NMIMS School of Law

Course Module

Subject- Quantitative Techniques and Statistics

(I)- Syllabus
Program: BBA LLB (Hons.) Trimester: VI

Course : Quantitative Techniques and Statistics Code:

Teaching Scheme Evaluation Scheme

Internal Continuous Term End
Lecture Practical Tutorial Credit Assessment (ICA) Examinations (TEE)
(weightage) (weightage)
5 0 0 5 40 60
Pre-requisite:

A Basic and Preliminary knowledge of Mathematics (+2 level)

Course Objectives:

To aid in the understanding of basic statistics, including terminology, common terms, and common
statistical methods.
To encourage potential researchers to undertake research projects to facilitate the production of
knowledge.

Course Outcomes:

After completion of the course, students would be able to :

Analyze a complex situation which could be viewed from multiple perspectives.

Use/apply analytical techniques/models/frameworks appropriately in specific contexts.

Detailed Syllabus: ( per session plan )

Unit Description Duration

Module-I Introduction to Statistics (2 lectures)

Meaning, Definition, Scope, Importance and Limitations of
Statistics
Relevance to Management (Decision Making)
Data and it types (Primary and Secondary)
Variable and its types (Dependent and Independent)
 Scale of Measurement (Nominal, Ordinal, Ratio and Interval)
Type of Statistical Analysis (Descriptive and Inferential;
Univarate, Bivariate and Multivariate Statistics)
Concept of Population and Sample (Types of Sampling)
Concept of Parametric and Non-Parametric Estimation

Module-II Basic Components of Descriptive Statistics (13 lectures)

Measures of Central tendency (Mean, Median and Mode)
Measures of Dispersion (Range, Quartile Deviation, Standard
Deviation, Variance, Covariance, Skewness, Kurtosis)
Correlation (Pearsons R Correlation; Bivariate Anaysis)
Regression (Bivariate Analysis)
Module-III Basic components of Inferential Statistics (5 lectures)
Concept of Sampling and Population Distributions
Estimation of Parameters (Mean and Standard Deviation)
Hypothesis Testing
Module-IV Theory of Probability and Probability Distributions (12 lectures)
Basic Concepts of Probability (Event, Experiment, Sample
Space, Type of Events Mutually Exclusive Events,
Independent Events, Dependent Events, Equally likely
Events, Exhaustive Events)
Probability Distributions (Binomial, Poisson and Normal)
Module-V Decision-Making, Forecasting Methods and Index Numbers (7 lectures)
Decision Tree Analysis (Drawing Decision Tree, Concept of
Nodes & Branches, Multiple stage Decision Analysis)
Time Series Analysis and Smoothing Methods
Concept of Index Numbers (Fischers Index Number)
Module-VI Uses of Basic Functions in MS-Excel (10 lectures)

Total 50
Text Books:

1) Statistics for Business & Economics by Anderson Sweeney Williams,

2) S. P. Gupta (2014). Statistical methods. Sultan Chand and Sons. 44th Edition.

Reference Books:

Any other information :

None

(II) Lesson-Planning
Date Lecture Unit Topic and Sub Topic Reading Material
No. Books (pg nos.)

06/03/17 1 - A discussion of overview of the subject, its -

importance and how to go about in terms
of understanding it.

Module-I: Introduction to Statistics

07/03/17 2 I A discussion of Cases, Variables, Scales of Class lecture

Measurement, Sample, Population and
Types of Statistical Analysis
Module-II: Basic Components of Descriptive Statistics
09/03/17 4 II Summarising the Information: Data Matrix S. P. Gupta (2014):
and Frequency Tables and their graphical 91-126
representation
10/03/17 5 II Measures of Central Tendency: mean, S. P. Gupta (2014):
median and mode and their graphical 177-221
representation
11/03/17 6 II Practice session
14/03/17 7 II Measures of Dispersion: Range, Quartile S. P. Gupta (2014):
Deviation and their graphical 271-335
representation
15/03/17 8 II Measures of Dispersion: Variance and Same as above
Standard Deviation and their graphical
representation
16/03/17 9 II Skewness, Moments and Kurtosis S. P. Gupta (2014):
337-340; 350
17/03/17 10 II Z-scores and their illustrations Class lecture
18/03/17 11 II Practice session -
20/03/17 12 II Concept of Correlation for qualitative and S. P. Gupta (2014):
quantitative variables and its graphical 389-401
representation
21/03/17 13 II PearsonR Correlation Same as above
22/03/17 14 II Practice session -
23/03/17 15 II Regression: Finding the Best Fit line and S. P. Gupta (2014):
its graphical illustration 451-493
24/03/17 16 II Illustration of correlation and regression -
problems and Practice session

Module-IV: Theory of Probability and Probability Distributions

25/03/17 17 IV Basic concepts of Probability- sample, S. P. Gupta (2014):

population, events, probability, 751-803
randomness
27/03/17 18 IV Quantifying probabilities with Tree Class Lecture
Diagram
29/03/17 19 IV Probability and Set-Theory Class lecture
30/03/17 20 IV Various types of Events and Probabilities S. P. Gupta
(2014):751-803
31/03/17 21 IV Practice session
01/04/17 22 IV Concept of Probability Distributions and
calculation of Mean and Variance of a
Random Variable
03/04/17 23 IV Normal Distribution and its Standard Form
04/04/17 24 IV Practice session S. P. Gupta (2014):
05/04/17 25 IV Binomial Distribution 805-858
06/04/17 26 IV Practice session
07/04/17 27 IV Poisson Distribution
08/04/17 28 IV Practice session

Module-III: Basic Components of Inferential Statistics

10/04/17 29 III Concept of Sample, Population, Sampling

Distribution and Population Distribution
11/04/17 30 III Calculation of Mean and Standard
Deviation of Sampling Distribution; The S. P. Gupta (2014):
Central Limit Theorem 881-892
12/04/17 31 III Concept of Confidence Intervals
13/04/17 32 III Hypothesis testing and level of
Significance; Type-I and Type-II errors
15/04/17 33 III Practice session

Module-V: Decision-Making, Forecasting Methods and Index Numbers

17/04/17 34 V Decision-Tree Analysis and its key S. P. Gupta (2014):

concepts 1137-1158
18/04/17 35 V Introduction and Basics of Forecasting S. P. Gupta (2014):
Methods 1093-1106
19/04/17 36 V Time-series Analysis and Smoothing S. P. Gupta (2014):
Methods 611-634
20/04/17 37 V Practice session
21/04/17 38 V Concept of Index Numbers and issues S. P. Gupta (2014):
involved in the construction of Index 535-543
numbers
22/04/17 39 V Fishers Index Number and construction of Same as above
Index Number of Industrial Production
24/04//17 40 V Practice session

Module-VI: Uses of Basic Functions in MS-Excel

25/04/17 41 VI Getting acquainted with Excel vocabulary

26/04/17 42 VI Basic functions in Excel
27/04/17 43 VI Data Filtering, Use of Pivot Tables and
construction of Charts in Excel
28/04/17 44 VI Construction of Line Graphs, Bar graphs, Class lectures
Pie Charts, Pivot Charts, Scatter Plots and
Histograms in Excel
29/04/17 45 VI Using styles and themes in Excel
02/05/17 46 VI Introduction to using Complex formulas
and functions like correlation and
regression.
03/05/17 47 VI Practice session

Other sessions:

04/05/17 48 - A Note on Statistical Fallacies and misuse S. P. Gupta (2014):

of Statistical Methods 745-750
05/05/17 49 - Orientation on Project Submissions -
06/05/17 50 - Doubt Clearing sessions -

Note:-

(1) Statistics by its very nature a practical oriented subject so a greater emphasis is being laid on the
practice of solving problem based questions by keeping practical session after the completion of each
topic.

(2) All the students are expected to be ready with graph sheets and statistical notebooks especially
during the days of Practical Session so as to be able to understand and solve problems in a better
manner. Also the students may use calculators for calculation purposes in the classrooms and it
would be allowed in both the internal (project) and external examination.

(3) The practical sessions will be based on various specific data-sets which would be duly uploaded
on the blackboard before the discussion of each topic. The students are expected to come ready with
the data sets in hard copy in the class. If regular negligence on this account would be found on the
part of students (for continuous one week) then a provision would be made for deduction in the
marks of internal evaluation (project).

(3) The topics for which reading material has been indicated as class lecture implies that the topic has
been collectively delivered from the integration of various sources for which there are no clear
material found so the student needs to understand that particular topic from the class lecture itself.

(4) The topics and days as indicated in the above schedule is subject to change as per the requisite
nature of a particular topic to be taken up on the scheduled date and reshuffling (if any) in the time-
table as provided from the office.

(5) The list of reading material as given in the schedule is only indicative or suggestive and tentative.
The students may refer to other sources of reading for their better understanding. Also, a regular
updation of reading materials will be made in this schedule in the due process.
(6) The session on Orientation on Project Submissions may be taken anywhere between the
scheduled slots as per the deadlines provided from the office so accordingly the scheduled sessions
may get shifted.

(7) Module-IV would be taken immediately after Module-II to sink in with the continuation of
understanding while Module-III would be taken after Module-IV for the same logic.

(8) A minor reshuffling in the course structure has been done to incorporate some important concepts
which happened to be left out and considered necessary to be taught in this paper.

(3) Project Guidelines (Phase-II)

Break-Up of Marks (Total= 40)
Project Submission Calculations (10) Interpretations (10) Consultation (5)
(1-Set consisting of 3 (on all the 3 Tables) (from all the 3
tables) Tables)
Viva-Voce Viva (10) Presentation (5)

(1) Content of the Project:-

(i) The students would be provided 3 separate tables (named as Set-1; Set-2 and so on) to work upon
by applying different statistical methods they would be learning in this course.

(ii) The sets would include 3 tables and a set of attached questions (which would be same for all the
tables) which need to be answered by applying various statistical methods.

(iii) The students are free to choose randomly any 1 Set on which they wish to work upon, however
it would be separate and different for all the students.

(iv) Based on the above exercise the student needs to bring out the Findings and Interpretations
which is evident from the 3 tables (a separate and different research perspective would be there
which can be deduced from each table) (this is compulsory).

(v) A minimum of one page of writing is required in the light of the above perspective on all the 3
tables.

(vi) There would be two strands of calculations which is required to be performed for each Table (the
detailed questions would be provided before the commencement of Phase-II deadlines)-

i. Calculation of Descriptive Statistics (Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion,

correlation and regression alongwith their graphical represntations)
ii. Calculation of Inferential Statistics (inferring to be drawn about the population from the
sample)

(vii) These exercises can be performed for as many variables as provided in the table given the
ability of a student to understand and comprehend the information provided in the Tables.

(viii) The students are free to use any digital mode of calculation (i.e calculators, Excel programme
or any other software which they can use) to arrive at their results.

(ix) Any consultations regarding the difficulties in understanding tables would be primarily done
online unless otherwise requested by any student in any unfavorable situation.

(2) Structure and Layout of the Project:-

Cover page: any style the student can follow (bearing the name and roll no of who is
submitting and to whom the project is being submitted)
 Font Style: Times New Roman
Font Size: 12 (for content); 14-for headings and 12- sub-headings)
Alignment of the text: Justified
Line spacing between lines and paras: 1.5

An Illustration:-

(Note- the meaning and notations used in the Tables would be duly provided to avoid any kind of
discrepancy in the understanding of the variables used in a particular table. For instance, this
illustration provides details of small enterprises owned by Male and Females across the states at all-
India level).

Table-(1): Percentages of Enterprises by Type of Ownership

Year 2000-01
Sector Rural Rural Urban Urban
Femal Femal Femal Femal
States Male e Male e Male e Male e
Least Developed
Rajasthan 80.97 18.67 87.68 2.86 61.03 37.06 92.1 3.7
Bihar 92.57 7.19 96.2 1.11 85.43 14.12 97.02 1.7
Assam 80.03 19.88 97.77 1.44 77.1 20.98 92.63 5.35
Orissa 77.25 22.52 98.8 0.89 74.96 24.15 91.99 2.19
Madhya Pradesh 80.01 19.76 98.75 0.29 68.54 31.08 89.48 4.45
Uttar Pradesh 79.82 19.74 92.85 2.27 72.91 26.24 92.13 2.96
Total 81.77 17.96 95.34 1.47 73.32 25.60 92.55 3.39
Less Developed
States
Andhra Pradesh 68.72 31.04 93.95 2.51 62.83 35.68 92.29 4.36
Gujarat 88.27 10.76 82.77 0.15 78.44 19.58 86.47 4.45
Haryana 86.02 11.75 90.98 0.02 74.9 22.95 85.27 4.02
Jammu & Kashmir 88.64 10.23 95.49 1.87 88.01 11.33 92.71 4.56
Himachal Pradesh 80.47 18.94 82.98 10.69 84.01 11.94 84.94 9.37
West Bengal 68.28 31.54 93.19 4.08 57.11 40.77 90.86 4.91
Karnataka 36.96 63.02 98.31 1.21 50.84 48.94 92.65 3.21
Total 73.90 25.32 91.09 2.93 70.87 27.31 89.31 4.98
Relatively
Developed
Punjab 53.55 45.76 87.83 6.78 68.83 28.57 86.05 4.58
Maharashtra 81.29 18.25 86.26 2.67 60.83 38.34 84.52 8.59
Kerala 38.8 58.59 75.57 16.39 47.69 49.29 74.78 13.79
Tamil Nadu 47.33 52.18 92.44 4.63 51.38 47.83 89.06 4.63
Total 55.24 43.69 85.52 7.61 57.18 41.00 83.60 7.89

Research Findings (which have to be brought out by the students):

(1) Whether there is any correlation between the high female owned enterprises and they being found
in Least Developed States?

(2) Is there any difference between Female Ownership of Enterprises and male Ownership of
Enterprises?

(3) What is the percentage difference between share of enterprises in Relatively Developed States
and Least developed states?

(4) What is the composition of Rural and Urban sectors as a percentage of total for female owned
enterprises?

(5) Is there any significant difference between Male and Female owned enterprises in India?

(3) Preparation for the Viva:-

i. Graphical representations of the calculations done indicating meaningful results thereby (4-5
slides).
ii. Interpretation of the results above deduced and conclusion (4-5 slides).

A maximum of 10 slides may be prepared for the presentation.

(4) Evaluation Criteria:-

i. If any of the components discussed above is not found satisfactorily incorporated into the
project, due deductions would be made.
ii. The exact and finer gradations of Marking Schema would be provided before the
commencement of Phase-II of Project Deadlines.
iii. The marks given by the other faculty in Viva and Presentation shall be considered Final and
no entertainment would be made regarding this.

(4) Plan of Guest Lectures:-

A tentative list of proposed speakers is presented here and soon as it gets confirmed it will be
intimated to the students.
Name of the Profile of the Speaker
Speaker
Dr. Conan Assistant Professor Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay
Mukherjee
Dr. Rajesh Kumar Joint Director, Population Department, Lucknow University, Lucknow
Chauhan

(5) Model Question-Paper

Section-A (10 marks)
(1) Identify the name of the graph and state when it is used?. Also interpret the information it is
displaying. (5 marks)

(2) If there is an outlier in a given data distribution which central measure of Tendency should be
calculated and why? (5 marks)
Section-B (15 marks)

(3) The graph below displays Budgetary Receipts and Total Receipts of Government of India as a
percent of GDP (share of Budgetary and Total Receipts in GDP) for the various years.

(i) Interpret the graph. (7.5 marks)

(ii) Plot a trend line based on the information given in the graph. (7.5 marks)

Section-C (20 marks) (Answer any Two of Them)

(4) Identify features of Normal Distribution. (5 marks)

(5) What is Fischers Index number and how it is constructed? (5 marks)

(6) What is the difference between Probability Mass function and Probability Density function?

(5 marks)

Section-D (15 marks)

(7) Represent the information in the given table by a suitable graph and formulate a working
hypothesis which can be tested by a suitable statistical method (Hint: you can calculate correlation
or regression to see how the variables are associated to each other).