ transom sections of stick or
unitized systems. Adapt them for other restraint systems, e.g.
compressed gasket glazing.
Material: See Products clauses and insert, e.g.
Aluminium.
PVC-U.
Finish: A decorative finish will normally be required for metal. To
complete this and the following two subitems insert, e.g.
Finish: Anodizing.
Colour/ texture: Dark bronze.
Minimum film thickness: 25 micrometres.
Glazing/ Inner pane/ Outer pane: Determination of glass thickness
can be left to the contractor see Integrity clauses 311, 312 and
313. However, if the contractor is not made responsible for integrity,
the thickness should be specified. For general guidance on glass
types see section L40.
For generic specification, see Products clauses and insert, e.g.
Glazing: Insulating glass units.
Inner pane: Clear float glass.
Outer pane: Laminated solar control glass.
For special types of glazing, insert proprietary references.
Glazing system: See Products clauses and insert, e.g.
Gaskets, cover plate fixed.
Structural sealant, four side bonded.
Panel/ facing type: This item assumes composite units or
fabrications with external and internal linings. Insert, e.g.
Composite infill panels, external cover plate fixed.
Composite facings, mechanically fixed to secondary framing.
Edit or amend the subitems to suit other panel/ facing
arrangements. Ventilation of cavities in panels/ facings may be an
extension of the drained and ventilated or pressure equalized
weathersealing system. If not, specify details here or require details
in tender submissions (clause 10).
External material: See Products clauses and insert, e.g.
6 mm laminated, ceramic coated glass.
40 mm polished white granite.
Include description of any complexities that cannot be shown on
drawings.
External finish: Use where the panel/ facing has a decorative
finish. For metals see guidance note to Internal framing member
above. Also see general guidance 2 to section Z11.
Internal material: Insert, e.g.
9 mm fibre cement board.
12.5 mm plasterboard dry lining.
Internal finish: Use where a workshop applied decorative finish is
required. For metals see guidance note to Internal framing member
above.
Core insulation: Specify by prescription for proprietary or
specifier designed constructions, see clause 780. Specify by
performance where the curtain walling contractor is providing
detailed design, e.g. As clause 780, to comply with thermal
performance requirements of clause 370.
Curtain walling H11
Also specify associated weather or vapour barriers, see clause 785.

Accessories: Describe here minor components to be incorporated
into the curtain walling, e.g. parapet pressings, flashings,
nonstandard ironmongery.
Incorporated components: Describe here major standard
components to be incorporated into the curtain walling. Insert, e.g.
Top hung opening lights as drawing ???
See clause 130 to 145 for major nonstandard components to be
incorporated into the curtain walling. Insert, e.g. Sun screens.
Other requirements: Use this item to draw attention to any unusual
requirements, e.g. Glazing installation to be from interior.
130, 135, 140, 145 130 SUN SCREENS . . . . . .

Use these clauses to specify major nonstandard components Manufacturer: . . . . . .
integrated into or attached to the curtain walling. Specify permanent Product reference: . . . . . .
access systems in section N25. Expand or amend the clauses Material: . . . . . .
where necessary to convey a full description of the components. Finish: . . . . . .
Repeat and retitle the clauses for other components. PVDF coating
Clause heading: Insert, e.g. Colour/ Texture: . . . . . .
SUN SCREENS TO SOUTH ELEVATION Minimum film thickness: . . . . . .
DOORSTO MAIN ENTRANCE Fixing: . . . . . .
Manufacturer/ Product reference: Insert proprietary details if Other requirements: . . . . . .
appropriate.
Material: See Products clauses and insert, e.g. Aluminium. 135 DOORS
Finish: Use where the component has a workshop applied Manufacturer: . . . . . .
decorative finish. See Finishes clauses and insert, e.g. Product reference: . . . . . .
Finish: Powder coating. Material: . . . . . .
Colour/ Texture: RAL 9003/matt (30 5 units). Finish: . . . . . .
Minimum film thickness: 60 micrometres. Colour/ Texture: . . . . . .
Fixing: Describe method of attachment to curtain walling or through Minimum film thickness: . . . . . .
into building structure. Fixing: . . . . . .
Other requirements: . . . . . .
140 LOUVRES
Manufacturer: . . . . . .
Product reference: . . . . . .
Material: . . . . . .
Finish: . . . . . .
Colour/ Texture: . . . . . .
Minimum film thickness: . . . . . .
Fixing: . . . . . .
145 INTEGRATED ACCESS EQUIPMENT

Manufacturer: . . . . . .
Product reference: . . . . . .
Material: . . . . . .
Finish: . . . . . .
Colour/ Texture: . . . . . .
Minimum film thickness: . . . . . .
Fixing: . . . . . .
GENERAL REQUIREMENTS/ PREPARATORY WORK
210 210 DESIGN

This clause presumes that preliminary design drawings will be Curtain walling and associated features: Complete the
prepared by the specifier and detailed design drawings by the detailed design. Submit before commencement of
curtain walling contractor see general guidance 4.2. fabrication.
Related works: Coordinate in the detailed design.
215 215 DESIGN PROPOSALS

This clause is most appropriate for modified standard or bespoke Submission of alternative proposals: Preliminary design
curtain walling systems where alternatives can be considered. drawings indicate intent. Other reasonable proposals will be
considered.
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220 220 SPECIFICATION

The status of the CWCT Standard is outlined in general guidance 2. Compliance standard: The Centre for Window and Cladding
Technology (CWCT) Standard for systemised building
envelopes.
Reference information: For the duration of the contract, keep
available at the design office, workshop and on site copies
of:
The CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes.
Publications invoked by the CWCT Standard for
systemised building envelopes.
230 230 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED DURING DETAILED

Proposals for fixing anchors should be checked for compatibility with DESIGN STAGE
the building structure. Submit the following curtain walling particulars:
A testing programme may not be required for proprietary systems A schedule of detailed drawings and dates for submission
(see general guidance 6), in which case the fourth item will not be for comment.
applicable. A schedule of loads that will be transmitted from the
curtain walling to the structure.
Proposed fixing anchor details relevant to structural
design and construction.
A detailed testing programme in compliance with the Main
Contract master programme.
A detailed fabrication and installation programme in
compliance with the Main Contract master programme.
Proposals to support outstanding applications for Building
Regulation consents or relaxations.
232 232 QUALITY PLAN

At the time this guidance was written, the CWCT were preparing a Requirement: Submit during detailed design.
technical note dealing with method statements for the construction Content: In accordance with BS 5750, BS EN ISO 9001 and
of building envelopes, which is scheduled to contain guidance on including the following:
quality plans. Name of the quality manager.
Quality assessment procedures.
Inspection procedures to be adopted in checking the work.
Stages at which check lists will be used and samples of
the lists.
List of work procedures on the correct use of materials or
components, both off site and on site.
List of product information with latest revisions.
Subcontractors involved in the work.
Subcontractors quality plans.
Storage, handling, transport and protection procedures.
Procedure for registering and reporting non compliances.
Maintenance procedures and calibration records.
Certification that completed work complies with
specification
Check list register to ensure all items have been inspected
and non compliances discharged.
235 235 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BEFORE

Method statements should contain control procedures to ensure COMMENCEMENT TESTING OR FABRICATION OF
compliance with the project requirements including programme, CURTAIN WALLING
sequence of erection and coordination with other trades. Submit the following curtain walling particulars:
The method statement for handling should state any special Detailed drawings to fully describe fabrication and
arrangements for transportation, lifting and storage. installation.
The specifier should advise the Employer where there is a need to Detailed calculations to prove compliance with design/
keep spare parts. The need is proportional to the risk of damage and performance requirements.
the extent of use of bespoke products. Provisional sums should be Project specific fabrication, handling and installation
allocated where appropriate. method statements.
Certification for incorporated components manufactured
by others confirming their suitability for proposed locations
in the curtain walling.
Recommendations for spare parts for future repairs or
replacements.
Recommendations for safe dismantling and recycling or
disposal of products.
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240 240 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BEFORE

Use this clause only where structural sealant glazing techniques are COMMENCEMENT OF STRUCTURAL SEALANT
specified see general guidance 3.1. It is important that structural GLAZING
bonding sealant manufacturers provide approval on a project Submit structural bonding sealant manufacturers project
specific basis. They will require: specific approval for:
Samples for testing (clause 660). Compatibility and adhesion of products and finishes.
Preliminary design and detailed drawings. Full details of structural sealant glazing design.
Relevant specification sections. Structural sealant dimensions.
Project specific sealant application method statement.
250 250 PRODUCT SAMPLES

It is usually important to obtain panel/ facing product samples see General: Before commencing detailed design, submit
guidance note to clause 750. Samples of powder coating finishes labelled samples of: . . . . . .
are required by clause Z31/230.
260 SAMPLES OF FIXINGS
General: During detailed design, submit labelled samples of
each type of fixing anchor, including casting-in restraints and
shims, together with manufacturers recommended torque
figures.
270 270 FABRICATION SAMPLES

Use this clause where a full scale mock-up (clause 280) cannot be General: During detailed design, submit samples of: . . . . . .
justified. Insert required sizes and details, e.g. 600 x 600 mm mullion Obtain approval of appearance before proceeding.
and transom intersection with fitted glazing units.
280 280 MOCK-UP

On large projects the construction of a full size mock-up, usually on General: Construct during detailed design work in an
site, may be justified to validate, e.g. detailed design, tolerances. approved location. Obtain approval of appearance before
Extent: Insert size and details of mock-up, e.g. Storey height bay of proceeding. Retain undisturbed until completion of curtain
south elevation including sun screen. walling installation.
Purpose: Insert, e.g. To validate gasket glazing system and serve Extent: . . . . . .
as an installation reference panel. Purpose: . . . . . .
A test specimen (clause 540) or a preliminary area of curtain walling
(clause 965) may serve the same purposes as a mock-up, in which
case this clause can be deleted.
DESIGN/ PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS DESIGN/ PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

The performance bias of curtain walling specifications is discussed
in general guidance 4.3.
Note that the CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes
advises the specifier to assess the performance criteria given in the
Standard with the needs of the building and indicates that the
assessment may lead to an upward adjustment of values. It is
important that full site information is assimilated and conveyed as
part of the contract documents.
305 305 CWCT STANDARD FOR SYSTEMISED BUILDING

Where the CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes ENVELOPES.
performance criteria are to be modified to suit project requirements it General: Unless specified or agreed otherwise comply with:
will be necessary to add supplementary items and/ or clauses in this Part 2 Loads, fixings and movement.
subsection. Part 3 Air, water and wind resistance.
Part 4 Operable components, additional elements and
means of access.
Part 5 Thermal, moisture and acoustic performance.
Part 6 Fire performance
Part 7 Robustness, durability, tolerances and
workmanship.
Project performance requirements specified in this
subsection: Read in conjunction with CWCT performance
criteria.
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311, 312, 313 311 INTEGRITY

Alternative clauses to specify integrity by performance where the Requirement: The curtain walling must resist wind loads,
curtain walling contractor is to be responsible for detailed design. dead loads and design live loads, and accommodate
Use clause 311 to specify design wind pressure. Use clause 312 deflections and movements without damage.
or clause 313 where the curtain walling contractor is to calculate Design wind pressure: . . . . . .
design wind pressure (in clause 312 the basic wind load design Hard body impact loads: To BS 8200:
parameters are to be specified). In all cases provide adequate site Location and category: . . . . . .
location and building configuration information on drawings to Soft body impact loads curtain walling to BS EN 14019:
enable the contractor to propose an appropriate system. Any Location and classification: . . . . . .
required coordination of joint spacing with other building elements Soft body impact loads glass to BS EN 12600:
should be indicated on general arrangement drawings. Location and classification: . . . . . .
Design wind pressure (clause 311): The maximum wind pressure Permanent imposed loads: . . . . . .
should be calculated in accordance with BS 6399-2 and BS 6262. Temporary imposed loads: . . . . . .
The design wind pressure for standard curtain wall systems is
derived from the maximum calculated wind pressure as follows 312 INTEGRITY
(CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes 2.2.4). Insert Requirement: The curtain walling must resist wind loads,
value from the following table. dead loads and design live loads, and accommodate
deflections and movements without damage.
CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes
Design wind pressure: Calculate in accordance with
Table 2.1 Design wind pressure
BS 6399-2, Standard Method:
Maximum Design wind pressure (Pa) Basic wind speed (Vb): . . . . . .
calculated wind Proprietary system Custom system Altitude factor (Sa): . . . . . .
pressure Direction factor (Sd): . . . . . .
q(Cpe-Cpi) in Seasonal factor (Ss): 1.
Pascals (Pa) Probability factor (Sp): 1.
Up to 800 800 Maximum Terrain and building factor (Sb): . . . . . .
801 1200 1200 calculated wind Size effect factor (Ca): 1.
1201 1600 1600 pressure but not External pressure coefficients (Cpe): . . . . . .
1601 2000 2000 less than 800 Pa Internal pressure coefficients (Cpi): . . . . . .
2001 2400 2400 Dominant opening: . . . . . .
Over 2400 As calculated Hard body impact loads: To BS 8200:
Location and category: . . . . . .
On complex projects where different design wind pressure values Soft body impact loads curtain walling to BS EN 14019:
apply to different zones or types of curtain walling, extend this Location and classification: . . . . . .
clause to suit. Insert, e.g. 800 Pascals to walling Type A, 1200 Soft body impact loads glass to BS EN 12600:
Pascals to walling Type B. Location and classification: . . . . . .
Design wind pressure (clause 312): Complete inserts as follows Permanent imposed loads: . . . . . .
(references are to clauses, figures and tables in BS 6399-2): Temporary imposed loads: . . . . . .
Basic wind speed: Refer to figure 6.
Altitude factor: Refer to clause 2.2.2.2 and figure 7. 313 INTEGRITY
Direction factor: Refer to clause 2.2.2.3 and table 3. If a Requirement: The curtain walling must resist wind loads,
conservative approach is required, insert 1. dead loads and design live loads, and accommodate
Seasonal factor: The inserted value of 1 is valid for permanent deflections and movements without damage.
buildings. Refer to clause 2.2.2.4. Design wind pressure: Calculate in accordance with
Probability factor: The inserted value of 1 is valid for normal BS 6399-2.
design conditions. Refer to clause 2.2.2.5. Hard body impact loads: To BS 8200:
Terrain and building factor: Refer to clause 2.2.3.3 and table 4. Location and category: . . . . . .
Size effect factor: The inserted value of 1 is conservative. Refer to Soft body impact loads curtain walling to BS EN 14019:
clause 2.1.3.4 and table 4. Location and classification: . . . . . .
External pressure coefficients: Refer to clauses 2.4 and 2.5 and Soft body impact loads glass to BS EN 12600:
subdivide curtain walling areas, where necessary, into pressure Location and classification: . . . . . .
coefficient zones (shown on drawings). Permanent imposed loads: . . . . . .
Internal pressure coefficients: Refer to clause 2.6. Temporary imposed loads: . . . . . .
Dominant opening: Refer to clause 2.6 and determine whether
any external opening can be considered dominant and if it will
normally be left open. Insert, e.g. Service bay doors to be
considered as open.
Hard body impact loads to BS 8200: CWCT TN 52 offers
guidance on impact specification. At the time this guidance was
written, CWCT TN 52 had not been published. Check with CWCT for
availability.
Soft body impact loads curtain walling to BS EN 14019:
BS EN 14019 covers areas of curtain walling other than glass.
CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes requires the
use of this standard for curtain wall systems other than glass areas.
CWCT TN 52 offers guidance on impact specification. At the time
this guidance was written, CWCT TN 52 had not been published.
Check with CWCT for availability.
Soft body impact loads glass to BS EN 12600: BS EN 12600
covers glass areas of curtain walling. CWCT Standard requires the
use of this standard for glass areas. For classifications see
BS EN 12600 clause 6 and refer to manufacturer. CWCT TN 52
offers guidance on impact specification. At the time this guidance
was written, CWCT TN 52 had not been published. Check with
Curtain walling H11
CWCT for availability.

Imposed loads: Permanent imposed loads include, e.g. sun
screens. Temporary imposed loads include, e.g. maintenance
access, occupant impact. State types, giving values where possible,
and/ or refer to drawings/ schedules.
320 320 DEFLECTION UNDER DEAD LOADS

Use with framed curtain walling. This clause specifies Requirement: Framing members parallel to the curtain
supplementary requirements to the CWCT Standard for systemised walling plane must not:
building envelopes clause 2.3.2 criteria and is derived from the Reduce glass bite to less than 75% of design dimension.
AAMA Metal curtain wall manual. Reduce edge clearance to less than 3 mm between
members and immediately adjacent glazing units, panel/
facing units or other fixed units.
Reduce clearance to less than 2 mm between members
and movable components such as doors and windows.
325 325 DEFLECTION UNDER WIND LOAD

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes establishes Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
performance requirements for the deflection under wind load of envelopes clause 3.5 2 and the following additional
curtain wall elements, but recognizes that greater limitations may be requirements: . . . . . .
required to maintain the efficacy and visual acceptance of fixtures, Additional stiffness to CWCT Standard for systemised
finishes and interfaces. building envelopes clause 3.5 4.2: . . . . . .
Requirement: Refer to CWCT Standard clause 3.5.2 and insert
deflection requirements for elements and components that exceed
those included in the clause. Insert, e.g. Normal to plane deflection
not to exceed 10 mm for framing members between 2500 mm and
3000 mm long.
Additional stiffness: CWCT Standard clause 3.5.4.1 requires that
when calculating deflections and stresses no account is taken of
additional stiffness imparted by other components. Clause 3.5.4.2
allows the requirement of this clause to be waived by agreement
between the Specifier and the Contractor/ Building Envelope
Contractor. Insert, either Allowed or Not allowed.
330 330 GENERAL MOVEMENT

Building movements may be due to design loads, settlement, creep, Requirement: Curtain walling must accommodate
racking (drift) or movement joints. They are calculated usually by the anticipated building movements as follows: . . . . . .
structural engineer. Insert locations, durations, sizes and directions
of movements relevant to curtain walling, and whether they are once
only or recurring. Refer to structural drawings/ schedules where
necessary see general guidance 5.4. Movements can be
simulated in a building movement regime (clause 560).
Specify permissible deviations in the supporting structure in other
sections see general guidance 5.2.
The CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes
does not state performance standards for earthquake (seismic)
loads, and there are no relevant British Standards. Where the
project location demands, earthquake load resistance should be
specified for curtain walling by addition of a clause invoking an
appropriate national standard, e.g. ASCE 7-05 for the USA.
332 332 APPEARANCE AND FIT

Primary support structure: Requirement: Design curtain walling system:
Design tolerances: CWCT Standard for systemised building To ensure position and alignment of all parts and features
envelopes requires the design tolerances of the primary support as shown on preliminary design drawings.
structure to be stated by the specifier. See Preliminaries section A33 To accommodate deviations in the primary support
and insert appropriate section references, e.g. structure.
As sections G10 and F10. Primary support structure: Before commencing installation
Curtain wall envelope zone tolerances: CWCT Standard clause of curtain walling system, carry out survey sufficient to verify
7.4.3 requires the specifier to state the toleranced dimensions of the that required accuracy of erection can be achieved.
zone within which the envelope is to be constructed and in guidance Give notice: If the structure will not allow the required
gives a reminder of the cumulative nature of tolerance dimensions. accuracy or security of erection.
Refer to CWCT clauses 7.4.3 and 7.4.4 for further guidance. Design tolerances: . . . . . .
Maximum permitted component and installation tolerances: Curtain wall envelope zone tolerances:
Refer to clause guidance in Preliminaries section A33. Complete Width: . . . . . .
A33 clauses with requirements for the curtain wall system that affect Critical reference location: . . . . . .
other work sections. Use this item to list other critical dimensions. Maximum permitted component and installation tolerances:
CWCT Standard clause 7.4.2 guidance states that critical ......
dimensions relating to interfaces with adjacent envelope
construction, penetrations through the envelope and Internal fit out
should be shown on drawings. Insert, e.g.
Panel length 2 mm.
Panel width 1 mm.
Panel tolerance 2 mm, installation tolerance 2 mm, overall = 4 mm.
Curtain walling H11
335 335 THERMAL MOVEMENT SERVICE TEMPERATURE

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes clause 2.7.2 in RANGES
table 2.2 and 2.3 list the temperature ranges for materials used in Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
normal circumstances in the UK which are required to be considered envelopes clause 2.7.2 amended and/or with the addition of
when designing the curtain wall system. Where project requirements the following: . . . . . .
exceed these values use this clause to amend or add to the
tabulated values. The tables are reproduced below.
Table 2.2 External surface temperatures
Cladding walling and roofing
Heavyweight, light colour -20C to +50C
Heavyweight, dark colour -20C to +65C
Lightweight (insulated), light -25C to +60C
colour
Lightweight (insulated), dark -20C to +80C
colour
Glass
Clear -25C to +40C
Coloured or solar control -25C to +90C

Table 2.3 Internal room temperatures
Building empty or out of use -5C to +35C
Building in normal use +10C to +30C
Note: Internal surface temperatures may be influenced by solar
gain or the presence of heating panels
340 340 AIR PERMEABILITY

BS EN 12152 is used by the CWCT Standard for systemised Requirement: Permissible air leakage rates of 1.5m/hr/m
building envelopes to define the required air permeability at a peak for fixed lights and 2.0 m/hr/lin.m for opening lights must not
test pressure. CWCT guidance states that the selection of a suitable be exceeded when the curtain walling is subjected to the
peak test pressure is dependent on the environmental conditions peak test pressure.
required within the building. CWCT Standard clause 3.3.2.2 Permeability class to BS EN 12152: . . . . . .
indicates that the recommended minimum peak test pressure is as Peak test pressure: . . . . . .
in table 2.
TABLE 2:Peak test pressures Part of CWCT Table 1.1
Maximum calculated wind Air test pressure (Pa)
pressure (Pa)
Up to 800 300/450/600
801 to 1200 300/450/600
1201 to 1600 300/450/600
1601 to 2000 300/450/600
2001 to 2400 300/450/600
Over 2400 0.25 of calculated design wind
pressure
However, for each design wind pressure/ maximum calculated wind

pressure, a range of values is given for the air test pressure. It has
been suggested that 300 Pascal may be appropriate for lower
quality commercial buildings rising to 600 Pascal for high quality
commercial buildings.
BS EN 12152 links peak test pressure and permeability class as in
table 3.
TABLE 3: Permeability class
Permeability class Peak (maximum) test
pressure (Pa)
A2 300
A3 450
A4 600
AE >600
Permeability class to BS EN 12152: Insert appropriate class

selected from table 3. AE indicates exceptional performance, i.e.
achieving less than the required leakage for A4 at a test pressure
greater than 600 Pa.
Peak test pressure: Insert the value linked with the permeability
class from table 3. For AE class insert required pressure.
Curtain walling H11
345 345 AIR PERMEABILITY EXFILTRATION

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes clause 3.3.2.3, Requirement: The maximum permissible air exfiltration rate
requires air exfiltration rates through the building envelope system to through the curtain walling system must not exceed: . . . . . .
be specified. BSRIA publication Specification 10/98 and CIBSE
TM23 Testing buildings for air leakage. Give recommended levels
for various building types. Whole building pressure testing is
covered in Preliminaries section A33. Insert, e.g.
Computer suite: 4 m/(h.m) at a test pressure of 100 Pa.
All external walls: 4 m/(h.m) at a test pressure of 50 Pa.
350 350 WATER PENETRATION

BS EN 12154 is used by the CWCT Standard for systemised Watertightness class to BS EN 12154: . . . . . .
building envelopes to define the required watertightness at a peak Peak test pressure: . . . . . .
test pressure. The minimum recommended peak test pressure is Additional requirements: . . . . . .
given in Table 1.1 of Part 1 to the CWCT Standard see table 4.
TABLE 4: Peak test pressures Part of CWCT Table 1.1
Maximum calculated wind Water test pressure (Pa)
pressure (Pa)
Up to 800 300
801 to 1200 300
1201 to 1600 450
1601 to 2000 600
2001 to 2400 600
Over 2400 0.25 of calculated design wind
pressure
CWCT guidance states that selection of the test pressure should be

based on the degree of exposure to the weather and if justified
higher test pressures than indicated in Table 1.1 may be used.
BS EN 12154 links peak test pressure and watertightness class as
in table 5.
TABLE 5: Watertightness class
Watertightness class Peak (maximum) test
pressure (Pa)
R5 300
R6 450
R7 600
RE xxx >600
Watertightness class to BS EN 12152: Insert appropriate class

selected from table 5. RE xxx indicates exceptional performance, i.e.
achieving no water leakage at a test pressure greater than 600 Pa.
Peak test pressure: Insert the value linked with the
watertightness class from table 5. For RE xxxx class insert required
pressure.
Additional requirements: CWCT Standard clause 3.4.2.1 requires
that There shall be no leakage onto the internal face of the building
envelope system at any time during the test. Under the same clause
the Specifiers Checklist (Part 0) requires the declaration of any
components of the building envelope that are not to be wetted.
Clause 1.5 of CWCT Standard test methods for building envelopes,
which forms part of the Standard for systemised building envelopes
requires determination before testing of the following:
Which, if any, materials may be permitted to be wetted
Any zones of the wall where water should not enter.
Any other criteria that may determine a water penetration failure.
Insert, e.g. Underside of any transom not to be wetted at peak test
pressure.
370 370 THERMAL PROPERTIES

Heat loss through external walls should be limited to comply with Method of calculating the thermal transmittance (U-value) of
Building Regulations: curtain walling/ each zone of curtain walling: Weighted
E&W Approved Documents U-value.
L1A Average U-value of curtain walling: . . . . . .
L1B Curtain wall zone interfaces: Co-ordinate to achieve
L2A required average U-value.
L2B Method for assessing thermal transmittance (U-value) of
IRL Technical Guidance Document L. assemblies: . . . . . .
NI Technical Booklet F.
Scot Technical Handbook 6.
CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes clause 5.2.3.1
requires the U-value of a zone of a building envelope to be
Curtain walling H11
calculated using the weighted U-value method. Building Regulations

(E & W) Approved Documents L2A and L2B require U-values to be
calculated in accordance with BRE BR 443 and refer to the
CAB/CWCT publication The thermal assessment of window
assemblies, curtain walling and non-traditional building envelopes
for guidance concerning curtain walling. The CAB/CWCT publication
covers stick and unitized curtain walling. BRE BR 443 is similarly
cited in Building Regulations (E & W) Approved Documents L1A and
L1B.
Average U-value of curtain walling: On complex projects where
different U-values apply to different areas or types of curtain walling,
or the components within it, extend this clause to suit. Insert, e.g.
1.6W/mK to walling Type A and 2.5W/mK to walling Type B.
Method for assessing thermal transmittance (U-value) of
assemblies: CWCT Standard clause 5.2.3.2 indicates two methods.
Insert, Hot box in accordance with BS 874-3, By calculation or Not
applicable.
380 380 SOLAR AND LIGHT CONTROL

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes clauses 5.4.2 Total solar energy transmission:
and 5.4.3 deal respectively with total solar energy transmission and Maximum g-value glazing only: . . . . . .
visible light transmission. For both properties the CWCT Standard Maximum effective g-value glazing with shading
requires the inclusion of either a value relating solely to the glazing devices: . . . . . .
or a value that includes the effect of any shading devices. Where Visible light transmission:
there are no shading devices or they are designed by the Architect/ Minimum light transmission glazing only: . . . . . .
Building Services Engineer, the Standard indicates the use of Minimum effective light transmission glazing with
glazing only values. Where the Contractor is to design or select the shading devices: . . . . . .
shading devices the effective values inclusive of shading devices
should be used.
Total solar energy transmission:
BRE Trust report FB9 Summertime solar performance of windows
with shading devices. Defines the Total solar transmittance
(g-value) as the fraction of incoming solar radiation that passes
through a window and/or shading system. It is usual to measure the
total solar transmittance at the normal incidence, i.e. with the sun
directly opposite the glazing. Sun hitting the glazing at an oblique
angle will produce less transmitted radiation. The effective g-value
allows for this effect.
Maximum g-value/ Maximum effective g-value: BRE Trust
report FB9 shows how to calculate g-values. The report tabulates
effective g-values when used with generic shading devices and
various glass types and configurations. The tables provide
information for the following window orientations N, NE-NW, E-W,
SE/SW, S and horizontal. Insert a value in the appropriate sub item
and Not applicable in the remaining the sub item.
Visible light transmission: This decreases relative to solar energy
transmission. See BS 6262-2, section 5 and Glass in building
chapter 9 for detailed guidance. Where applied, ceramic fritting will
reduce light transmission according to its density and pattern.
On complex projects where different solar and light control values
apply to different areas or types of curtain walling extend the items
to suit.
385 385 THERMAL STRESS IN GLAZING

The risk of thermal breakage of glass can be calculated by the glass Glass panes/ units: Must have adequate resistance to
manufacturer when provided with adequate building configuration thermal stress generated by orientation, shading, solar
information. Request submission of technical information and control and construction.
certification using clause 10. See the documents listed in guidance
to clause 380.
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390 390 AVOIDANCE OF CONDENSATION

Requirement: Requirement: Notional psychometric conditions under which
Notional outdoor psychrometric conditions: For locations condensation must not form on building interior surfaces of
outside of the UK, revise clause to exclude reference to BS 6229 framing members or any part of infill panels/ facings are:
and insert appropriate values for winter and summer conditions. Notional outdoor psychrometric conditions as BS 6229,
Notional indoor psychrometric conditions: Data is given in table A1.
CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes table 5.2b with Notional indoor psychrometric conditions:
added vapour pressure values from BS 6229 as follows: Temperature: . . . . . .
Relative humidity: . . . . . .
CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes Table 5.2 with Vapour pressure: . . . . . .
added values for vapour pressure (source BS 6229).
Temp RHh Dew Point VPp

C % C kPa
Houses, flats 20 55 10.7 1.28
Offices 20 40 6.0 0.93
Schools 20 50 9.3 1.17
Factories and heated 15 35 -0.3 0.6
warehouses
410 410 SOUND TRANSMITTANCE

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes, clause 5.5 Minimum weighted sound reduction index (Rw) to
requires sound reduction requirements to be declared. Use this BS EN ISO 717-1:
clause where special sound reduction measures are required. On Between internal and external surfaces of curtain walling:
complex projects where different sound reduction levels apply to ......
different areas or types of curtain walling, extend the items to suit. Minimum weighted standardized level difference (DnTw) to
Minimum weighted sound reduction index (Rw) to BS EN ISO 717-1
BS EN ISO 717-1: BS EN ISO 717-1 defines this as a single Between adjacent floors abutting curtain walling: . . . . . .
number quantity. The CWCT Standard indicates that spectrum Between adjacent rooms on same floor abutting curtain
adaptation terms may be used, for instance Rw + Ctr. walling: . . . . . .
Guidance on external sound reduction can be found in CWCT
Technical Notes (TN) 38 and 39.
Minimum weighted standardized level difference (DnTw) to
BS EN ISO 717-1: BS EN ISO 717-1 defines this as a single
number quantity. The CWCT Standard indicates that spectrum
adaptation terms may be used, for instance DnT.w + Ctr.
Reductions between adjacent floors and rooms will vary with the
treatment of internal abutments.
420 420 FIRE RESISTANCE OF CURTAIN WALLING

Aluminium curtain walling has negligible fire resistance. Curtain Standard: To BS 476-22.
walls are classed as unprotected areas for Building Regulation Minimum periods and criteria: . . . . . .
purposes. Modification of curtain walling to provide any meaningful
period of resistance will be necessary. Insert periods and criteria,
e.g. 30 min. integrity, 15 min. insulation.
Fire resistance should comply with Building Regulations:
E&W Approved Document B
IRL Technical Guidance Document B.
NI Technical Booklet E.
Where requirements are variable or localized extend the clause to
suit, or refer to location drawings.
425 425 INTERNAL SURFACE SPREAD OF FLAME OF CURTAIN

Class 0 is a Building Regulation addition to BS 476-7 classification WALLING
see section Z12, general guidance 2.2. Insert the class required for Standard: To BS 476-7.
internal surfaces. Class . . . . . .
Surface spread of flame should comply with Building Regulations:
E&W Approved Document B
IRL Technical Guidance Document B.
NI Technical Booklet E.
Where requirements are variable or localized extend the clause to
suit, or refer to location drawings.
430 430 FIRE STOPPING

Fire stopping should comply with Building Regulations: Locations: At junctions of curtain walling with compartment
E&W Approved Document B walls and floors.
IRL Technical Guidance Document B. Materials and methods of fixing: To ensure fire resistance
NI Technical Booklet E. not less than that specified for compartment walls and
Scot Technical Handbook 2. floors.
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435 435 OPENING LIGHTS (WINDOWS)

Performance criteria: CWCT Standard for systemised building Performance criteria: . . . . . .
envelopes clause 4.2.1 recommends that opening lights integrated Security:
into curtain walling comply with Part 3 of the CWCT Standard, and Applicable opening lights: . . . . . .
advises that BS 6375-1 does not test the interface between the Security rating: . . . . . .
component and surrounding envelope. Opening lights restrictive catches to CWCT Standard for
Security: systemised building envelopes clause 4.2.5: . . . . . .
Applicable opening lights: CWCT Standard clause 4.2.4 Ventilation requirement: . . . . . .
requires the listing of those opening lights to which the security Windows to be cleaned from inside of the building: . . . . . .
rating is applicable. Fasteners: Concealed multipoint, operated by an internal
Security rating: LPS 1175 lists six classifications, 1 to 6, with 1 handle.
being the least secure and 6 the most secure. BS 7950 applies to Integral locks: . . . . . .
domestic windows and excludes resistance to breakage of the
glazing. DD ENV 1627 like LPS 1175 lists six classes, 1 to 6 with 1
being the least secure and 6 the most secure.
Restrictive catches: To avoid the risk of falling from an opening
light, restrictive catches should be provided to appropriately located
lights. Where the opening light is to be used as a means of escape
in case of fire, the restrictor should not be key lockable.
Ventilation requirement: CWCT Standard clause 4.2.6 requires the
extent of ventilation to be provided by opening lights to be declared
by the specifier and indicates that the requirement is determined by
the Building Regulations:
E & W Approved Document F.
IRL Technical Guidance Document F.
NI Technical Booklet K.
Windows to be cleaned from inside of the building: CWCT
Standard clause 4.2.7 requires the specifier to determine which, if
any of the windows are to be cleaned from inside of the building and
reminds that they should comply with the Building Regulations:
E & W Approved Document N.
NI Technical Booklet V.
Fasteners/ Integral locks: This item is supplementary to the
requirements of the CWCT Standard. For locks insert, e.g.
Suited to pass same key.
Suited to differ.
Not required.
436 436 DOORS AND OTHER ACCESS FACILITIES

Performance criteria: CWCT Standard for systemised building Performance criteria: . . . . . .
envelopes clause 4.3.1 requires that doors shall meet the Access facilities designated for use by disabled persons:
requirements of clause 4.2.1 which recommends for opening lights ......
(doors) integrated into curtain walling usage of the standards set by Strength and durability: To CWCT Standard for systemised
Part 3 of the CWCT Standard and advises that BS 6375-1 does not building envelopes clause 4.3.3.
test the interface between the component and surrounding Forces and tests: . . . . . .
envelope. If deemed appropriate the CWCT Standard allows other Security:
criteria to be used. Applicable doors: . . . . . .
Access facilities designated for use by disabled persons: Security rating: . . . . . .
CWCT Standard clause 4.3.2 requires all designated doors and
associated ramps, stairs and thresholds to comply with the Building
Regulations and not to provide a barrier to access in accordance
with Disability Discrimination Act. Insert details of all entrance
facilities designated for use by disabled persons. The respective
Building Regulations are:
E & W Approved Document M.
IRL Technical Guidance Document M.
NI Technical Booklet R.
Additional guidance on the design of entrance doors for use by
disabled persons can be found in BS 8300.
Door strength and durability:
Forces and tests: CWCT Standard clause 4.3.3 requires doors to
have adequate strength to resist forces imposed by normal
operation and to withstand any specified forces. Use this sub item to
specify additional forces and durability requirements with
appropriate tests. Refer to MOAT 7 for forces and BS EN 12400 for
durability. BS EN 12400 assigns to tested doors classes 0 to 8, with
0 being the least durable and 8 the most durable. Annex A to the
standard gives guidance on the classes by indicating class duty
equivalents with class1 equating to occasional, class 2 light, class 3
infrequent, class 4 moderate, class 5 normal, class 6 frequent, class
7 heavy and class 8 severe. If there are no special requirements
Curtain walling H11
then insert No additional requirements.

Door security:
Applicable doors: CWCT Standard clause 4.3.5 requires the
listing of those doors to which the security rating is applicable.
Security rating: LPS 1175 lists six classifications, 1 to 6, with 1
being the least secure and 6 the most secure. PAS 24-1 applies to
domestic doors and excludes resistance to breakage of the glazing.
DD ENV 1627 like LPS 1175 lists six classes, 1 to 6, with 1 being
the least secure and 6 the most secure.
437 437 LOUVRES

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes clause 4.5.1 Performance classification to BS EN 13030.
requires the declaration of performance class. Clause 4.5.2 Discharge operation: . . . . . .
determines that louvres should be tested and classified in Water penetration class: . . . . . .
accordance with BS EN 13030. Discharge/ entry loss coefficient class: . . . . . .
Discharge operation: Indicate the designed direction of flow over
the louvres. Insert Inlet or Outlet.
Water penetration class: BS EN 13030 table 3 lists classes A to D,
with class A being the least effective class and D the most effective
class. Insert A, B, C or D.
Discharge/ entry loss coefficient class: BS EN 13030 table 4 lists
classes 1 to 4, with class 1 having a coefficient value of 0.4 to 1.0,
class 2 a value of 0.3 to 0.399, class 3 a value of 0.2 to 0.299 and
class 4 a value of 0.199 and below. Insert 1, 2, 3 or 4.
440 440 DURABILITY

For definitions of terms associated with durability, CWCT Standard Relevant agents or degradation mechanisms: . . . . . .
for systemised building envelopes uses BS ISO 15686-1 which also Design life of the curtain walling system: . . . . . .
gives guidance on service life planning and service life forecasting. Secondary components: Submit details together with
Relevant agents or degradation mechanisms: BS 7543 Annex A required maintenance regime, replacement periods and
gives information on agents that cause deterioration, e.g. weathering methods of replacement.
agents such as temperature, solar radiation, precipitation, air
contaminants, freeze-thaw and wind; biological agents such as
plants or micro-organisms; intermittent or sustained stress agents;
chemical and physical agents such as incompatibility of materials
and use agents such as abuse. Guidance can also be found in
BS ISO 15686-2. Insert, e.g. Marine environment with annual driving
-1
rain index 4 msec .
Design life of curtain walling system: CWCT Standard indicates
that the design life of the building envelope should be agreed with
the client/ building owner at an early design stage and before the
award of the contract for the envelope system works. The design life
of the cladding system may be less than that for the building. Insert,
e.g.
Not less than 30 years.
Not less than 50 years.
Secondary components: Defined as those having a forecast
service life less than that of the envelope system, assuming the
maintenance requirements of the supplier have been carried out.
Probable secondary components are, e.g. sealants, gaskets,
insulating glass units.
445 445 LIGHTNING PROTECTION SYSTEM

BS 6651 allows metal components of the building envelope to be Curtain wall components used as part of lightning protection
used as part of the lightning protection system. Insert details of the system: . . . . . .
components used or None
450 450 SAFETY

These requirements are supplementary to the CWCT Standard for Finished surfaces of curtain walling: Accessible internal and
curtain walling criteria. external areas must not:
Have irregularities capable of inflicting personal injury.
Release irritant or staining substances.
460 460 STRUCTURAL SEALANT GLAZING REQUIREMENTS

Use this clause where structural sealant glazing techniques are Structural sealant glazing units: Installable, removable and
specified see general guidance 3.1. replaceable without site application of structural bonding
Structural sealant glazing units: Compliance with the removal and sealant.
replacement requirement is dependent upon building and curtain Structural sealant glazing design: Must limit design tensile
walling construction details. stress of sealants to 138 kPa.
Structural sealant glazing design: The structural glazing industry
set a 138 kPa limit on design tensile stress early in the development
of this glazing method. This figure provides a usual safety factor of
not less than 5:1, which is conservative but proved and accepted in
practice.
Curtain walling H11
TESTING TESTING
See general guidance 6 for optional methods of verification of
performance of curtain walling. The test clauses in this NBS
subsection invoke CWCT Standard for systemised building
envelopes Part 8, and are appropriate to previous results,
classification or project testing. Amend the clause test references
where previous results submissions based on, e.g. British Standard
window testing methods, will be considered.
510, 515 510 COMPARISON (TYPE) TESTING

Usually alternative clauses. Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
Use clause 510 where previous results or classification envelopes, Part 8.
submissions will be considered. Include laboratory test clauses from Test results and reports: Before commencement of curtain
this subsection for which submissions are to be made. walling fabrication and installation, submit proof of
compliance with this specification.
515 PROJECT TESTING (LABORATORY)

Test results and reports: Before commencement of curtain
walling fabrication and installation, submit proof of
compliance with this specification.
520 520 PROJECT TESTING (SITE)

Site water tests (clauses 630/635) are recommended for all curtain Test results and reports: Before installation of general areas
walling as a check on fabrication and installation workmanship. of curtain walling, submit proof of compliance with this
specification.
530, 535 530 TESTING AUTHORITY

Alternative clauses. Requirement: Project testing must be carried out by a United
Amend clause 530 if the name of a specific testing laboratory is Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS) approved
required search on the UKAS website. UKAS approval should be independent laboratory.
extended to international bodies participating in their Mutual
recognition agreements where testing is to be outside the UK. 535 TESTING AUTHORITY
Testing authorities in countries not participating in the above should Requirement: Project testing must be carried out by the
be evaluated. curtain walling manufacturer/ contractor and is to be
Confirmation of UKAS accreditation is available by e-mail or witnessed and certified by . . . . . .
through the UKAS website.
Use clause 535 where the testing authority is to be an
appropriately qualified independent consultant or the Architect who
will witness and certify tests undertaken by a non accredited
organization. Insert the Architect or the name of an independent
consultant.
540 540 TEST SPECIMEN

Use this clause for project testing. Laboratory specimens must be Arrangement and overall dimensions: . . . . . .
secured to a support structure to simulate site fixing conditions. Features: . . . . . .
Locations for measuring devices are to be agreed.
Where other cladding components form an integral part of the
curtain walling they should be included in the test specimen.
Curtain walling H11
550 550 TEST SEQUENCE STANDARD LABORATORY TESTS

550, 555 and 560 are alternative clauses for project testing. Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
Use clause 550 for testing curtain wall systems to CWCT envelopes, Standard sequence A, clause 8.12.1, and as
Standard for systemised building envelopes Standard sequence A follows:
(clause 8.12.1) where the peak test pressure for the static water Air permeability (infiltration): To CWCT clause 8.6.
penetration test is less than 600 Pascals and the curtain wall Peak test pressure: As clause 340
contains no ventilated cavities. Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
Test Sequence A is reproduced below to help complete the ......
clause. Air permeability (exfiltration): To CWCT clause 8.6.
Peak test pressure: As clause 340.
Standard sequence A: Allowable exfiltration rates: As clause 345.
Air permeability (infiltration). Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
Air permeability (exfiltration). ......
Water penetration resistance static. Water penetration resistance static: To CWCT clause
Wind resistance serviceability. 8.7.1.
Air permeability (infiltration). Peak test pressure: As clause 350.
Air permeability (exfiltration). Wind resistance serviceability: To CWCT clause 8.8.
Water penetration resistance static. Peak test pressure: Equal to design wind pressure
Hose test. specified in clause . . . . . .
Wind resistance safety. Position of displacement measuring devices: . . . . . .
Impact safety (Optional, Note 1). Allowable elastic and residual deformation: . . . . . .
Dismantle, inspect and record. Air permeability (infiltration): Repeat as above.
Note: Air permeability (exfiltration): Repeat as above.
1: This test is recommended for proprietary envelope tests. Water penetration resistance static: Repeat as above.
Hose test: To CWCT clause 8.16.2.
Air permeability (infiltration/ exfiltration): Joints to be tested: . . . . . .
Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage: Wind resistance safety: To CWCT clause 8.8.
CWCT Standard guidance lists the following qualitative methods: Peak test pressure: Equal to 1.5 times design wind
Not applicable pressure specified in clause . . . . . .
Hot wire anemometers Position of displacement measuring devices: . . . . . .
Smoke Allowable residual deformation: . . . . . .
Back of hand. Impact safety: . . . . . .
Wind resistance serviceability: Location, sequence and number of impacts to be applied:
Peak test pressure: Insert reference to clause 311, 312 or 313. ......
Position of displacement measuring devices: CWCT Standard Type of soft body impactor: . . . . . .
test methods for building envelopes Section 11 requires the Energy of soft body impactor (E): . . . . . .
specifier to agree the position of the measuring devices. Insert, e.g. Required hard body impact load category: . . . . . .
As shown on drawing. Required soft body impact classification: . . . . . .
Allowable elastic and residual deformation: CWCT Standard Dismantle inspect and record.
clause 3.5.2 establishes maximum allowable deflection criteria and
the allowable residual deformation requirements.
Hose test: This test is carried out in the laboratory to establish
comparative values for site tests which are used to help detect
construction and workmanship defects. Insert, To CWCT clause
8.16.2 or Not required.
Joints to be tested: Insert locations or refer to drawings.
Wind resistance safety:
Peak test pressure: Insert reference to clause 311, 312 or 313.
Position of displacement measuring devices: CWCT Standard
test methods for building envelopes Section 12 requires the
specifier to agree the position of the measuring devices. Insert, e.g.
As shown on drawing.
Allowable residual deformation: CWCT Standard clause 3.6.2.2
establishes maximum allowable residual deformation of framing
members as 1/500 of the span, measured between points of
attachment to the building, one hour after the loading has been
removed.
Impact safety: The impact safety test is included by the CWCT
Standard as a recommended test for proprietary systems. Impact
testing is only required for custom curtain wall systems if suggested
by the in use conditions.
CWCT TN 52 gives guidance on impact specification and testing.
At the time this guidance was written CWCT TN 52 had not been
published. Check with CWCT for availability.
Insert, To CWCT clause 8.10 or Not required.
Type of soft body impactor: Insert either Double tyre to
BS EN 12600, Loaded canvas spherical/conical bag as described in
CWCT Standard test methods for building envelopes clause 15.4.1
or Not applicable.
Required hard body impact load category: Insert, As clause
311, As clause 312, As clause 313 or Not applicable.
Required soft body impact classification: Insert, As clause 311,
As clause 312, As clause 313 or Not applicable.
Curtain walling H11
555 555 TEST SEQUENCE STANDARD LABORATORY TESTS

550, 555 and 560 are alternative clauses for project testing. Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
Use clause 555 for testing curtain wall systems to CWCT Standard envelopes, Standard sequence B, clause 8.12.2, and as
for systemised building envelopes Standard sequence B (clause follows:
8.12.2) where the peak test for the static water penetration test Air permeability (infiltration): To CWCT clause 8.6.
pressure is equal to or more than 600 Pascals or the curtain wall Peak test pressure: As clause 340
contains ventilated cavities. Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
Notes are appended to CWCT Standard sequence B that ......
determine whether, dependent on the type of curtain wall a Air permeability (exfiltration): To CWCT clause 8.6.
particular test is appropriate. The test sequence and notes are Peak test pressure: As clause 340.
reproduced below to help complete the clause. Allowable exfiltration rates: As clause 345.
Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
Standard sequence B: ......
Air permeability (infiltration) (Note 1). Water penetration resistance static: To CWCT clause
Air permeability (exfiltration) (Note 1). 8.7.1.
Water penetration resistance static (Note 2). Peak test pressure: As clause 350.
Wind resistance serviceability. Wind resistance serviceability: To CWCT clause 8.8.
Air permeability (infiltration) (Note 1). Peak test pressure: Equal to design wind pressure
Air permeability (exfiltration) (Note 1). specified in clause . . . . . .
Water penetration resistance static (Note 2). Position of displacement measuring devices: . . . . . .
Water penetration resistance dynamic. Allowable elastic and residual deformation: . . . . . .
Hose test (Note 2). Air permeability (infiltration): Repeat as above.
Wind resistance safety. Air permeability (exfiltration): Repeat as above.
Impact safety (Optional, Note 3). Water penetration resistance static: Repeat as above.
Additional rainscreen tests (Note 4). Water penetration resistance dynamic: To CWCT clause
Dismantle, inspect and record. 8.7.2.
Notes: Test method: . . . . . .
1: This test is not applicable to rainscreens with a separate backing Test pressure: As clause 350.
wall. Hose test: To CWCT clause 8.16.2.
2: Not applicable to open jointed systems. Joints to be tested: . . . . . .
3: This test is recommended for proprietary envelope tests. Wind resistance safety: To CWCT clause 8.8.
4: Testing of wind loading on rainscreen panels. Peak test pressure: Equal to 1.5 times design wind
pressure specified in clause . . . . . .
Air permeability (infiltration/ exfiltration): Position of displacement measuring devices: . . . . . .
Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage: Allowable residual deformation: . . . . . .
CWCT Standard guidance lists the following qualitative methods: Impact safety: . . . . . .
Not applicable Location, sequence and number of impacts to be applied:
Hot wire anemometers ......
Smoke Type of soft body impactor: . . . . . .
Back of hand. Energy of soft body impactor (E): . . . . . .
Wind resistance serviceability: Required hard body impact load category: . . . . . .
Peak test pressure: Insert reference to clause 311, 312 or 313. Required soft body impact classification: . . . . . .
Position of displacement measuring devices: CWCT Standard Dismantle inspect and record.
Allowable elastic and residual deformation: CWCT Standard
clause 3.5.2 establishes maximum allowable deflection criteria and
the allowable residual deformation requirements.
Water penetration resistance dynamic:
Test method: CWCT Standard clause 8.7.2 provides alternative
test methods, the dynamic aero engine test or the dynamic fan test.
CWCT guidance indicates the fan test is not applicable to building
envelopes containing ventilated cavities and not suitable for walls
with additional components such as sun shades or locally faceted
walls. Insert either Dynamic aero engine or Dynamic fan.
Wind resistance safety:
Peak test pressure: Insert reference to clause 311, 312 or 313.
Position of displacement measuring devices: CWCT Standard
Allowable residual deformation: CWCT Standard clause 3.6.2.2
establishes maximum allowable residual deformation of framing
members as 1/500 of the span, measured between points of
attachment to the building, one hour after the loading has been
removed.
Impact safety: The impact safety test is included in the CWCT
Curtain walling H11

or Not applicable.
560 560 TEST SEQUENCE STANDARD LABORATORY AND

550, 555 and 560 are alternative clauses for project testing. DISCRETIONARY TESTS
Use clause 560 only where there is a need to specify further Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
discretionary tests in accordance with CWCT Standard for envelopes Sequence for discretionary tests, clause 8.13.5
systemised building envelopes clause 8.13.5. CWCT issued and and as follows:
erratum sheet dated 26 May 2006 which corrected parts of clause Air permeability (infiltration): To CWCT clause 8.6.
8.13.5. The corrected test sequence and notes are reproduced Peak test pressure: As clause 340.
below to help complete the clause. Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
......
Sequence for discretionary tests: Air permeability (exfiltration): To CWCT clause 8.6.
Air permeability (infiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Peak test pressure: As clause 340.
Air permeability (exfiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Allowable exfiltration rates: As clause 345.
Water penetration resistance static (Notes 1 and 3). Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
Wind resistance serviceability. ......
Air permeability (infiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Water penetration resistance static: To CWCT clause
Air permeability (exfiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). 8.7.1.
Water penetration resistance static (Notes 1 and 3). Peak test pressure: As clause 350.
*Water penetration resistance dynamic. Wind resistance serviceability: To CWCT clause 8.8
*Impact serviceability. Peak test pressure: Equal to design wind pressure
*Air permeability (infiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). specified in clause . . . . . .
*Air permeability (exfiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Position of displacement measuring devices: . . . . . .
*Water penetration resistance static (Notes 1 and 3). Allowable elastic and residual deformation: . . . . . .
*Building movement regime. Air permeability (infiltration): Repeat as above.
*Air permeability (infiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Air permeability (exfiltration): Repeat as above.
*Air permeability (exfiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Water penetration resistance static: Repeat as above.
*Water penetration resistance static (Notes 1 and 3). Water penetration resistance dynamic: . . . . . .
*Thermal cycling regime. Test method: . . . . . .
*Air permeability (infiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Test pressure: . . . . . .
*Air permeability (exfiltration) (Notes 1, 2 and 5). Impact serviceability: . . . . . .
*Water penetration resistance static (Notes 1 and 3). Location, sequence and number of impacts to be applied:
Hose test (Note 3). ......
Wind resistance safety. Type of soft body impactor: . . . . . .
Impact safety. Energy of soft body impactor (E): . . . . . .
*Load tests (other than wind load). Required hard body impact load category: . . . . . .
*Additional rainscreen tests (Note 4) Required soft body impact classification: . . . . . .
Dismantle, inspect and record. Air permeability (infiltration): . . . . . .
Tests marked * are discretionary, all other tests are mandatory. Peak test pressure: As clause 340.
Notes: Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
1: An air permeability and water penetration resistance test static ......
shall be carried out between each discretionary loading regime in Air permeability (exfiltration): . . . . . .
order to assess any reduction in performance caused by loading. Allowable exfiltration rates: As clause 345
2: To save time and costs, air permeability tests, other than the first Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
and last tests, may be simplified by reducing the number of pressure ......
increments but not the peak test pressure. However, if there is a Water Penetration resistance static: . . . . . .
marked change in air leakage rate the air permeability test should be Peak test pressure: As clause 350.
repeated with measurements taken at all the pressure increments. Building movement regime: . . . . . .
Similarly, checking for draughts is not required other than on the first Displacements to test specimen supports: . . . . . .
and last tests. Condition of specimen for follow on air permeability and
3: Not applicable to open jointed systems. water penetration resistance tests: . . . . . .
4: Testing of wind loading on rainscreen panels. Air permeability (infiltration): . . . . . .
5: This test is not applicable to rainscreens with a separate backing Test pressure: As clause 340.
wall. Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
......
Air permeability (infiltration/ exfiltration): Air permeability tests Air permeability (exfiltration): . . . . . .
are required following discretionary tests for impact serviceability, Allowable exfiltration rates: As clause 345
building movement regime and thermal cycling. Refer to Sequence Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
for discretionary tests above, the accompanying notes and ......
determine whether air permeability tests are required. Insert either Water Penetration resistance static: . . . . . .
To CWCT clause 8.6 or Not required. Peak test pressure: As clause 350.
Curtain walling H11
Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage: Thermal cycling regime: . . . . . .
CWCT Standard guidance lists the following qualitative methods: External air temperature limits: . . . . . .
Not applicable Maximum solar radiation intensity on a vertical surface:
Hot wire anemometers ......
Smoke Internal in use psychrometric conditions: As clause 390.
Back of hand. Post-test requirement: Retain specimen in its final
Water penetration resistance static: A water penetration static condition for subsequent air permeability and water
test is required following discretionary tests for impact penetration resistance tests.
serviceability, building movement regime and thermal cycling. Refer Air permeability (infiltration): . . . . . .
to Sequence for discretionary tests above, the accompanying notes Test pressure: As clause 340.
and determine whether a water penetration static test is required. Method for identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
Insert, To CWCT clause 8.7.1 or Not required. ......
Wind resistance serviceability: Air permeability (exfiltration): . . . . . .
Peak test pressure: Insert reference to clause 311, 312 or 313. Allowable exfiltration rates: As clause 345
Position of displacement measuring devices: CWCT Standard Method of identifying areas of concentrated air leakage:
test methods for building envelopes Section 11 requires the ......
specifier to agree the position of the measuring devices. Insert, e.g. Water Penetration resistance static: . . . . . .
As shown on drawing. Peak test pressure: As clause 350.
Allowable elastic and residual deformation: CWCT Standard Hose test: To CWCT clause 8.16.2.
clause 3.5.2 establishes maximum allowable deflection criteria and Joints to be tested: . . . . . .
the allowable residual deformation requirements. Wind resistance safety: To CWCT clause 8.8
Water penetration resistance dynamic: Peak test pressure: Equal to 1.5 times design wind
Test method: CWCT Standard clause 8.7.2 provides alternative pressure specified in clause . . . . . .
test methods, the dynamic aero engine test or the dynamic fan test. Position of displacement measuring devices: . . . . . .
CWCT guidance indicates the fan test is not applicable to building Allowable residual deformation: . . . . . .
envelopes containing ventilated cavities and not suitable for walls Impact safety: To CWCT clause 8.10.
with additional components such as sun shades or locally faceted Location, sequence and number of impacts to be applied:
walls. Insert either Dynamic aero engine or Dynamic fan. ......
Hose test: This test is carried out in the laboratory to establish Type of soft body impactor: . . . . . .
comparative values for site tests which are used to help detect Energy of soft body impactor (E): . . . . . .
construction and workmanship defects. Insert, To CWCT clause Required hard body impact load category: . . . . . .
8.16.2 or Not required. Required soft body impact classification: . . . . . .
Joints to be tested: Insert locations or refer to drawings. Load tests (other than wind load): . . . . . .
Impact serviceability: Impact testing is only required for custom Dismantle inspect and record.
curtain wall systems if suggested by the in use conditions.
published. Check with CWCT for availability. Insert either To CWCT
or Not applicable.
As clause 312, As clause 313. or Not applicable.
Building movement regime/ racking procedure: Racking regimes
are compulsory when specifying earthquake load resistance see
guidance note to clause 380. Insert To CWCT 8.13.3 or Not
required.
Displacements to test specimen supports: Insert location,
direction, magnitude and cycle of displacements, e.g. Move upper
fixings 50 mm in the two directions horizontal to the plane of the
specimen. Repeat this cycle three times within a ten minute period.
Condition of specimen for follow on air permeability and/ or
water penetration tests: CWCT Standard test methods for building
envelopes Section 17 indicates that on completion of the racking
regime the required state of the specimen should be determined
ready for the follow on tests. Insert either Retain deformed position,
Return to normal or Not applicable.
Thermal cycling regime: CWCT Standard requires the inclusion of
thermal cycling testing to be discussed with the Client prior to the
preparation of the specification. See guidance to CWCT Standard
clause 8.13.4. Insert either To CWCT clause 8.13.4 or Not required.
External air temperature limits: Insert in C the maximum and
minimum air temperatures.
Impact safety: The impact safety test is included in the CWCT
Curtain walling H11

or Not applicable.
Load tests (other than wind load): Insert clause reference
covering test or Not required.
Site water tests

Site water tests should only be used to confirm benchmark
workmanship standards established by laboratory results for the
same tests. Guidance on the tests can be found in CWCT TN 41.
630, 635 630 SITE SPRAY BAR TEST

The spray bar test is carried out with a single bar with nozzles Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
allowing water to cascade down the face of the curtain wall. The envelopes, Standard test methods for building envelopes
hose test is not applicable to open joint systems. Section 10.
Requirement (clause 630): Area to be tested: . . . . . .
Area to be tested: This is a test for runoff, and the location of the Pressure difference across curtain wall: . . . . . .
spray nozzles in relation to joints should be considered. Preferably,
the nozzle should be located above the joint(s) under consideration 635 SITE HOSE TEST
and match the area selected for the benchmark laboratory test. Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
Pressure difference across curtain wall: It may be possible to envelopes, Standard test methods for building envelopes
form a temporary test chamber to apply a pressure difference. See Section 9.
CWCT TN 41 and insert Not applicable or As clause 345. Joints to be tested: . . . . . .
Requirement (clause 635):
Joints to be tested: Insert joint locations or refer to drawings.
Additional Tests
Confirm the need for all additional tests with the Employer before
inclusion. These tests will usually be carried out by specialist testing
authorities and require separate test specimens repeat and adapt
clauses 530, 535 and 540 where necessary.
650 650 TEST: . . . . . .

The CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes section Requirement: Carry out in accordance with . . . . . .
8.14 lists the following additional tests:
8.14.1 Anchor point test.
8.14.2 Sound attenuation test.
8.14.3 Thermal performance test.
8.14.4 Fire testing.
8.14.5 Equipotential test.
8.14.6 Cyclic wind loading.
For cyclic wind loading insert name of test and as clause 655.
For other listed and nonlisted tests insert title from above,
references to British and other standards and particulars of
procedures. Repeat clause as necessary.
655 655 WIND LOAD FATIGUE TEST, SMALL SPECIMEN

Requirement: Requirement: To CWCT Standard for systemised building
Test sequence: CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes, Standard test methods for building envelopes
envelopes clause 8.14.6 offers alternative sequences. A tabulated Section 14.
scheme using six different load pressures each with a defined Test sequence: . . . . . .
number of cycles or a simple but more onerous regime of 10,000 Effective wind pressure: As clause 360.
cycles at 100% effective wind pressure. Insert, As CWCT Standard
for systemised building envelopes Table 8.1 or 10,000 cycles of
100% effective wind pressure.
Curtain walling H11
660 660 STRUCTURAL SEALANT GLAZING TESTS

See general guidance 3.1. It is important that product samples are Product samples: Provide the structural bonding sealant
laboratory tested for sealant compatibility and adhesion, even when manufacturer with framing profiles, glass, gaskets,
also project (site) testing specimens. Sealant manufacturers will only assembly/ weathering sealants and other curtain walling
provide project specific approval (clause 240) after carrying out products that are proposed for contact with structural
successful laboratory tests. Allow a six week period for tests. bonding sealant.
Samples must be of the products and finishes proposed for use, Testing: By sealant manufacturer to determine compatibility
e.g. glass must have actual surface coats and/ or laminate and adhesion of structural bonding sealant under specified
interlayers. Mill finish aluminium is not a suitable surface for design loadings.
bonding. Where powder coating is specified ensure that it is Modification of product to enable compliance with test
extended to all bond surfaces. Some anodized surfaces may exhibit criteria: Details must be recorded in the sealant
bond difficulties. manufacturers project specific approval.
PRODUCTS
710 ALUMINIUM ALLOY FRAMING SECTIONS

Standard: To relevant parts of BS EN 515, BS EN 573,
BS EN 755 and BS EN 12020.
Alloy, temper and thickness: Suitable for the application and
specified finish.
Structural members: To BS 8118.
712 712 ALUMINIUM ALLOY SHEET

Aluminium alloy EN AW 5005 to BS EN 573 (or J57S, a proprietary Standards: To relevant parts of BS EN 485, BS EN 515 and
modified version of it) is recommended for consistent anodizing BS EN 573.
results on sheets. Alloy, temper and thickness: Suitable for the application and
BS 8118-1, Table A.1 lists the nearest foreign equivalents of specified finish.
British Standard aluminium alloys.
715 715 CARBON STEEL FRAMING SECTIONS/

This clause is intended for steel integrated into the curtain walling REINFORCEMENT
framing/ units, not for primary or secondary supporting structure. Standards: To relevant parts of BS 7668, BS EN 10029, and
BS EN 10210.
Thickness: Suitable for the application, and for galvanizing
or other protective coating.
717 717 CARBON STEEL SHEET

BS 1449-1, referred to in CWCT Guide to good practice for Standards: To relevant parts of BS 1449-1, BS EN 10048,
facades, clause 4.3.1, has been superseded in parts by the listed BS EN 10051, BS EN 10111, BS EN 10131, BS EN 10132,
standards. BS EN 10139, BS EN 10140, BS EN 10149, BS EN 10209
and BS EN 10268.
Grade and thickness: Suitable for the application, and for
galvanizing or other protective coating.
720 STAINLESS STEEL SHEET

Standards: To relevant parts of BS EN 10029,
BS EN 10048, BS EN 10051, BS EN 10095, BS EN 10258,
BS EN 10259.
Grade: To BS EN 10088-2, austenitic 1.4301 (304)
generally, 1.4401 (316) when used externally or in severely
corrosive environments.
Thickness: Suitable for the application.
725 725 PVC-U FRAMING SECTIONS

Standard: BS EN 12608 specifies requirements for raw materials Standard: To BS EN 12608.
and properties of white or near-white PVC-U profiles. Climatic zone classification: . . . . . .
Climatic zone classification: The national annex to Impact classification: . . . . . .
BS EN 12608 gives two classifications: Moderate (M) and Severe Main profile wall thickness classification: . . . . . .
(S) and confirms that the UK is deemed a moderate climate. Check Manufacturer: A firm currently registered under a scheme
requirements for projects outside of the UK. operated by a certification and inspection body accredited
Impact classification: The national annex to BS EN 12608 fails by the United Kingdom Accreditation Service (UKAS).
to give guidance or recommendations for the appropriate
classification. Class I covers an impact object with a falling mass of 730 MECHANICAL FIXINGS
1000 g dropped from a height of 1000 mm. Class II covers an Stainless steel: To BS EN ISO 3506, grade A2 generally,
impact object of the same mass but dropped from a height of grade A4 when used in severely corrosive environments.
1500 mm. Carbon steel: To BS 4190 and suitable for galvanizing or
Main profile wall thickness classification: BS EN 12608 defines other protective coating.
three classes, Class A, Class B and Class C. The national annex to Aluminium brackets, rivets and shear pins: To relevant parts
BS EN 12608 states that in the UK it is considered unnecessary to of BS EN 755.
specify wall thicknesses and Class C is deemed the appropriate
specification and advises that over specification of wall thickness
can lead to excessive use of raw materials without any
commensurate increase in performance.
Curtain walling H11
732 732 ADHESIVES

Adhesives may be used for, e.g. laminating of composite panels. General: Not degradable by moisture or water vapour.
735 735 FIXING ANCHORS

Fixing anchor proposals should be made by the curtain walling Type and use: Reviewed and approved by fixing
contractor. Details are required by clause 235 and samples by manufacturers. Submit confirmatory information on request.
clause 260. Dimensions: Not less than recommended by their
Dimensions: This is particularly appropriate to cast-in inserts. manufacturers.
Adjustment capability: This should not compromise the depth of Adjustment capability: Sufficient in three dimensions to
embedment. accommodate building structure and curtain walling
fabrication/ installation tolerances.
737 737 GLASS GENERALLY

Specify types of glass in clause 110. Standards: To BS 952 and relevant parts of:
The edge condition of solar control glass is particularly critical. BS EN 572 for basic soda lime silicate glass.
There must be no vents or severe feathering. BS EN 1096 for coated glass.
BS EN 1748 for borosilicate glass.
BS EN 1863 for heat strengthened soda lime silicate
glass.
BS EN 12150 for thermally toughened soda lime silicate
glass.
BS EN 13024 for thermally toughened borosilicate glass.
BS EN ISO 12543 for laminated glass.
Glass quality: Clean and free from obvious scratches,
bubbles, cracks, ripplings, dimples and other defects.
Glass edges: Generally undamaged. Shells and chips not
more than 2 mm deep and extending not more than 5 mm
across the surface are acceptable if ground out.
739 739 DIMENSIONAL TOLERANCES ON GLASS

Use this clause for, e.g. unframed (structural sealant fixed) glass Measurement of tolerances: Before any thermal toughening/
where tight glass dimensional tolerances will limit deviation in heat strengthening.
sealant joint width. For most framed glass, the more generous Pane dimensions less than 1500 mm:
dimensional tolerances set in the product standards listed in clause For 3 to 6 mm thick glass: 1.0 mm.
737 will be adequate. For 8 to 12 mm thick glass: 1.5 mm.
Clause heading: Insert location or identification, e.g. FIXED WITH For 15 mm thick glass: 2.0 mm.
STRUCTURAL SEALANT For 19 mm and 25 mm thick lass: 2.5 mm.
Pane dimensions: Values are based on BS EN 572-8 for cut sizes Pane dimensions more than 1500 mm:
of float glass. For 3 to 6 mm thick glass: 1.5 mm.
For 8 to 12 mm thick glass: 2.0 mm.
For 15 mm thick glass: 2.5 mm.
For 19 mm and 25 mm thick lass: 3.0 mm.
Pane squareness: Not more than 4 mm difference in
diagonal measurements.
741 741 DISTORTIONAL TOLERANCES ON GLASS

Use this clause for, e.g. reflective coated glass where distortional Measurement of tolerances: After any thermal toughening/
tolerances dictate the consistency of surface reflection. heat strengthening.
Clause heading: Insert location or identification, e.g. WITH Maximum bow: 0.2% of pane dimension.
REFLECTIVE COATING Maximum roller wave:
Maximum roller wave/ edge dip: Tolerances are specified as For 3 to 5 mm thick glass: 0.5 mm.
maximum rather than average values, based on the practicalities of For 6 to 10 mm thick glass: 0.3 mm.
measurement. They depend on quality of production and thickness For 12 mm and thicker glass: 0.15 mm.
of glass (thinner glasses are subject to more distortion). Maximum edge dip:
For 12 mm and thicker glass: 0.25 mm.
742 742 HEAT SOAKED THERMALLY TOUGHENED GLASS

See section L40, general guidance 4.8.2 Nickel sulfide inclusions Standard: To BS EN 14179.
and heat soaking and discuss with glass manufacturer. Holding period: . . . . . .
Standard: Locations of heat soaked glass: . . . . . .
- Holding period: UK manufacturers normally heat soak for a
period of 2 hours, but if required will soak for longer periods to
remove more inclusions. Insert, e.g. 2 hours.
Locations of heat soaked glass: Heat soaking is recommended
for toughened glass that is to be installed in positions where the
greater risk of failure and fall out of untreated panes would present
significant threats to safety, e.g. In inclined overhead curtain walling.
Curtain walling H11
745 745 INSULATING GLASS UNITS

Colour of aluminium perimeter spacers: Unit manufacturers may Standard and labels for hermetically sealed units: To
offer a colour choice, natural and black being the most common. BS EN 1279.
Perimeter seals: Failure of perimeter seals in insulating glass units Label: Each pane.
may result from incompatibility with applied sealants. Colour of aluminium perimeter spacers: . . . . . .
Perimeter taping: Not to be used.
Perimeter seals:
Resistant to UV light degradation on exposed edges.
Compatible with structural, assembly and weather
sealants.
747 747 GLASS EDGE CONDITION FOR STRUCTURAL SEALANT

See general guidance 3.1. GLAZING
Bonded, unframed outer edges: Flat ground with a small
arris suitable for open jointing or for weatherseal jointing.
750 750 INFILL PANELS/ FACINGS

Use this clause for metal or manufactured board, single layer or Tolerances:
composite panels/ facings. Manufacturing and finishing processes Deviation in size (maximum): 1 mm.
may impose limits on size. Deviation in flatness from plane per 2 m length
Rigidity will depend upon the method of fixing single layer panels/ (maximum): 1 mm.
facings or the method of assembling composite panels/ facings. Rigidity: Adequate to comply with design/ performance
Where rigidity is critical, e.g. for reflective metal, samples should be requirements.
required (clause 250).
755 755 NATURAL STONE INFILL PANELS/ FACINGS

Use this clause where natural stone panels/ facings and accessories Name (traditional): . . . . . .
are integrated into the curtain walling. Stone can be framed into stick Petrological family: . . . . . .
and small unitized systems, or can be fixed to secondary framing in Colour: . . . . . .
larger unitized and spandrel systems. The application of natural Origin: . . . . . .
stone in curtain walling is covered in the CWCT Guide to the Finish: . . . . . .
selection and testing of stone panels for external use. See also Supplier: . . . . . .
general guidance to section H51. Quality: Free from vents, cracks, fissures, discolouration, or
BS EN 12440 formalizes the description of natural stones to other defects deleterious to strength, durability or
include traditional name, petrological family, typical colour and place appearance. Before delivery to site, season thoroughly,
of origin (geographical names not related to the actual place of dress and work in accordance with shop drawings prepared
origin should be avoided). Annex A to the standard includes details by supplier.
for stones from UK and European quarries. Insert from Annex A or Minimum thickness: To BS 8298, clause 3.9 and table 4,
as appropriate. Complete items, e.g. unless proved otherwise by calculation or testing in
Name (traditional): Ashdown Fell. accordance with design/ performance requirements.
Petrological family: Limestone. Dimensional tolerances: To BS EN 1469
Colour: Buff.
Origin: Ashdown Fell Quarry, Stoneshire, England.
Finish: Fine rubbed. (See H51 general guidance 2.2).
Supplier: XYZ Stone Ltd.
Reference should be made to any approved samples, and where
they are held. For advice on selection of stone see H51 general
guidance 2.
Minimum thickness: Stone cladding held in position by perimeter
metal frames is excluded from the scope of BS 8298, but the clause
and table referred to are an appropriate basis for determining stone
thickness. The use of thin stone veneers bonded to metal
honeycombs or fibre reinforced resins are precluded by this
thickness requirement. Proprietary cladding fabrications of this type
are produced in America and Europe, but do not come within the
scope of national standards. If thin stone faced composite panels
are to be used, amend this item and add appropriate clauses to
cover their specification. For more guidance on this type of panel
See H92 general guidance 5.1.
Dimensional tolerances: BS EN 1469 covers natural stone slabs
for cladding.
Thickness tolerances are as follows:
Slabs 12 mm to 30 mm thick: 10%.
Slabs 30 to 80 mm thick: 3mm.
Slabs > 80 mm thick: 5 mm.
These tolerances are not applicable to slabs with natural cleft faces
for which thickness tolerance values shall be those declared by the
manufacturer.
Length and width tolerances are related to slab size and thickness
as follows:
Slab dimensions < 600 mm and < 50 mm thick: 1 mm.
Slab dimensions < 600 mm and > 50 mm thick: 2 mm.
Slab dimensions > 600 mm and < 50 mm thick: 1.5 mm.
Slab dimensions > 600 mm and > 50 mm thick: 3 mm.
Curtain walling H11
760 760 GASKETS

Continuity: Adhesive bonded joints in gaskets may be acceptable Material:
in smaller or lower quality curtain walling installations in which Noncellular rubber to BS 4255-1.
case amend this item. Cellular rubber to ASTM-C509.
Durability: Black EPDM gaskets are commonly used. They have Continuity: Outer gaskets of single front sealed curtain
good resistance to UV degradation. walling systems and inner gaskets of drained and ventilated
or pressure equalized curtain walling systems must be
formed in a complete frame with sealed joints. Vulcanized
rubber gaskets must have factory moulded corner joints.
Durability: Resistant to oxidation, ozone and UV
degradation.
765 WEATHERSTRIPPING OF OPENING UNITS

Material:
Noncellular rubber to BS 4255-1.
Cellular rubber to ASTM-C509.
Polypropylene woven pile, silicone treated.
Attachment: Fixed in undercut grooves in framing sections
using preformed corners, with any joints in the length.
770 770 GENERAL SEALANTS

Where doubt exists about sealant compatibility, e.g. migration of Selection: In accordance with BS 6213 from:
plasticizers from perimeter sealants in contact with natural stone, the Silicone to BS 5889.
manufacturer should be required to test use clause 650. One part polysulfide to BS 5215.
Two part polysulfide to BS 4254.
One or two part polyurethane.
Classification and requirements: To BS EN ISO 11600.
Reaction to contact products and finishes: Stable and
compatible.
772 772 CURTAIN WALLING JOINT ASSEMBLY SEALANTS

Material: Neutral curing silicones are specified to avoid Material: Silicone to BS 5889, type A or B, neutral curing
incompatibility problems that can be caused by acetoxy curing where in contact with or close proximity to other products
silicones, e.g. bond failures in insulating glass units. that may be adversely affected by acetoxy curing.
Manufacturer/ Product reference: Insert silicone sealant Manufacturer: . . . . . .
proprietary name and reference or, e.g. Contractor choice. Also Product reference: . . . . . .
insert colour choice where visible.
775 775 BONDING SEALANTS FOR STRUCTURAL SEALANT

See general guidance 3.1. GLAZING
Material: Neutral curing silicones are specified to avoid Material: Silicone, neutral curing, designed and
incompatibility problems that can be caused by acetoxy curing manufactured for bonding of structural sealant glazing.
silicones, e.g. bond failures in insulating glass units. Testing for Compatible with contact and close proximity products and
compatibility and adhesion is specified in clause 660. finishes.
Manufacturer/ Product reference: Insert proprietary name and Manufacturer: . . . . . .
reference. Also insert colour choice, if available. Product reference: . . . . . .
777 777 WEATHERSEALING FOR STRUCTURAL SEALANT

The weathersealing of some structural glazing systems is GLAZING
accomplished by rebate framing sections and gaskets or the Material: Silicone, one or two part, neutral curing. Designed
bonding sealant in which case weathersealing is not required. and manufactured for weathersealing of structural sealant
Material: It is recommended that the same manufacturer is glazing. Compatible with contact and close proximity
specified/ approved for structural bonding sealants and products and finishes.
weathersealing. Neutral curing silicones are specified to avoid Manufacturer: . . . . . .
incompatibility problems that can be caused by acetoxy curing Product reference: . . . . . .
silicones, e.g. bond failures in insulating glass units. Testing for Colour: . . . . . .
compatibility with the structural bonding sealant is specified in
clause 660.
Manufacturer/ Product reference: Insert proprietary name and
reference. Also insert colour choice.
780 780 THERMAL INSULATION

Material: Insert a proprietary reference or, e.g. Mineral wool boards. Material: . . . . . .
Thickness will be determined by the curtain walling contractor when Properties: Durable, rot and vermin proof and not
thermal properties are specified by performance (clause 730). degradable by moisture or water vapour.
Combustible insulation must only be used with a suitable fire Fixing: Attached to or supported within the curtain walling so
barrier, e.g. expanded/ extruded foam enclosed by an aluminium as not to bulge, sag, delaminate or detach during installation
tray in a spandrel panel. or in situ during the life of the curtain walling.
Curtain walling H11
785 785 VAPOUR CONTROL LAYER

The internal lining of composite infill panels/ facings will often serve Acceptable materials:
as a vapour control layer. Aluminium alloy.
Carbon steel, galvanized or protective coated.
Stainless steel.
Reinforced membranes: Foil, plastics or rubbers,
protected both sides by rigid facings/ linings.
Location: Warm side of thermal insulation.
Integrity: Continuous, free from gaps and sealed at joints.
FINISHES
810 PROTECTIVE COATING OF CARBON STEEL FRAMING

SECTIONS/ REINFORCEMENT
Treatment: One of the following to all surfaces:
Hot dip galvanized to BS EN ISO 1461.
An appropriate equivalent coating to BS 5493,
BS EN ISO 12944 or BS EN ISO 14713.
820 PROTECTIVE COATING OF CARBON STEEL

MECHANICAL FIXINGS
Treatment: One of the following to all surfaces:
Hot dip galvanized to BS EN ISO 1461.
Sherardized to BS 4921, class 1 coating thickness and
passivated.
Zinc plated to BS EN 12329, coating designation
Fe//Zn//C for an iridescent (yellow passivate) chromate
conversion coating or Fe//Zn//D for an opaque (olive
green) chromate conversion coating.
830 830 POWDER COATING

Powder coating provides a protective, decorative coating on Requirement: As section Z31.
aluminium alloy or galvanized steel.
840 840 ANODIZING

Anodizing provides a protective, decorative oxide layer on Requirement: As section Z33.
aluminium alloy. BS 3987 requires an average coating of not less
than 25 micrometres and a local coating of not less than
20 micrometres. Higher minimum values have been recommended
by the CWCT. Proposed products with lower values will require
evaluation.
850 850 POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE (PVDF) COATING OF

PVDF coating provides a protective, decorative coating on ALUMINIUM ALLOY
aluminium alloy or galvanized steel. BS 4842, AAMA 2604-05 and Standard: To BS 4842, AAMA 2604-05 or AAMA 2605-05,
AAMA 2605-05 are specifications for application to aluminium alloy subject to minimum coating thicknesses recommended by
only. It is applied over a primer usually in a single coat, but with an the manufacturer on significant surfaces.
additional clear lacquer coat over metallic or light sensitive colours. Applicator: . . . . . .
A definition of significant surface can be found in Product reference: . . . . . .
BS EN ISO 2064. PVDF resin content of coatings: Not less than 70%.
Process: Prepare base metals, prime, PVDF coat, test
samples, protect components and repair damage in
accordance with manufacturers recommendations.
Sequence: Wherever possible, apply coatings after
fabrication is complete.
Fabrication of prefinished lengths: Submit proposals
beforehand.
Uncoated edges: Invisible in completed assemblies.
Curtain walling H11
FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION FABRICATION AND INSTALLATION

Obtain fabrication, handling and installation method statements from
the curtain walling contractor before commencement of any of these
work stages see clause 235.
910 910 GENERALLY

Clause 235 requires the curtain walling contractor to submit detailed Electrolytic corrosion: Prevent. Submit proposed methods.
drawings of junctions, etc. Accuracy of fabrication and erection is Fixings: Concealed unless indicated on detailed drawings.
specified in CWCT Standard for curtain walling, clause 2.20. Where exposed they must match material and finish of the
Alignment, fit and uniformity of appearance are covered by clauses products fixed.
in Preliminaries section A33. Fabrication: Machine cut and drill products in the workshop
Preliminaries section A33 requires the employment of competent wherever possible.
operatives. A training scheme for curtain walling installers is Identification of products: Mark or tag to facilitate
operated by the CWCT. The scheme is recognized by the identification during assembly, handling, storage and
Construction Skills Certification Scheme (CSCS). Registration cards installation. Do not mark surfaces visible in the completed
are issued to operatives who successfully complete system specific installation.
courses. If appropriate, add competency requirements in this clause.
912 METALWORK
Requirement: As section Z11, unless specified otherwise in
this section.
915 915 GLAZING

Tolerances on patterned and wired glass do not allow for exact Requirement: As section L40, unless specified otherwise in
alignment of adjacent panes. this section.
Directional patterned/ wired glass: Generally fix parallel to
surround and align adjacent panes where seen together at
close quarters.
917 FIXINGS/ ADHESIVES APPLICATION

this section.
920 SEALANT APPLICATION

this section.
925 925 STRUCTURAL SEALANT GLAZING

Specification of structural sealant glazing in this section is limited to Curing: Do not transport units until structural bonding
workshop prefabricated units see general guidance 3.1. Obtain sealant has adequately cured for the period stated in the
project specific approval (clause 240) from the structural bonding project specific approval.
sealant manufacturer before commencement of fabrication.
930 ASSEMBLY
General: Carry out as much assembly as possible in the
workshop.
Joints (other than movement joints): Rigidly secured,
reinforced where necessary and fixed with hairline
abutments.
Displacement of components in assembled units: Submit
proposals for reassembly on site.
955 955 FIXING ANCHOR INSTALLATION

Clause 230 requires submission of proposals for fixing anchors. Site drilling or cutting into structure: Submit proposals for
Lining and levelling of fixing anchors is usually carried out as positions other than shown on detailed drawings.
preparatory work even for anchors with drilled-in fixings see Concrete supporting structure:
general guidance 5.1. Cast-in inserts: Provide detailed locational information.
Concrete supporting structure: Cast-in inserts should be held in Protect cavities in inserts from entry of concrete.
place by formwork, not attached to reinforcement. Drilled-in fixings Edge fixing distances: Not less than recommended by
to slab edges should only be used for light stick systems. fixing anchor manufacturers.
Corrective fabrication: Minimize. Where necessary, submit
proposals.
965 965 PRELIMINARY CURTAIN WALLING INSTALLATION

Insert location and size of preliminary installation. Where site testing Requirement: Complete an area for inspection and approval
(clause 520) is specified it may be appropriate to use this area of of appearance as follows: . . . . . .
curtain walling.
970 CURTAIN WALLING INSTALLATION
Securing to fixing anchors: Through holes formed during
fabrication only.
Tightening mechanical fasteners: To manufacturers
recommended torque figures. Do not overtighten fasteners
intended to permit differential movement.
Protective coverings: Remove only where necessary to
facilitate installation and from surfaces that will be
inaccessible on completion.
Curtain walling H11
975 975 WELDING

When welding in situ there is a risk of fire where flame or sparks In situ welding: . . . . . .
contact combustible materials. Wherever possible metalwork should
be formed and welded on the bench. 980 INTERFACES
Insert, e.g. Flashings, closers, etc: Locate and form correctly to provide
Not permitted. weathertight junctions with the curtain walling.
Permitted, subject to completion of and compliance with a hot work
permit form. 982 IRONMONGERY
Prohibiting in situ welding will preclude welding of shims and lock Assembly and fixing: Accurately, using fasteners with
nuts on fixing anchors. matching finish supplied by ironmongery manufacturer.
The hot work permit should be a printed form supplied by the Completion: Check, adjust and lubricate as necessary to
Contractors Safety Officer. A suitable form and checklist of ensure correct functioning.
precautions is appended to the Fire Protection Associations leaflet
RC7, Recommendations for hot work.
Check that the Employer will consent to in situ hot work.
985 985 MAINTENANCE

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes clause 7.6.1 Maintenance manual: Incorporate details within the Building
lists more appropriate contents for a curtain walling system Manual in accordance with CWCT Standard for systemised
maintenance manual than do the clauses in NBS Preliminaries building envelopes clause 7.6.1.
section A37. Contents listed are: Materials certification and test reports to be included:
Contact details for subcontractors and suppliers. ......
Design criteria for the curtain wall system.
Product information for components and materials including
manufacturers literature, COSSH data sheets and
recommendations for cleaning maintenance and repair.
Copies of material, components and finishes certification and test
report
A full set of construction drawings, updated to include any
changes made up to the time of completion.
The terms and conditions of any guarantee.
Method statement for means of access for maintenance and for
use of any permanent equipment.
Method statement covering the procedures for replacement of
parts that have a design life less than the design life of the curtain
wall system.
Recommendations for routine maintenance and cleaning,
including suitable cleaning agents and lubrication/ adjustments to
working parts.
Record book for listing defects, maintenance and repairs.
List any supplementary contents in the clause.
The maintenance manual should schedule inspection
requirements. Submission requirements need to be included in
section A37.

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Curtain walling

General guidance Testing 20

3 Types of curtain walling

3.1 Methods of assembly Figure 2

the outer seals. Drainage of stick and exposed frame unitized

Double glazed unit Weatherproof

Glazing unit, four Setting block Alternative

Pressure equalisation and Transom

Double glazed unit Inner seal 4.1 Choice of system

Guidance notes Specification clauses

10 10 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED WITH TENDER

TYPES OF CURTAIN WALLING

110 110 CURTAIN WALLING . . . . . .

Also specify associated weather or vapour barriers, see clause 785.

130, 135, 140, 145 130 SUN SCREENS . . . . . .

145 INTEGRATED ACCESS EQUIPMENT

GENERAL REQUIREMENTS/ PREPARATORY WORK

210 210 DESIGN

215 215 DESIGN PROPOSALS

220 220 SPECIFICATION

230 230 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED DURING DETAILED

232 232 QUALITY PLAN

235 235 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BEFORE

240 240 INFORMATION TO BE PROVIDED BEFORE

250 250 PRODUCT SAMPLES

270 270 FABRICATION SAMPLES

280 280 MOCK-UP

DESIGN/ PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS DESIGN/ PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS

305 305 CWCT STANDARD FOR SYSTEMISED BUILDING

311, 312, 313 311 INTEGRITY

CWCT for availability.

320 320 DEFLECTION UNDER DEAD LOADS

325 325 DEFLECTION UNDER WIND LOAD

330 330 GENERAL MOVEMENT

332 332 APPEARANCE AND FIT

335 335 THERMAL MOVEMENT SERVICE TEMPERATURE

CWCT Standard for systemised building envelopes

340 340 AIR PERMEABILITY

However, for each design wind pressure/ maximum calculated wind

Permeability class to BS EN 12152: Insert appropriate class

345 345 AIR PERMEABILITY EXFILTRATION

350 350 WATER PENETRATION

CWCT guidance states that selection of the test pressure should be

Watertightness class to BS EN 12152: Insert appropriate class

370 370 THERMAL PROPERTIES

calculated using the weighted U-value method. Building Regulations

380 380 SOLAR AND LIGHT CONTROL

385 385 THERMAL STRESS IN GLAZING

390 390 AVOIDANCE OF CONDENSATION

Temp RHh Dew Point VPp

410 410 SOUND TRANSMITTANCE

420 420 FIRE RESISTANCE OF CURTAIN WALLING

425 425 INTERNAL SURFACE SPREAD OF FLAME OF CURTAIN

430 430 FIRE STOPPING

435 435 OPENING LIGHTS (WINDOWS)

436 436 DOORS AND OTHER ACCESS FACILITIES

then insert No additional requirements.

437 437 LOUVRES

440 440 DURABILITY