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Boats and Streams

:

Downstream : In water direction along the stream is called downstream.

Upstream : In water direction against stream is called upstream.

Rule : If the speed of a boat in still water is x km/hr and the speed of the stream is y km/hr, then:

Speed downstream = ( x + y ) km/hr

Speed upstream = ( x - y ) km/hr

Rule : If the downstream speed is a km/hr and the speed upstream is b km/hr, then

Ex. A man can row a boat in upstream at 6 kmph and downstream at 12 kmph. Find the man's
rate in still water and the rate of current.

Ex. A man can row 15 km /hr in still water. It takes him twice as long to row upstream as to row
downstream. Find the rate of stream ?

Solution : Let man's rate in upstream be x km/hr, then his rate in downstream is = 2x kmph

So rate in down stream= 2x= 20 km/hr

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Ex. A man can swim 6 km / hr in still water. If river's rate is 2 km / hr, it takes the man 3 hours to
row to a place and back. How far is the place ?

Solution : Man's rate in upstream=( 6 - 2 ) km/hr = 4 km/hr

Man's stream rate in downstream= ( 6 + 2 ) km/hr = 8 km/hr

Let the distance of the place be x km then,

Ex. A boat covers 24 km upstream and 36 km downstream in 6 hours another time it covers 36
km upstream and 24 km downstream in 13 / 2 hours. Find out the rate of current ?

Solution : Let the rate of upstream be x kmph , rate of downstream be y kmph, then

On adding both equeation :

On substracting both equation :

On solving both final equations we get x=8 and y=12, now

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Average
Rule : Average = Sum of data / No. of data

Ex. The average of 13 results is 40 and that of first six is 30 and last six is 34. Find the value of 7
th number.

Solution : 7 th number will be = Sum of 13 results - ( Sum of first six + Sum of last six ) = ( 13 *
40 ) - ( 6 * 30 + 6 * 34 ) = 136

Ex. In a class, there are 20 students whose average age is decreased by two months, when one
student aged 18 years is replaced by a new student, find the age of the new student ?

Solution : Age of new student = Age of removed student - Numbers of students * Decrease in
average age
= 18 - 20 * ( 2 / 12 ) = 44 / 3 = 14 years 8 months

Rule : If a person travels a distance at a speed of x km/hr, and the same distance at a speed of y
km /hr, then the average speed during the whole journey is given by :

Rule : If a person travels three equal distances at a speed of x km / hr, y km / hr and z km / hr

respectively. Then the average speed during the whole journey is :

Ex. A man divides his total journey into three equal parts and decides to travel the three parts
with speeds 60 km / hr , 24 km / hr and 45 km /hr . Find the average speed during the whole
journey ?

Solution : Average speed = 3 * 60 * 24 * 45 / 60 * 24 + 24 * 45 + 45 * 60 = 37.24 km / hr

Ex. The mean temperature of Monday to Wednesday was 27 C and of Tuesday to Thrusday was
24 C. If the temperature on Thrusday was 2 / 3 rd of the temperature on Monday, What was the
temperature on Thrusday ?

Solution : Mon + Tue + Wed = 81

Tue + Wed + Thu = 72
hence Mon - Thu = 9
Also Thu = ( 2 /3 ) * Mon
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So the temperature of Thrusday = 18 C

Ex. The average of five consecutive numbers is n . If the next two numbers are also included, the
average will .

(a) increase by 1 (b) remain the same

(c) increase by 1.4 (d) increase by 2

Solution :

Ex. If the average of 50 numbers is 38. If two numbers 45 and 55 are discarded, the average of
the remaining number will be ?

Ex. There were 42 students in a hostel. If the number of students increases by 7, the expenses of
the mess increases by Rs 49 per day.While the average expenditure per head diminishes by Rs. 1.
Find the original expenditure of the mess.

Solution : Let the average expenditure was Rs. x

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So total expenditure will be 42x.

When 7 more students join the mess, total expenditure= 42x+49

So x= 14, therefore original expenditure of the mess= 42*14=Rs 588

Ex. The average age of a family of 8 members is 23 years. If the age of the youngest membe be 7
years, then what was the average age of the family member at the birth of the youngest member ?

Solution: Total age of all members= 8 * 23 =184 years

7, years ago, total sum of ages= 184 - ( 8 * 7 ) = 128 years

But 7 years before there were only 7 members in the family so,

Ex. Find the average of first 10 multiples of 8 ?

Solution :

Ex. A batsman makes a score of 70 runs in the 15 th inning and thus increases average by 2 runs.
Find the average after 15 th inning ?

Solution : Let the average after 15 th inning be x

The average after 14 th inning = (x-2)

Now 14 (x-2)+70=15x

So x=42
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Calendar

Leap Year :

(1)= A particular year divisible by 4 is called leap year, also it should not be century year

Eg. 1976, 1840 are leap year as they are divisible by 4

(2)= Each fourth century is a leap year

Eg. 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000, 2400 are leap years, but 700, 1300, 1900 are not leap years

Odd Days : For a given number of days, number of days more than complete week are called odd
days.

Eg. in 10 days, there is one week and 3 odd days.

Counting of weeks and days in year:

(a) 1 ordinary year has 365 days = 52 weeks + 1 odd day

(b) 1 leap year has 366 days = 52 weeks + 2 odd days

(c) 100 years = 76 ordinary years + 24 leap years = 76*1 + 24*2 = 124 odd days
= 17 weeks + 5 odd days

(d) Since in 100 years, number of odd days are 5

(e) In 200 years, number of odd days are 5*2= 10 = 1 week + 3 odd days, 3 odd days

(f) Similarly in 300 years 5*3 = 15 = 2 weeks + 1 odd day

(g) Similarly for 400 years number of odd days 5*4 + 1 = 0 odd days, from this we conclude that
for 800, 1200, 1600 , 2000, 2400 years odd days will be zero

Day Sun Mon Tues Wed Thrus Fri Sat

Odd day no. 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Ex. What was the day of the week on 20 may, 1985 ?

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Solution : Here Number of odd days in 1600 years = 0

Number of odd days in 300 years from 1600 to 1900 = 5*3 = 2 week + 1 odd day= 1 odd day

Number of odd days in 84 years= 21 leap year + 63 days = 21*2 + 63*1 = 105 days = 0 odd days

Number of odd days in 20 may = 31 days of Jan. + 28 days of feb + 31 days of mar. + 30 days in
april + 20 days in may = 140 days = 0 odd day

So total number of odd days = 0+1+0+0=1 = Monday

Ex. Prove that calendar for the year 2009 will serve for the year 2015.

Solution : for this sum of odd days from 2009 to 2014 should be zero.

Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014

Odd day 1 1 1 2 1 1

Sum of odd days = 1+1+1+2+1+1=7= 1 week + 0 odd days

So, both dates 1.1.2009 and 1.1.2015 will be on same day , so calendar for the year 2009 will
serve for the year 2015

Ex. On what date of Feb. 2007 did Saturday fall ?

Solution : For this find the day of 1.2.2007

1600+400 years has 0 odd days

From 2001 to 2006 there are 1 leap years + 5 ordinary years

So number of odd days = 1*2 + 5*1 = 2 + 5 = 7 = 1 week = 0 odd day

Now from 1.1.2007 to 1.2.2007 number of days = 32 = 4 weeks + 4 odd days = 4 odd days

So, total number of odd days = 4, so 1.2.2007 will be thrusday

Now saturday will be on 3.2.2007

Ex. Today is tuesday. After 72 days, it will be ?

Solution : Tuesday will be repeated after each 7 days so, after at 70 day it will also be tuesday, so
at 72 th day it will be Friday
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Clocks

(1) A clock has two hands, smaller hand is called short hand or hour hand. While larger hand is
called long hand or minute hand.

(2) Both hands of clock coincides in one hour

(3) In each 60 minutes, the minute hand gains 55 minutes on the hour hand

(4) When both the hands are at right angle, they are 15 minutes space apart

(5) Both hands are in straght line when they are opposite to each other or coincident to each
other.

(6) Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hours = 360

(7) Angle traced by minute hand in 60 minutes are 360

(8) When both hour and minute hands are at right angle they are 15 minute apace apart

Ex. find the ange between the hour hand and the minute hand of a clock when the time 2.45

Solution : Angle traced by the hour hand in 12 hour = 360

Angle traced by minute hand in 60 min = 360

Ex. Find at what time between 9 and 10 o'clock will the hands of a clock be in the same straight
line but not together ?

Solution : At 9 o'clock hour hand 15 min space apart from minute hand.

Also minute hand has gain of (30-15)= 15 min spaces apart over hour hand
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For both hand to be straight but not together they will be 30 min space apart.

55 min space gained by min hand in 60 min

Ex. At what time between 8 and 9 o'clock will the hands of a clock be at right angle ?

Solution : At 8 o'clock min hands are 20 min space ahead the hour hand.

Also when both hands are at right angled, they are 15 mins space apart.

Case 1: when min hand 15 min space ahead the hour hand

In this case min hand has a gain of (20-15)= 5 min

now 55 min space is gained in 60 min

Case 2: When min hand 15 space behind the hour hand

In this case min. hand has a gain of (20+15) = 35 min

now 55 min space is gained in 60 min

Ex. A clock is set right at 8 a.m. The clock loses 1 minutes in 24 hours. What will be true time
when clock indicates 8 p.m on the third day ?

Solution : Time from 8 a.m. on first day to 8 p.m of third day = 60 hrs

also 23 hrs and 45 min = 95 / 4 hrs

95/4 hrs of this clock = 24 hrs of correct clock

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= 61 hrs of correct clock, So, the correct time will be 9 p.m

Ex. At what angle the hands of a clock are inclined at 15 minutes past 4 ?

Solution : 15 minutes past 4= 4 + 15 / 60 = 17 / 4 hrs

Angle traced by hour hand in 12 hours = 360

Some Important points :

(1) Clock hands coincide 11 times in every 12 hours, as they coincides only one time between 11
and 1, at 12 o'clock.

(2) So, Both hands coincides 22 times in 24 hours or in a day.

(3) In 12 hours both hands are in straight line ( eighter coincides or in opposite direction ) 22
times.

(4) So, In 24 hours both hands are in straight line ( eighter coincides or in opposite direction ) 44
times.

(5) In 12 hours both hands are at right angled 22 times and 44 times in a day

(6) In 12 hours both hands are in opposite direction 11 times, between 5 to 7 , they are opposite
at 6 o'clock only. So in a day 22 times in opposite directions.
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Compound Interest

If P is Principal amount, R is Percentage Rate, n is number of years

Rule : When interest is compound annually :

Rule : If interest is compouned Half-yearly :

Rule : When interest is compounded Quarterly :

Rule : When rate of interest are X % , Y %, Z % for 1st, 2nd and third year respectively. Then
amount will be :

Rule : When interest is compounded annually but time is in fraction such as

Ex. A sum of money doules itself at compound interest in 15 years. In how many years will it
become eight times ?
Solution :
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Ex. The difference between compound interest and simple interest on an amount of Rs. 15, 000
for 2 years is Rs. 96. What is the rate of interest per annum ?

Ex. A sum of money is lent out at compound interest rate of 20 % per annum for two years. It
would fetch Rs. 482 more if interest is compounded half-yearly. Find the sum

Divisibility

Divisibility by 2

Rule : The last digit which is either even or 0, is divisible by 2

Ex. 34, 2532, 1290

Divisibility by 3

Rule : If the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3, then the number is also divisible by
3
Ex. 2451, so required sum 2+4+5+1=12 divisible by 3 so the number 2451 is also divisible by
3

Divisibility by 4

Rule 1: If the last two digits of a number is divisible by 4, the number is also divisible by 4

Rule 2: The number having two or more zeros at the end is also divisible by 4

Ex. 728524 since the last two digits are divisible by 4 so the number is also divisible by 4

Ex. 15600 last two digits are 00 so the number is also divisible by 4
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Divisibility by 5
Rule :If a number ends with 5, 0 then the number will be divisible by 5
Ex. 1765, 12330

Divisibility by 6 both two rule should be full filled

Rule 1: The number should end with an even digit or 0

Rule 2 :The sum of the digits should divisible by 3

Ex. 174 is divisible by 6 as the number ends with even digit 4 and sum of the digits 12 is
divisible by 3

Ex. 8520 is divisible by 6, as it ends with 0 and sum of the number 15 is divisible by 3

Divisibility by 7

There is no any stritct rule for it

Ex. 896
Solution: 896
89-6*2=77 as 77 is divisible to 7 so this number 896 is also divisible to 7

Ex. 4753
Solution: 475-3*2= 469
46-9*2=28 as 28 is divisible by 7 so the number 4753 is divisible to 7

Divisibility by 8

Rule 1: If the last three digits of the number is divisible by 8 , the number is also divisible by 8

Rule 2: If the last three digits of the number is three zeros 000 then the number is also divisible
to 8

Ex. 14873258376256 find out divisibilty by 8

Solution: 14873258376256 is divisible to 8 , so the whole number is divisible to 8

Divisibility by 9

Rule: If the sum of all the digits of a number is divisible by 9, hence the number is also divisible
by 9

Ex. 8758323
Solution: Sum of the number is 8+7+5+8+3+2+3=36 which is divisile by 9, so the number is
divisible by 9
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Divisibility by 11

Rule: If the sum of the digits at odd places and even places are equal or differ by an amount of
11, then the number will be divisible by 11

Ex. 589743671 Check the divisibilty by 11

Solution: Sum of the digits at odd places 5+9+4+6+1=25
Sum of the digits at even places 8+7+3+7=25
So the number is divisible by 11

Ex. 9754239 check the divisibility by 11

Solution: Sum of the numbers at odd places 9+5+2+9=25
Sum of the numbers at even places 7+4+3=14, the difference 25-14=11, so the number will be
divisible by 11

Divisibility by 12

Rule: Any number which is divisble by both 4 and 3, is also divisible by 12

Divisibility by 14

Rule: for divisibility with 14, the number should be even and should be divisible by 7

Divisibility by 15

Rule: Any number which is divisible by both 3 and 5 is also divisible by 15

Divisibility by 16

Rule: any number whose last four digits number is divisile by 16 is also divisible by 16
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HCF

Common Factor -A number is called to be a factor of another numbers when it divides other
numbers exactly.

eg. 4 is a common factor of 8, 12, 16, 20, 24

Highest Common Factor :-HCF of two or more numbers is the greatest number that divides each
of them exactly.

Method of Prime Factors - Break the given numbers into prime factors and find the product of
common prime factors, product will be HCF

Find the HCF of 42 and 70

Solution- 42=2*3*7, 70=2*5*7 So HCF will be 2*7 =14

Find the HCF of 24, 45, 60

Solution- 24 = 2*2*2*3
45= 3*3*5
60= 2*2*3*5 so HCF of 24, 45 and 60 is 3

Second Method = Wrting in a row and division by a common divisor of all-

Step 1: Write the numbers in a row

Step 2: Divide by a common divisor of all
Step 3: Write the remainders in second row
Step 4: Continue this process till we get all the remainders prme to one another:

Ex. Find the HCF of 12, 18 and 24

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Method of division : When two numbers are lage then method of Factor is not convenient, Then
we find thr HCF by division method

Step 1: Divide the greater number by smaller number and find the remainder
Step 2: Now repeat this process with the first remainder as divisor and first divisor as dividend
and continue this process until we get zero as remainder. Last divisor is HCF

Ex. Find the HCF of 1365, 1560 and 1755

HCF of decimals

Ex. Find the HCF of 16.5, 0.45 and 15

Solution: These numbers can be written as 16.50, 0.45 and 15.00

Now find the HCF of 1650, 45 and 1500 , we get HCF as 15, now convert to euivalent fraction
whivh comes as 00.15 This is our required HCF

HCF of Fractions

HCF of two or more fractions means the highest fraction which exactly divides each of the
fractions

Step 1: Express all fractions in their lowest terms

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Step 2: Find the HCF of all the numerators

Step 3: Find the LCM of all the Denominators

Ex. Find the HCF of 54/9, 3*(9/17), 36/51

Solution: Express all fractions in their lowest terms6/1, 60/17, 12/17

HCF=HCF of Numenerators/ LCM of Denominators= HCF of (6, 60, 12) / LCM of (1, 17, 17)=
6/17
Ex. Find the greatest number which will divide 410, 751 and 1030 so as to leave the remainde 7
in each case ?

Solution: Greatest number will be = HCF of (410-7), (751-7) and (1030-7)= HCF of 403, 744
and 1023

Ex. Find the greatest possible length which can be used to measure exactly the lengths 25 m 20
cm, 198 m, 9m 36 cm.

Solution : Required length = HCF of 2520 cm , 19800 cm, 936 cm

So required length will be 72 cm

Ex. The maximum number of students among them 1001 pens and 910 pencils can be distributed
in such a way that each student gets the same number of pens and same number of pencils is :

Solution : Required number of students= HCF of 1001 and 91

Important Rules :

(1)= Product of two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM

(2)= Co-prime numbers: Two numbers are said to be co-primes if their HCF is 1
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Ex. LCM of two co-prime numbers x and y where x>y is 161. Find out the value of 3y-x ?

Solution : HCF of x and y = 1, since they are co prime numbers

Now, we know Product of two numbers = Product of their HCF and LCM

So, xy = 1 * 161 = 161

So co-primes can be ( 1, 161) or ( 23, 7 )

Since x > y , so x= 23 and y = 7

so, 3y - x = 3 * 7 - 23 = -2
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LCM (Lowest Common Mutiple)

Common Multiple - Defined as number which is exactly divisible by each of the numbers under
consideration.

Ex. 60 is a common multiple of 2,3,4,5,6,10,15,20 and 30

Lowest Common Multiple(LCM): LCM of two or more numbers is the least or smallest number
which is exactly divisible by each of them.

Ex. Find out LCM of 12, 16

Solution :- Multiples of 12 are 12, 24 ,36, 48, 60
Multiples of 16 are 16, 32, 48, 64
So the least common multiple of both is 48 that is required LCM

Methods of Finding LCM

1. Method of Prime Factors

Step-1 Resolve each of the given numbers into prime factors

Step-2 Find the product of the highest powers of all the factors that occour in the resolution of
the given number. This product will be required LCM

Ex. Find the LCM of 8, 12, 15 and 21

Solution:- 8= 2*2*2= 2^3

12= 2*2*3= 2^2*3

15=3*5

21=3*7

So Product of prime numbers with highest powers (2^3)*3*5*7=840 required LCM

Method 2 : Short Cut Method

Write down the given numbers in a line separating them by commas. Divide by any one of prime
numbers 2, 3,5,7 which al least exactly divide at least any two of the given numbers . Repeat
down the process untill you get a line of prime numbers. Now the product of all divisors and the
numbers in the last line will be the required LCM
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Ex. Find out the LCM of 16, 18, 15, 135, 176

Ex. The traffic lights at three different road crossings change after every 24, 36 and 48 secs
respectively. If they all change simultaneously at 09 : 10 : 00 hours , then at what time will they
againg change simultaneously ?

Solution : Here time requirment is least so we will find LCM

Change interval will be LCM of 24, 36, 48 = 144 sec

144 sec= 2 min 24 sec, So interval of change will be at 09 : 12 : 24 hours

Ex. The least number, which when divided by 48, 60, 72, 108 and 140 leaves 38, 50, 62, 98 and
130 as remainders respectively, is :

Solution :Here (48 - 38 ) = ( 60 - 50 ) = ( 72 - 62 ) = ( 108 - 98 ) = ( 140 - 130 ) = 10 in every

case

Leat number will be LCM of ( 48, 60, 72, 108, 140 ) - 10

LCM = 15120

So, required number = 15120 - 10 = 15110

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Number System - Part 1

Numerals: Figures representing a number is called numeral.

Types Of Number

Natural Number : Numbers used in counting are termed as natural numbers

Ex. N={ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ....}

Whole Number: Natural numbers with 0 are termed as whole number

Ex. W={0, 1, 2, 3, 4, ......}

Prime number : A number which is not divisible by other numbers except the number itself and 1
is termed as prime number

Ex. Is 419 a prime number ?

Solution: The square root of 419 is 20 approx. The prime numbers less than 20 are 2, 3, 5, 7, 11,
13, 17, 19 419 is not divisible by any one of them , so 419 is a prime number.

Composite Numbers: Numbers other than one which are not prime are termed as Composite
numbers

Ex. 4, 6, 8, 9, 12

Even Numbers: Numbers which are divisible by 2 ae termed as even numbers. Ex. 2, 4, 6, 8, 10

Odd Numbers: The number which is not divisible by 2 are termed as odd numbers. Ex. 3, 7, 9, 11

Consecutive numbers: Numbers increasing by one are termed as consecutive numbers. Ex. 2, 3,
4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13

Integers: The set of numbers which consists of Negative numbers and whole numbers is known
as Integers.

I= { ....-5, -4, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4..... }

Rational Numbers: The numbers which can be written in the form P / Q , where P and Q are
integers and Q not equal to zero is termed as Rational Numbers. Ex. (1/2), (3/7), (7/11)

Irrational Numbers: The numbers which can not be written in P / Q form are termed as Irrational
Numbers
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Real Numbers: Real number consists of both rational as well as irrational numbers

Ascending or Descending Ordes in Rational Numbers

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Number System Part-2

Important Rules on Counting:-

Rule 1: Sum of first n natural numbers :

Rule 2: Sum of first n odd numbers :

Rule 3: Sum of first n even numbers = n(n+1)

Rule 4: Sum of squares of first n natural numbers :

Rule 5: Sum of cubes of first n natural numbers :

Rule 6: If n is the number of numbers and n is even then n/2 numbers will be even and n/2
numbers will be odd among first n natural numbers.

Rule 7: If n is odd , then there are (n+1)/2 odd numbers and (n-1)/2 even numbers

Rule 8: The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is always an odd
number.

Rule 9: The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is the sum of the two
consecutive numbers

Ex. In the above example 9 + 8 = 17

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Ex. Find out the number of all even numbers from 1 to 300 ?

Solution : Since 300 is an even number so total number of even numbers wil be (n/20) = (300/2)
= 150 even numbers

Ex. What is the sum of all the even numbers from 1 to 381

Solution : Even numbers will be = (381-1)/2= 190

Sum of even numbers = n * (n+1) = 190 (190+1) = 36,290

Ex. Find out of sum of all the odd numbers from 50 to 200

Solution : Required Sum = Sum of all odd numbers from 1 to 200 - Sum of all odd numbers from
1 to 50 :

Rule 10 : Dividend = (Divisor * Quotient) + Remainder

Ex. What least number must be added to 7963 to make it exactly divisible by 65 ?

Solution :On dividing 7963 by 65 we get 33 as remainder, So the number to be added will be 65
- 33 = 32

Ex. What least number must be subtracted from 7963 to make it exactely divisible by 65 ?

Solution : On dividing 7963 by 65 we get 33 as remainder, So the number to be subtracted will

be 33

Ex. Find the least number of five digits which is exactly divisible by 73 ?

Least number of five digits will be 10000, on dividing 10000 by 73 we get 72 as remainder, so
the number will be = 10000 + 72 = 10072

Rule : for finding least number add the remainder to the least number

Ex. find the greatest number of five digits which is exactly divisible by 147 ?

Solution : The greatest number of five digit will be 99999, on dividing it by 147 we get 39 as
remainder, so the required number will be 99999 - 39 = 99960

Rule : For finding greatest number substract the remainder to the greatest number
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Number System Part-3

Finding out the number at the unit place :

Rule 1: When the given number is odd then try to get the last digit as 1

Ex. Find the number at the unit place in (723)^43

Ex. Find the number at the unit place in (257)^61

Rule 2 : When the given number is Even then try to get the last digit as 6

Ex. Find the number at the unit place in (142)^65

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Ex. Find the number at the unit place in (88)^59

Ex. How many prime numbers exist in exist in

Solution :

So, total number of prime numbers will be , Sum of powers of prime= 5 + 9 + 4 + 6 = 24

Ex. A watch ticks 90 times in 95 seconds and another watch ticks

315 times in 323 seconds. If both the watches are started together,
how many times will they tick together in first hour ?

The first watch ticks every 95 / 90 seconds, second watch ticks

every 323 / 315 seconds.

They will tick together after ( LCM of 95 / 90 and 323 / 315 )

seconds.

= LCM of (95, 323) / HCF of (90, 315) = (19 * 5 * 17 ) / 45

The number of times they will tick in the first 3600 seconds = 3600
/ (1615 / 45 ) = 100.30 = 100 + 1 , as it has already ticked first
time.
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Number System Part 4

Rule : Number of Zeroes in an expression

Ex. Find out the number of zeroes in 8 15 23 17 25 22 ?

Solution : (2^3 ) (35) (23) (17) (5^2 ) (112)

Zeroes are formed by combination of 2 * 5, here number of pairs of (2, 5) is 3 so the numbers of
zeros will be three

Ex. The product of two numbers is 60480 and their HCF is 12 . Find the numbers ?

Solution :Since HCF s 12, so the two numbers will be multiple of their HCF

let the first number is 12P and the second number be 12Q

12P 12Q = 60480

P Q = 420

Now pair of numbers whose product is 420 is

( 420, 1 ) ( 210, 2 ) ( 140, 3 ) ( 105, 4 ) ( 60, 7 ) ( 20, 21 )

Out of these ( 210, 2 ) is not prime so neglected

Now the required numbers will be ( 42012, 112 ) ( 14012, 312 ) ( 10512, 412) ( 60 12 ,
712 ) ( 2012, 2112 )

( 5040, 12 ) (1680, 36) ( 1260, 48) ( 720, 84 ) ( 240, 252 ) be the required numbers

Ex. Find the greatest number that will divide 37, 109 and 157 so as to leave the same remainder
in each case ?

Solution :Let the remainder be x, then the numbers :

( 37 - x ) ( 109 - x ) ( 157 - x ) must be divisible by the required number.

Also if two numbers are divisible by the certain number then their difference is also divisible by
that number
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( 109 - x ) - ( 37 - x ) = 72

( 157 - x ) - ( 109 - x ) = 48

( 157 - x ) - ( 37 - x ) = 120

So, the numbers 72, 48, 120 will also be divisible by that number, So HCF of 72, 48, 120 is 24,
therefore required number will be 24

Ex. Find out the number of zeros at the end of products 20151644729525

Solution :

Note : Zeroes can be produced by two ways

(1) If there is any zero at the end of any multiplicand.

(2) If 5 or its multiple are multiplied by any even number.

Now 20151644729525 =

So total number of zeros are 5

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Partnership

Partnership is an association of two or more parties, they put money for business.

Division of Profit and Loss:

Rule : When investment of all partners are for the same time, the loss or profit is distributed
among partners in the ratio of investment.

Ex. Let P and Q invested Rs. a and b for one year in a business then share of profit and loss be ,

P's share of profit : Q's share profit = a : b

Rule : When investments are for different time period, then profit ratio is calculated as capital
multiplied by length of investment

Ex. P's share of profit : Q's share profit = a* t1 : b* t2

Ex. Three partners A, B and C invested Rs. 1000, Rs. 1200 and Rs. 1500 respectively in business
for one year. How should they divide a profit of Rs. 1295 ?

Solution : As investment period is same so, profit should be divided in ratio of capitals as, 10 :
12 : 15, also 10 + 12 + 15 = 37

Ex. A, B and C enter into a business. A put Rs. 1000 for 6 months, B puts Rs. 1200 for 8 months
and C puts Rs. 1400 for 10 months. Their gain was Rs. 666 . Find out the share of each partners.

Solution : Ratio of profits will be 10*6 : 12*8 : 14*10 = 60 : 96 : 140 = 15 : 24 : 35

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Ex. Three friends Ram, shyam and mohan enter into partnership. Ram put one forth of capital for
one fourth of the time. Shyam puts one third of capital for one half of time. Shyam puts remaning
capital for full period of time. Find the division of profit Rs. 806 among three friends.

Solution : Ram's share : Shyam's share : Mohan's share =

Now LCM of 16, 6, 12 is 48, so multiplying the equation by 48 we get ratio as 3 : 8 : 20 , also 3
+ 8 + 20 = 31

Ex. A, B and C enter into a partnership and their shares are in ratio 1/2 : 1/3 : 1/4, after 2 months,
A withdraws half of his capital and after 10 months, a profit of Rs 378 is divided among them.
What is B's share ?

Solution : Ratio of investments =1/2 : 1/3 : 1/4 , now LCM of 2, 3, 4 is 12 on multiplying the
ratio with 12 we get 6 : 4 : 3 , also we assume their initial investment be 6x, 2x and 3x so, we can
write: A : B :C

Ex. A and B are partners in a business. A contributes 1 / 4 of the capital for 15 months and B
received 2 / 3 of the profit, for how long B's money was used ?

Solution : Let total profit is x

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Let total capital invested be Rs P and A's money was used for 15 months while B's money was
used for b months then we can write the equeation as-

So, B's money was used for 10 months

Ex. A began a business with Rs. 21, 000 and is joined afterwards by B with Rs. 42,500. For how
much period does B join, If the profits at the end of the year are divided in the ratio 3 : 1 ?

Solution : Let B joined for P months

then we can write equeation as - ( 85,000 * 12 ) : ( 42,500 * P ) = 3 : 1

Ex. In a business A and C invested amounts in the ratio 2 : 1, whereas the ratio between amounts
invested by A and B was 3 : 2 . If Rs. 56,914 was their profit, how much amount did B receive ?

Solution : A : B = 3 : 2 , A : C = 2 : 1

B:A=2:3,B:A=4:6

Now, A : C = 2 : 1, A : C = 6 : 3 , So B : A : C = 4 : 6 : 3

We can write as A : B : C = 6 : 4 : 3
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Percentage

Rule : If x % of a quantity is taken by the first person, y % of the remaning quantity is taken by
second person and z % of the remaning is taken by third person. If P amount is left in the
balance, then original amount Q will be :-

Rule : If x % of a quantity is added, again y % of the increased quantity is added, again z % of

the increased quantity is added, now it becomes P then the origial quantity Q is given by :

Ex. After deducting 20 % from a certain sum and then 25 % from the remainder, there is Rs.
6000 left Find the original sum ?

Rule : If P is the original population of a town and annual increase is r % then Population after
one year will be :

Rule : If population of a town is P. It increses by x % during first year, increases by y % during

second year and again increases by z % during the third year . Population after 3 years will be :

Rule : If population of a town is P. It decreases by x % during first year, increases by y % during

second year and again increases by z % during the third year . Population after 3 years will be
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Rule : If P is the original population of a town and annual increase is r % then Population after n
years will be

Ex. If During first year population of a town decresed by 10 %, second year population increased
by 10 % . If the population at the end of second year was 9900, find the population at the
begning of the first year ?

Ex. How many kg of pure salt must be added to 50 of 4 % solution of salt and water to increase it
to a 10 % solution ?

Solution :

Let, x kg of pure salt be added to increase it to 10 % of solution, by rule of alligation,

Ex. In an election a candidate who gets 84 % of votes is elected by majority of 476 votes. What
is the total number of votes polled ?

Solution : Let the total number of votes polled be x.

Also votes gained by other candidates= ( 100 - 84 ) % of x = 16 % of x

Now, we can write as 84 % of x - 16 % of x = 476

so, x = 700
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Percentage Part 2

Rule : If the price of a commodity increases by r % , then the reduction in consumption so as not
to increase the expenditure is

Rule : If the price of a commodity decreases by r %, then increase in consumption, so as not to

decrease expenditure on this item, is

Rule : If first value is r % more than the second value, then the second is

Less than the first value

Rule : If the first value id r % less than the second value then, the second value is

More than the first value

Rule : If the value of a number is first increased by x % and later decreased by x %, the net
change is always a decrease which is equal to x % of x OR

Rule : If the value of a quantity first increased by x % and then decreased by y % then there is

Increase or decrease according to +ve or -ve sign

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Rule : If the value is first increased by x % and then by y % then the final increase is given by

Ex. If A' s Salary is 15 % more than B' s salay, then how much percentage B 's income is less
than A 's income

Ex. If The tax on a commodity is diminished by 15 % and its consumption increases by 20 %.

Find the effect on revenue.

Ex. The number of seats in a PVR Hall is increased by 15 %, price on a ticket is also increased
by 5 %. What is the effect on the revenue collected ?

Sol: Effect on Revenue ( % increase ) :

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Percentage Part 3

Rule : If the sides of a triangle, rectangle, square, circle any two dimensional figure are increased
by x %, its area is increased by

Rule : If one side is taken x % in excess and the other y % in deficit. The % error in area will be (
x - y - x y / 100 ) in excess or deficit according to the + ve or - ve sign.

Ex. If the one side of a rectangle is take in 10 % in excess while other taken as in 5 % deficit.
Find the error percentage in area calculated in from the measurment.

Solution : % error = 10 - 5 - (10 * 5 / 100 ) = 5 - 1/ 2 = 9/ 2 % in excess

Rule : A student scores p % in an examination, fail by x marks, while other student scores q % of
marks and gets y marks more than the minimum pass marks. Then the maximum pass marks for
the examination are :
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Ex. A student scores 30 % and fail by 25 marks , while other candidate who scores 55 % marks,
gets 30 marks more than the minimum passed marks. Find the maximum passed marks for the
examination.

Solution : here x = 25 , p = 30 % , y = 30 , q = 55 %

Rule : In an examination x % failed in Hindi and y % failed in Science, If z % of students failed

in both the subjects, the percentage of students who passed in both the subjects will be : 100 - ( x
-y-z)
Proof :
% of students failed in Hindi = ( x - z ) %
% of students failed in Science = ( y - z ) %
% of students failed in both sujects = z %

So % of students passed in both the subject = 100 - [ ( x - z ) + ( y - z ) - z ] = 100 - [ x + y + z ]

Ex. In an examination 35 % students failed in English, 25 % students failed in hindi and 10 %

failed in both the subjects then find the % of students who passed in both the subjects.

Solution : 100 - ( 35 + 25 + 10 ) = 50 %

Ex. There are 600 boys in a hostel. Each plays either hockey or football or both. If 75 % play
hockey and 45 % play football, How many play both ?
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Solution : Let boys playing hockey be denoted by A and boys playing football be denoted by B
then their number be n(A) and n(B)

so, 120 students plays both games

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Permutation And Combination-1

Permutation : The Different arrangments which can be made by taking some or all of the given
things or objects at a time is called Permutation.

Eg. All permutations (arrangements) made with the letters a, b, c by taking two at a time will be
ab, bc, ca, ba, ac, cb

Number of Permutations : Number of all permutations of n things, taking r at a time is :

Note : This is valid only when repetition is not allowed.

Rule : Permutation of n different things taken r at a time When repetition is allowed :

Rule : Permutation of n things taking all n things at a time = n!

Rule : Out of n objects n1 are alike one type, n2 are alike another type, n3 are alike third type, nr
are alike another type such that (n1 + n2 + n3 + ......nr)= n

Combination : Each of the different selections or groups which is made by taking some or all of a
number of things or objects at a time is called combination .

Eg. Let we want to select two out of three objects p, q, r, then possible number of selection will
be pq, qr, rs

here pq and qp denotes same selection, similarly qr and rq denotes the same selection.

Difference between Permutation and combination :

Let we take three objects a, b, c from this all possible arrangements (Permutations)taking all
three at a time will be (abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, cba)
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All possible selection taking all three at a time will be only one abc

Important points :

We can also express it as :

Ex. In how many ways can the letters of the word PATANA can be arranged ?

Solution : Word PATANA has 6 letters 1P, 3A, 1T, 1N

Ex. How many words can be formed from the letters of the word " ENGINEERING" , so that
vowels always come together ?

Solution : Word ENGINEERING has 11 letters, from which EIEEI are vowels, they can e treated
as single letter (EIEEI)NGNRNG,

So seven letters has 3 N, 2 G , 1 R and single (EIEEI)

total number of arrangemnets = 420 * 10 = 4200 (by rule of multiplication)

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Permutation And Combination-2

Ex. In how many different ways can the letters of the word COMPUTER can be arranged in such
a way that vowels may occupy only odd positions ?

Solution : Here odd and even positions are :

C O M P U T E R
(O) (E) (O) (E) (O) (E) (O) (E)

Now 3 vowels O, U , E

Also remaning 5 places can be arranged by C, M, P, T, R

So, required number of ways= 120 * 60 = 7200

Ex. In how many ways can a group of 5 men and 2 women be made out of a total of 7 men and 3
women ?

Solution :

Ex. In a group of 5 boys and 3 girls, 3 childrens are to be selected. In how many different ways
can they be selected such that at east 1 boy should be there ?

Solution : (1boy and 2 Girls) or ( 2 boys and 1 girl ) or ( 3 boys)

Ex. A box contains 2 white balls, 3 black balls and 4 red balls. In how many ways can 3 balls be
drawn from the box, if at least one lack ball is to be included in the draw ?

Solution : No of ways = (drawing 1 black AND 2 others ) OR (drawing 2 black AND 1 others )
OR (drawing 3 blacks )
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Ex. There are 5 boys and 5 girls. In how any ways they can be seated in a row so that all the girls
do not sit together ?

Solution : There are 5 boys and 5 girls, so total number of ways of sitting will be 10 ! in a row.

Now, when all girls sit together, then 5 boys and (group of 5 girls as one person ) , so total
numbers will of six persons, also 5 girls can be arrenged in 5! ways,

No of ways when 5 girls sit together=6!5!

So total no. of ways when all 5 girls do not sit together= total number of ways of sitting 10 boys
and girls - No of ways when 5 girls sit together

Ex. In a party every guest shakes hand with every other guest. If there was total of 105
handshakes in the party, find the number of persons persent in the party ?

Solution : For every handshake two persons are required, let n be the number of persons persent
in the party. So,

so n=15 , -14

Total number of persons present in the party were 15

Ex. Five digits are given as 3, 1, 0, 9, 5

(1) From these digits how many five digits numbers can be formed, without repetition of the
digits ?

(2) How many of them are divisible by 5 ?

(3) How many of them are not divisible by 5 ?

Solution : (1) Total number of 5 digit numbers will be 5! but when 0 be at last place then it will
become 4 digits so ,

Total numbers will be : 5 ! - 4 ! = 96

(2) For divisibility with 5, at unit place number should be 0 or 5

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(a) when unit place has 0,(ex. 39510) then remaning 4 numbers can be arrenged in 4! = 24 ways

(b) when unit place has 5 (ex, 90135 ) then remaning 4 numbers can be arrenged in 4! = 24 ways
, but when 0 wll be at last place (ex. 09315) then
Total number of ways reduced to 4! - 3! = 18

So , Total numbers divisible by 5 will be = 24 + 18 = 42

(3) Numbers not divisible by 5 = ( Total numbers - Numbers divisible by 5 ) = 96 - 42 = 54

Ex. From the word MATHEMATICS

(a) How many different arrangements can be made by using all the letters in the word
MATHEMATICS ?

Solution : Word MATHEMATICS has total 11 letters out of which 2Ms, 2As, 2Ts, rest all single

(b) How many of them begin with I ?

Solution : when I will be fixed at first place , then there will be 10 letters left having 2Ms, 2As,
2Ts

(c) How many of them begin with M ?

Solution : when M will be fixed at first place , then there will be 10 letters left having 2As, 2Ts
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Pipes and Cisterns :

Inlet : A pipe connected with a tank or reservoir for filling is called as inlet

Outlet : A pipe connected with a tank and used for empties it is called outlet.

Rule : If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours, then the part filled in 1 hour = 1 / x

Rule : If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another pipe can empty the full tank in y hours, then
the net part filled in 1 hour, when both the pipes are opened :

Time taken to fill the tank, when both the pipes are opened :

Rule : If a pipe can fill a tank in x hours and another fill the same tank in y hours, then the net
part filled in 1 hr, when both pipes are opened:

So time to fill the tank will be :

Rule: If a pipe fills a tank in x hrs and another fills the same tank in y hrs, but a third empties the
full tank in z hrs and all of them are opened together, the net part filled in 1 hr :

So time taken to fill the tank :

Ex. A tank is filled by three pipes A, B and C. The pipe C is twice as fast as B and B is twice as
fast as A. How much time will pipe A alone take to fill the tank ?
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Solution : Let Pipe A take x hours to fill the tank , then pipes B will take x / 2 hrs and pipe C will
take x / 4 hours respectively.

Then part to be filled by all three pipes in 1 hrs will be :

Ex. Three pipes A, B and C can fill a tank in 6 hours. After working together for 2 hours, C is
closed and A and B can fill the remaning part in 7 hours. Find the number of hours taken by C
alone to fill the tank .

Solution : Work done by A+B+C in 2 hours = 2 /6 = 1 / 3

So, work remaning = 1- ( 1/ 3 ) = 2 / 3
Now (A + B)'s 7 hour work = 2 / 3
( A + B )'s 1 hour work will be = 2 / 21

So C's 1 hour work will be = 1 hour work of (A+B+C) - 1 hour work of (A+B) = ( 1/ 6) - ( 2/ 21)
= 1 / 14

So C alone can fill the tank in 14 hours

Ex. A cistern is normally filled in 8 hrs, but it takes four hrs longer to fill beacuse of a leak in the
bottom. If the cistern is full , how much time the leak will empty it ?

Solution : Let the leak will empty the tank in x hrs.

Then part of cistern filled in 1 hr = ( 1 / 8 ) - ( 1 / x ) = x - 8 / 8x
So cistern will completly filled in 8x / x - 8

Ex. Two pipes A and B can fill a tank in 15 minutes and 20 minutes respectively. Both the pipes
are opened together but after 4 minutes, Pipe A is turned off. What is the total time required to
fill the tank ?

Solution :Part of tank filled by A + B in 1 minute = ( 1 / 15 + 1 / 20 )

So tank filled by A + B in 4 minute = 4 ( 1 / 15 + 1 / 20 ) = 7 / 15
Part remaning = 1 - ( 7 / 15 ) = 8 / 15

1 / 20 part is filled by B in 1 minute

So, 8 / 15 part will be filled in = ( 20 / 1 )* ( 8 / 15 ) = 32 / 3 = 10 minutes 40 sec.

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Probability-2

Ex. In a through of a coin find the probability of getting a tail.

Solution : In this case sample space, S = { H, T } , Event E = { T }

Ex. An unbiased die is tossed. Find the probability of getting of getting a multiple of 2.

Solution : Here Sample space S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, Event E = { 2, 4, 6 } multiple of 2

Ex. An unbiased die is tossed. Find the probability of getting a number less than or equal to 4.

Solution : Here Sample space S = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 }, Event E = { 1, 2, 3, 4 }

number less than or equal to 4.

Ex. Two coins are tossed. What is the probability of getting

(a) At most one head ?

Solution : n(S) = { (HH), (HT), (TH), (TT) } = 4

n(E) = { HT, TH, TT } = 3 at most one head

(b) At most two heads ?

Solution : n(S) = { (HH), (HT), (TH), (TT) } = 4

n(E) = { (HH), (HT), (TH), (TT) }= 4

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Ex. What is the chance that a leap year selected randomly will will have 53 sundays ?

Solution : A leap year has 366 days, out of which there are 52 weeks and 2 more days.

2 more days can be (Sunday, Monday) (Monday, Tuesday) (Tuesday, Wednesday) (Wednesday,
Thrusday) (Thrusday, Friday) (Friday, Saturday) (Saturday, Sunday) = n(S) = 7

So, (Sunday, Monday) and (Saturday, Sunday) = n(E) = 2, therefore chances that a leap year
selected randomly will will have 53 sundays:

Ex. What is the chance that a normal year selected randomly will will have 53 sundays ?

Solution : A normal year has 365 days, out of which there are 52 weeks and
1 more day

So, extra day can be Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thrusday, Friday, Saturday

So, n(S) = 7 , n (E) = 1

Ex. When two dice are thrown, what is the probability that

(a) Sum of numbers appeared is less than equal to 4

Solution : E = { (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (2,1) (2,2) (3,1) }

n(E) = 6 and n(S) = 36

(b) Sum of numbers is a multiple of 4

Solution : E= { (1,3) (2,2) (2,6) (3,1) (3,5) (4,4) (5,3) (6,2) (6, 6) }

n(E) = 9, n (S) = 36
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(c) Numbers appeared are equal

Solution : E = { (1,1) (2,2) (3,3) (4,4) (5,5) (6,6) }

n(E) = 6, n(S) = 36

Ex. A card is drawn at random from a pack of 52 cards, What is the probability that it is

(a) A card of Red Suit ?

Solution : There are 26 cards of Red Suit

(b) An honour card of Black suit ?

Solution : There are 16 honour cards out of which 8 are of Black suit and 8 are of Red Suit. So
n(E) = 8 , n(S)=52

(c) A card is drawn and its number is multiple of 2

Solution : E = 4 (2)'s + 4 (4)'s + 4 (6)'s + 4 (8)'s + 4 (10)'s

So, n(E) = 20, n (S) = 52

(d) A king or a queen ?

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Solution : There are 4 kings and 4 Queens in 52 cards

(e) A king of black suit ?

Solution : There are 2 kings in black suit ( King of Spade and King of Club )

Ex. A bag contains 4 red, 3 yellow and 5 green balls. 3 balls are drawn randomly. What is the
probability that balls drawn contain

(a) Balls of different colors ?

Solution : Toatal numbers of balls = 12

(b) Exactly two Red Balls ?

Solution : Here only three balls are to be drawn out of which condition is of Exactly two Red
balls,

(c) No Red balls ?

Solution : Now three balls can be selected from 3 Y + 5 G balls

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Ex. A bag contains 4 Red balls and 5 Green balls. Two balls are drawn at random. Find the
probability that they are of the same colour ?

Solution : Let S be the sample space and E be the event, so

n(E) = ( Number of ways of drawing 2 balls of Red ) OR ( Number of ways of drawing 2 balls of
Green )

Ex. A three-digit number is formed with the digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 at random. What is probability
that number formed is

(a) Divisible by 2

Solution : From the given digits 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 numbers formed is :

For divisibility with 2, even number or 0 should appear at unit place, here 2, 4 are even numbers
and can occupy unit place in 2 ! ways, Rest 2 place can be filled in :

Ex. Not divisible by 2 ?

Solution : P (Not divisible by 2 ) = 1 - P (Divisible by 2 )

Ex. Divisible by 5 ?
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Solution : A number ends with 5, 0 then the number will be divisible by 5
Here only 5 is present, end place will be fixed by 5 so,

Ex. The letters of the word CASTIGATION is arranged in different ways randomly. What is the
chance that vowels occupy the even places ?

Solution : Vowels are A I A I O,

C A S T I G A T I O N
(O)(E)(O)(E)(O)(E)(O)(E)(O)(E)(O)

So there are 5 even places in which five vowels can be arranged and in rest of 6 places 6
constants can be arranged as follows :

Addition Rule :

(1) If A and B are any two events then the probability of the occurrence of either A or B is given
by :

(2) If A and B are two mutually exclusive events then the probability of occurence of either A or
B is given by :
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(3) If A, B and C are any three events then the probability of occurrence of either A or B or C is
given by :

(4) If A1, A2, A3 ..........An are n mutually exclusive and exhaustive events then the proability of
occurrence of at least one of them is given by :

Multiplication rule :

If A and B are two indepentent events then the probability of occurrence of A and B is given by :

Conditional Probability :

Conditional probability of occurrence of an event A given that the event B has already occurred
is denoted by P (A / B ). Here A and B are depedent events.

If A and B are dependent events, then the probability of occurrence of A and B is given by :

Now we can write as : probability of occurrence of an event A given that the event B has already
occurred

Probability of occurrence of an event B given that the event A has already occurred :

Ex. A number is selected at random from the numbers 1 to 30. What is the probability that it is
divisible by either 3 or 7 ?

Solution : Let A be event of selecting a number divisible by 3. B be the event of selecting a

number divisible by 7.
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A = { 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 }, so n(A)=10

B = { 7, 14, 21, 28 }, n(B)= 4

Since A and B are not mutually exclusive So :

Therefore the probability that a number is divisible by 3 or 7 is 13 / 30

Ex. In the above problem what is the probability that the number selected is divisible by 5 or 13 ?

Solution : Let A be event of selecting a number divisible by 5. B be the event of selecting a

number divisible by 13

A = { 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 } , n (A) = 6

B = { 13, 26 }, n (B) = 2

So, probability that a number is divisible by 5 or 13 is 4 / 15

Ex. The odds favouring the event of a person hitting a target are 3 to 5. The odds against the
event of another person hitting the target are 3 to 2. If each of them fire once at the target, find
the probability that both of them hit the target.

Solution : Let A be the event of first person hitting the target,

Let B be the event of Second person hitting a target.

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Since both events are independent and both will hit the target so,

Ex. In the above example find the probability that at least one one of them hit the target.

Solution : For At least one one of them hit the target.

Ex. The probabilities that drivers A, B and C will drive home safely after consuming liquor are 2
/ 5 , 3 / 7 and 3 / 4, respectively. What is the probability that they will drive home safely after
consuming liquor ?

Solution : Let A be the event of driver A drive safely after consuming liquor.

Let B be the event of driver B drive safely after consuming liquor.

Let C be the event of driver C drive safely after consuming liquor.

The events A, B and C are independent . Therefore,

Therefore, The probability that all the drivers will drive home safely after consuming liquor is 9 /
10

Ex. The probabilities that A and B will tell the truth are 2 / 3 and 4 / 5 respectively . What is the
probability that they agree with each other ?

Solution : Let A be the event of A will tell truth. B be the event of B tell truth
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When both agree then they say true or they say false together, that is

Also these events will be mutually exclusive :

Ex. In the above problem find out the probability that both contradict each other ?

Solution : They will contradict if A tells truth and B tells lies or B tells truth and A tells lies, So

Since these events are mutually exclusively

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Profit and Loss

Rule :

Profit = Selling Price - Cost Price

Loss = Cost Price - Selling Price

Gain or Loss Percentage = ( Loss or Gain / Cost Price )* 100

Ex. If a man purchases 11 balls for Rs 10 and sells 10 balls for Rs. 11 , How much profit or loss
does he make ?

Solution : Cost price of one ball = 10 / 11 , Selling Price of one ball 11 / 10

So % profit or loss will be = [( 11 / 10 - 10 / 11 ) / 10 / 11 ] * 100 = 21 %

Rule : If a grocer sells its goods at cost price, but uses a false weigt instead of true weight. Then
Gain percentage will be :

Ex. A dealer sell its rice at cost price, but uses its weight 900 gm for kg. Find hig gain
percentage.
Solution : % Gain = [ True Weight - False Weight ] / False Weight
Gain % = [ ( 1000 - 900 ) / 900 ] * 100 = 1 * 100 / 9 = 11 . 11 %

Rule : If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x % loss on cost price but uses y gm instead of z gm,
then his % profit or loss is

Rule : If a shopkeeper sells his goods at x % gain on cost price but uses y gm instead of z gm,
then his % profit is

Ex. A seller uses 900 gm in place of one kg to sell his goods. Find his actual % profit or loss
When he sells his articles at 5 % loss on cost price ?
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Ex. A seller uses 900 gm in place of one kg to sell his goods. Find his actual % profit or loss
When he sells his articles at 5 % profit on cost price ?

Rule : If a businessman marks his goods at x % above his cost prie and allowed purchasers a
discount of y % for cash, then % proft or % loss according to + ve or - ve sign is will be

Ex. A grocer allows a discount of 8 % . How much % above cost price he must mark his goods
to make a profit of 12 % ?
Solution :

Rule : Goods Passing through successive hands :- If A sells a good to B at profit of x %, B sells
it to C at a profit of y %. If P Rs. is paid by C then what was the cost price for A?

Ex. If A sells a good to B at profit of 15 %, B sells it to C at a profit of 20 %. If 300 Rs. is paid

by C then what was the cost price for A?

Rule : If A takes a profit of x % by selling it to B and B takes a profit of y % by selling it to C

then the resultant profit percentage is given by -

Rule : If A takes a profit of x % by selling it to B and B takes a loss of y % by selling it to C then

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the resultant profit percentage is given by -

Ex. If A sells a good to B at profit of 15 %, B sells it to C at a profit of 20 %. What is the

resultant profit and loss ?

Ex. By selling a shirt at price 500 a trader get loss of 10 %. At what price he must sell the shirt in
order to get 5 % of profit ?

Solution : Use the formula of Goods Passing through successive hands, here for loss x will be -
10 %
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Races and Games

If P and Q are participating in a race such that . If P is at the starting point and Q is ahead of P by
16 metres, then we can say "P has given Q a start of 16 metres".

In this situation If race is of length 100 meter, then P has to cover 100 metres , while Q has to
cover ( 100 - 16 ) = 84 metres.

Here for a race of 100 metres all these statements are equivalent:

" P beats Q by 16m " or " P gives Q a start of 16m " or " P can give Q 16m "
Games : In a game of 100 if P scores 100 points first then he will be winner

If P scores 100 points and Q scores 85 only then we can say " P has given 15 points to Q "

Ex. P runs 5/3 times fast than Q. If P has given Q a start of 96 m, What should be the distance of
running post so that P and Q reach it at the same time ?

Solution : Rate of A and B = 5/3 : 1 = 15 : 3

From the ratio 15 : 3 we conclude that in a race of 15 m, P gains 12 m more than Q

12 m are being gained by P in a race of 15 m

1 m eing gained by P in a race of 15/12

So both P and Q will reach at same time when post will be 120 m

Ex. P can run a 900 m distance in 2 min and Q can cover the same distance in 2 min. 30 sec. By
how much distance P beat Q ?

Solution: Here Q takes 30 seconds more than P to cover the same distance.

So, P beats Q by 180 m

Ex. P and Q take part in a 100 m race. P runs at 6 km/hr. P gives Q a start of 8 m and still beats
him by 12 seconds. Find out the speed of Q.
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Solution : Since P runs 100 m and speed is 6*(5/18)= 5/3 m/sec

Since P has given Q start of 8 m and beats by 12 sec then , Q will cover 92 m in 72 sec ,

Ex. In a 100 m race , P beat Q by 10 m and R by 15 m . In a race of 180 m, Q will beat R by ?

Solution : Since P : Q = 100 : 90 and P : R = 100 : 85 So,

When Q travels 18 m then R travels 17 m, When Q travels 180 m then R travels :

Ex. In a game of 90 points, A can give B 10 points and C 15 points. Then how any points B can
give C in a game of 80 ?

Solution : A : B = 90 : 80 , A : C = 90 : 75

So in a game of 80 B will give 5 points to C

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Ratio and Proportion

Ratio 3 to 4 can be written as 3:4 or 3 / 4

The first term 3 is called the antecedent(which goes before) and the second term 4 is called the
consequent(Which goes after)

Compound Ratio :Ratio are compounded by multiplying with another ratio.

Duplicate Ratio :Ratio compounded with itself is termed as duplicate ratio.

Ex. ( 3 / 4 )* ( 3 / 4 ) = 3^2 / 4 ^2

Triplicate Ratio : 3^3 / 4^3

Subduplicate Ratio: 3^(1/2) /4^ (1/2)
Subtriplicate Ratio : 3^(1/3) / 4^ (1/3)
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Ex. A, B, C, D are four quantities of same kind such that A : B = 3 : 4 , B : C = 8 : 9 , C : D = 15
: 16 , Find A : B : C : D ?

Rule : If the ratio between the first and the second quantities is a : b and the ratio between the
second and third quantities is c : d, then the ratio among first, second and third quantities is given
by ac : bc : bd

Ex. The sum of three numbers is 98 If the ratio between the first and second be 2 : 3 and that
between the second and third be 5 : 8, then find the second number ?
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Rule : If the ratio between the first and the second quantities is a : b , the ratio between second
and third quantities is c : d and the ratio between the third and fourth is e : f then the ratio among
the first, second, third and fourth quantities is given by ace : bce : bde : bdf

Ex. A can do a piece of work in 10 days. B is 50 % more efficient than A. Find the number of
days it takes B to do the same piece of work ?

Solution : A : B
Efficency 100 : 150
Days 150 : 100
or 3 : 2
So the number of days taken by B to complete the work = ( 2 / 3 )* 10 = 6(2/3) days

Ex. Rs 450 is divided among 4 men , 5 women , and 6 boys such that the share of a man , a
woman and a boy may be in the ratio of 9 : 8 :4 . What is the share of a woman ?

Solution : The ratio of shares of group of men, women and boys =

9 * 8 : 8 * 5 : 4 * 6 = 36 : 40 : 24
Share of five woman will be ( 40 / 100 ) * 450 = Rs 180
So, share of a woman = 180 / 5 = Rs 36

Proportion :- If the two ratios are equal , the equality of a ratio are called proportion. Ex. 2 / 3 , 4
/6

This proportion may be written as 2 : 3 :: 4 : 6

In this 2 and 6 are termed as extremes and the second and third terms are called means.

Rule : If the two ratios are in proportion then the product of extremes is equal to the product of
means
Ex. 2 / 3 and 4 / 6
2 : 3 = 4 : 6 => 2 * 6 = 3 * 4
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Rule: For continued proportion of three quantities a, b, c ratio of a : b = b : c

Ex. Find the mean proportional between 4 and 64

Soluion : 4 : x :: x : 64
So x = (4 * 64 )^ 1/2 = 16

Inverse Proportion :In this proportion if one of the term is increased corresponding term
decreased. For better understanding see the example

Ex. If 15 men can reap a field in 28 days, in how many days will 10 men reap ?
Solution: Here if number of days decreased number of men will increased. So this is the example
of inverse proportion.

1 / 15 : 1 / 10 :: 28 : The required number of days

10 : 15 :: 28 : The required number of days

In this case the required value = Multiplication of means / 1 st term , Place the required value at
4th place

Required Value = ( 15 * 28 ) / 10 = 42

Ex. A fort has food for 160 people for 50 days. After 10 days, 20 people left the fort. How long
the food last at the same rate for the remaining people ?

Solution: This is also an example of inverse proportion, The remaining food will ast for 50 - 10 =
40 days
1/ 160 : 1/140 :: 40 : The required number of days

140 : 160 :: 40 : The required number of days

The required number of days =Multiplication of means / 1 st term = ( 160 * 40) / 140 = 45 days

Compounded Proportion :-
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Ex. If 8 men can reap 80 hectares in 24 days, how many hectares can 36 men reap in 30 days ?

Ex. Divide Rs. 1560 among three persons A, B and C such that if their shares be diminished by
Rs 10, 20, 30 , the remainders shall be in the ratio 3 : 4 : 5

Ex. Divide Rs 1320 among 7 men, 11 women and 5 boys such that each woman may have 3
times as much as a boy, and a man as much as a woman and a boy together. Find how much each
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person receives ?
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Simple Interest

Principal : The money borrowed or lent for a certain period is called Sum or Principal

Interest : The extra money paid for the money borrowed is termed as Interest.

Simple Interest :Interest paid on principle amount for certain period of time is termed as simple
interest.

Where P is Principle, T is Number of years, R is Rate of Interest

Rule : Simple Interest for D number of days, If P is Principle amount and R is Rate.

Ex. Mohan borrowed some money at the rate of 5 % p. a. for the first two years, at a rate of 8 %
p. a for the next three years, and at the rate of 10 % for the period beyond five years.. If he pays
total interest of Rs. 12500 at the end of 8 years, how much mony did he borrows ?

Solution : Let P be the sum borrowed

Ex. A sum of money doubles itself in 8 years at simple interest. What is the rate of interest ?

Solution :Let the Sum is Rs 100, after 8 years it will become 200
So Interest will be = 200 - 100 = 100 , so the rate of interest will be :

Ex. A sum of money amounts to Rs. 9800 after 5 yers and Rs. 12005 after 8 years at the same
rate of simple interest. What is the rate of interest per annum ?

Solution : Simple interest for 8 years - Simple interest of 5 years = Simple interest for 3 years =
12005 - 9800 = 2205
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Time and Distance

Formulae :

Distance = Speed * Time

Rule : If certain distance is covered at x km/hr and the same distance is covered at y km / hr then
the average speed during whole journey is :

Ex. Ram can cover a certain distance in 1 hr 30 min. By covering two third of the distance at 4
kmph and the rest at 5 kmph. Find the total distance covered ?

Solution : Let the total distance be x km then:

Ex. Walking at 4 / 5 of its normal speed, a school bus is 10 minutes late. Find its usual time to
cover the journey.

Solution : New Speed = 4 / 5 of original speed, since the speed and time has inverse relation so,
New Time taken by bus = 5 / 4 of the normal time

( 5 / 4 of usual time ) - ( usual time ) = 10 min.

1 / 4 of the normal time = 10 min

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normal time = 40 min

Ex. The distance between two stations Delhi and Lucknow is 500 km. A train starts at 5 pm from
delhi and moves towards Lucknow at an average speed of 50 km / hr, Another train starts at 4.20
pm and moves towards delhi at an average speed of 70 km/hr. How far from delhi the two trains
meet and at what time ?

Solution : Let the two trains meets at a distance of x km from delhi.

Now [Time taken by train from Lucknow to cover (500-x)km] - [Time taken by train from delhi
to cover x km ] = 40 / 60

Ex. Bullcart A cover a certain distance at the speed of 15 km/hr, another bullcart B covers the
same distance at the speed of 16 km/hr. If Bull cart A takes 16 minutes longer than B to cover
the same distance find the distance?

Solution : let the distance is x km

Time taken by A= x / 15 hrs
Time taken by B= x / 16 hrs

Ex. A train travells at average speed of 100 km / hr, it stops for 3 mins after travelling 75 kms of
diatance. How long it takes to reach 600 kms from the starting point.

Solution : Time taken to travel 600 kms= 600 / 100 = 6 hrs

But it stop after travelling 75 kms , so number of stoping point in 600 kms will be= 600 / 75 = 8,
but the last stoping point is actual end stoping so
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Number of stoping point will be 7, and time taken= 7*3= 21 minutes
So total time = 6 hrs 21 mins

Ex. A is faster than B . A and B each walk 24 km. The sum of their speeds is 7 km / hr and the
sum of their time taken is 14 hrs. Then A's speed is equal to :

Solution : Let A's speed = x km / hr and B's speed is = 7 - x km / hr

(x-3) (x-4) = 0

x=3, x=4, So A's speed is 4 km / hr, B's speed is 3 km / hr

Ex. A man on tour travels first 180 km at 60 km / hr and next 180 km at speed of 80 km / hr .
The average speed of first 360 km of the tour is :

Solution : Total time taken = ( 180 / 60 ) + ( 180 / 80 ) = 21 / 4 hrs

Ex. A train running at 3 / 7 of its own speed reached the destination in 14 hours, how much time
could be saved if the train would have run at its own speed ?

Solution : New speed = 3 / 7 of normal speed

So, New Time will be = 7 / 3 of normal time. (Invers relation )

As 7 / 3 of normal time is = 14 hours

So, normal time = (14 * 3 / 7 ) = 12 hrs

So time saved = 14 - 12 = 2 hours

Ex. Speed ratio of two school buses A and B in covering a certain distance is 4 : 5, If A takes 30
minutes more than B covering the distance, then time taken by B to reach the destination is :

Solution : Since speed ratio is 4 : 5

Time ratio will be 5 : 4 , let A takes 5x hrs and B takes 4x hrs to reach the destination then ,
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Time and Work

Rule : If A can do a piece of work in D days, then A's 1 day's work = 1/D

Rule : If A's work efficiency is 2 times as compared to B then

Ratio of work done by A and B is 2 :1
Ratio of times taken by A and B to finish a work = 1 : 2 (inverse ratio)

Ex. A does a work in 10 days and B does the same work in 15 days. In how many days they
together will do the same work ?

So both will finish the work in 6 days

Ex. If A and B together can do a job in x days and A alone can do the same job in y days, then
how many days it taken by B to complete the same job ?

Rule : Let M1 person can do W1 work in D1 days with time T1 and M2 person can do W2 work
in D2 days with time T2, then the relationship can be written as :

Ex. If 40 people can make 60 toys in 8 hrs, if 8 people leave the work, how many toys can make
in 12 hrs ?

Solution : here M1= 40, D1= 8 hrs, W1= 60, M2= 32, D2 =12 hrs, W2= ?
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Rule : If A, B and C can do a work in x, y and z days respectively then all of them working
together can finish the work in :

Ex. A and B can do a piece of work in 12 days , B and C in 15 days and C and A can do in 20
days. How long would each take seperately to do the same work ?

A+B+C can do the work in 5*2= 10 days

Ex. If 3 men or 4 women can do a work in 43 days, how long will 7 men and 5 women take to
comlete the work ?
Solution:
3 men can complete 1 / 43 of work in a day
1 man can complete 1 /(43*3) work in a day
4 women can complete 1/ 43 of work in a day
1 woman can complete 1 / (43*4) of the work in a day

So, 7 men and 5 women will complete the work in 12 days

Ex. Seven men can complete a work in 12 days. They started the work and after 5 days, two men
left. In how many days will the work be completed by the remaning men ?
Soution :
7 men 1 day's work will be 1 / 12
1 man 1 day work will be 1 / (12*7) = 1 / 84
7 men 5 days work will be 5 / 12, so remaning work will be (1- 5/ 12) = 7 / 12
5 mens 1 day work will be 5 / 84

Ex. A man, a women and a boy can complete a job in 3, 4 and 12 days respectively. How many
boys must assist 1 man and 1 woman to complete the job in 1/4 of a day ?
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Solution :
1 man's + 1 woman's one day work = 1 / 3 + 1 / 4 = 7 / 12
work done by 1 man + 1 woman in 1 / 4 day = (7 / 12 )*( 1 / 4 )= 7 / 48
So the work remains=(1-7/48)= 41 / 48
Also work done by one boy in 1 / 4 day = (1 / 12 )*(1 / 4 ) = 1 / 48

Since 1 / 48 work is done by 1 boy in 1 / 4 days

So 41 / 48 work can be done by ( 41 / 48 ) * (48 / 1) = 41

Ex. 10 men and 15 women together can complete a work in 6 days. It takes 100 days for one man
alone to complete the same work.How many days will be required for one woman alone to
complete the same work ?
Solution :
1 man's one day work = 1 / 100
( 10 men's + 15 women's ) 1 day work= 1 / 6
15 women's one days work = (1 / 6 )- ( 10 / 100 ) = 1 / 15
1 woman 1 day work = ( 1 / 15* 15 ) = 1 / 225

So one woman will complete the work in 225 days

Ex. If 6 men and 8 boys can do a piece of work in 10 days while 26 men and 48 boys can do the
same in 2 days, the time taken by 15 men and 20 boys in doing the same type of work will be :
Solution :
(6 men and 8 boys ) 1 day work = 1 / 10
Thie can be written as equeation form, let 1 man's one day work is M and one boy's one day
work is B

6 M + 8 B = 1 / 10
Similarly 15 M + 20 B = 1 / 2 on solving M = 1 / 100, B = 1 / 200
Now ( 15 men + 20 boy ) 1 day's work = ( 15 / 100 )+ ( 20 / 100 ) = 1 / 4

So 15 men and 20 boys can do the work in 4 days.

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Train Prolems

Rule : When two trains are moving in opposite diections, then relatve speed will be the addition
of their individiual speeds.

Rule : When two trains are moving in same diection, then relatve speed will be the subtrction of
their individiual speeds.

Rule : On passing a platform by a certain train the net distance travelled is the sum of length of
train and the length of platform both.

Rule : When a train passes through a pole or person standing, net distance travelled to pass is the
length of the train

Ex. A train 120 m long is running at the speed of 54 km /hr. Find the time taken it to pass a man
standing near the railway track.

Solution : speed of train = [54 * ( 5 / 18 ) ] = 15 m / sec

length of train = 120 m , So required time :

Ex. A train is moving at a speed of 54 km / hr. If the length of the train is 100 meters, how long
will it take to cross a railway platform 110 meters long ?

Solution : speed of train = [54 * ( 5 / 18 ) ] = 15 m / sec

Distance covered in passing the platform = 100 + 110 = 210 m

Ex. Two trains 125 m and 100 m in length respectively are running in opposite directions, one at
the rate of 50 km / hr and the other at the rate of 40 km /hr. At what time they will clear each
other from the moment they meet ?

Solution : Relative speed of trains = (50 + 40) km / hr = [90 * ( 5 / 18 ) ] = 25 m / sec

Total length to be travelled = 125 + 100 = 225 m

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Ex. Two trains 110 m and 100 m in length respectively are running in same directions, one at the
rate of 100 km / hr and the other at the rate of 64 km / hr. At what time faster train will clear
other train from the moment they meet ?

Solution : Since trains are running in same direction, so relative speed = 100-64 = 36 km / hr = [
36 * ( 5 / 18 )] = 10 m / sec

Total length to be travelled = 110 + 100 = 210 m

Ex. A train 125 m in length, moves at a speed of 82 km / hr , In what time the train will cross a
boy who is walking at 8 km / hr in opposite direction ?

Solution : Relative speed = 82+8 = 90 km / hr = [ 90 * ( 5 / 18 )] = 25 m / sec

Ex. A train passes a standing pole on the platform in 5 seconds and passes the platform
completely in 20 seconds. If the length of the platform is 225 meters. Then find the length of the
train ?

Solution : Let the length of the train is x meter

So speed of train =( x / 5 ) m / sec

Also speed of train = ( 225 + x ) / 20 m/sec

Ex. Two trains of length 115 m and 110 m respectively run on parallel rails. When running in the
same direction the faster train passes the slower one in 25 seconds, but when they are running in
opposite directions with the same speeds as earlier, they pass each other in 5 seconds. Find the
speed of each train ?

Solution :
Let the speed of trains be x m/sec and y m/sec espectively.

When they move in same direction their relative speed is : x - y

When they moves in opposite direction their relative speed is : x + y

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On solving two equations x=27 m/s and y=18 m/sec

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Tables and bar graphs

Tips for solving tables and graphs problems -

(1)= Read and view tables and diagram properly.

(2)= Put proper attention, what sum rows and sum of columns represents.

(3)= Take care regarding of units.

(4)= Try to understand the question, sometimes you can solve in your mind by just looking at
data.

(5)= Most of the questions can be solved by approximation, thus you can save time by avoiding
calculation.

Ex. Study the table and answers the questions.

Financial Statement of A company Over the years

(Rupees in Lakhs )
Profit before Net
Gross Interest Deprciation
Year interesrt and profit
Turnover Rs. Rs.
depreciation Rs.
2000-01 1360.00 381.90 300.00 70.00 10.66
2001-02 1402.00 403.92 315.35 71.10 18.45
2002-03 1538.40 520.05 390.80 80.01 49.15
2003-04 2116.34 600.02 440.89 89.0 66.00
2005-06 2521.00 810.00 500.90 91.92 212.80
2006-07 2758.99 920.00 600.00 99.00 220.80

Q (1) During which year did the 'Net Profit ' exceed Rs. 1 crore for the first time ?

(a) 2006-07 (b)2005-06 (c) 2003-04

(d) 2002-03 (e) None of these

Solution :By looking at the table we find option (b) as correct

Q(2) During which year was the " Gross Turnover " closet to thrice the 'Profit before Interest and
Depreciation' ?
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(a) 2006-07 (b)2005-06 (c) 2003-04

(d) 2002-03 (e) 2001-02

Solution : Here we have to find out the ratio of "Gross turnover " to the "Profit before Interest
and Depreciation "

for 2006-07 ratio = 2758.99 / 920 = 3.0 , since we get answer by hit and trial of first option only
then we need not have to find other option.

So, correct option is (a) 2006-07

Q(3) During which of the given year did the 'Net profit ' form the highest proportion of the '
Profit before Interest and Depreciation ?

(a) 2005-06 (b) 2003-04 (c) 2002-03

(d) 2001-02 (e) 2000-01

Solution : Here we will find the reverse ths ratio between ( Profit before Interest and
Depreciation / Net Profit ) and try to find lowest ratio also we use approximation for saving time

For 2005-06, 81 / 21 = 4 approx.

For 2003-04, 60 / 6.6 = 9 approx

For 2002-03, 520 / 50 = 10 approx

For 2001-02, 40 / 1.8 = 22 approx

For 2000-01, 380 / 10 = 38 approx

So, lowest ratio is for 2005-06 it means reverse ratio between (Net Profit / Profit before Interest
and Depreciation ) will be highest, so option (a) is correct

Q(4) Which of the following registered the lowest increase in terms of rupees from the year
2005-06 to the year 2006-07 ?

(a) Gross turnover (b) Profit before interest and depreciation (c) Depreciation

(d) Interest (e) Net Profit

Solution : We calculation with approximation in mind

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(a) 2758 - 2520= 2200 approx.

(b) 92 -81 =11= 110 approx

(c) 99 - 91.92 = 08.09 approx

(d) 600 - 505 = 95 approx

(e) 220 - 212= 08 approx

So correct option is (e) Net profit

Q(5) The gross Turnover for 2002-03 is of what percentage of the 'Gross Turnover ' for 2005-06
?

(a) 61 (b) 163 (c) 0.611

(d) 39 (e) 0.006

Solution : 2002-03 Gross Turnover 1538.40

For 2005-06 Gross Turnover 2521.00

So option (a) is correct

Ex. Marks otained by different students in different subjects

Subject (Maximum Marks )

Students Social Phy.

Hindi English Maths Science Sanskrit
std. Edu
(100) (100) (100) (75) (50)
(100) (75)
Anupam 85 95 87 87 65 35 71
Bimal 72 97 55 77 62 41 64
Chaman 64 78 74 63 55 25 53
Devendar 65 62 69 81 70 40 50
Girish 92 82 81 79 49 30 61
Vivek 55 70 65 69 44 28 30
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Q(1) How many students have scored the lowest marks in two or more subjects ?
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 1
(d) 0 (e)4

Solution :Here option (a) is correct by looking at table we find Chaman and Vivek has scored
lowest marks in two or more subjects

Vivek in Hindi, Science, Phy. Edu

Chaman in Social std, Sanskrit

Q(2) Who has scored the highest marks in all the subjects together ?
(a) Devendar (b) Chaman (c) Anupam
(d) Girish (e)Bimal

Solution : For this calculate total toatal of each students in options

Devendar = 65 + 62 + 69 + 81 + 70 + 40 + 50 = 437

Chaman = 64 + 78 + 74 + 63 + 55 + 25 + 53 = 412

Anupam = 85 + 95 + 87 + 87 + 65 + 35 + 71 = 525

Girish = 92 + 82 + 81 + 79 + 49 + 30 + 61= 474

Bimal = 72 + 97 + 55 + 77 + 62 + 41 + 64 = 468

So correct option is (3) Anupam

Q (3) What is the percentage of Devendar's marks (upto two digits after decimal) in all the
subjects together ?
(a) 88.63 (b) 77.38 (c) 67.83
(d) 62.83 (e)72.83

Solution : Devendar's total marks = 437

Q (4) Marks obtained by Chaman in Hindi are what percentage of marks ( upto two digits after
decimal ) obtained by Anupam in the same subject ?
(a) 75.92 (b) 78.38 (c) 77.29
(d) 75.29 (e)72.83

Solution: Marks obtained in Hindi by Chaman = 64, by Anupam= 85

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Q (5) What are the average marks obtained by all the students together in Science ?
(a) 55.75 (b) 57.50 (c) 60.00
(d) 59.50 (e)58.00

Solution : Average maks obtained in Science =

So, option (b) true

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Venn Diagram

Venn Diagram : Pictorial representation of sets by means of diagrams is termed as Venn

Diagrams.

Elements of Sets : The objects in a set are termed as elements or members of sets.

Let A and B are two sets, such that

A= { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 }

B= { 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20 }

For this Venn Diagram representation will be :

Where,

A - B = This set has elments which are only in A

B - A = This set has elments which are only in B

A B is set which has comman elements both from A and B

Also number of elements in A B is same as number of elements in B A

So, n(A B) = n(B A)

Also, n(A B) = n(B A)

From Venn Diagram we can see that n(A) = n(A-B) + n(AB) ...........(a)

Similarly, n(B) = n(B-A) + n(BA) ............(b)

Also from Diagram we can write,

n(AB) = n(A-B) + n(AB) + n(B-A) .............(c)

On adding (a) and (b)

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n(A) + n(B) = n(A-B) + n(B-A) + n(AB) + n(AB)

or n(A) + n(B) - n(AB) = n(A-B) + n(B-A) + n(AB) ..................(d)

From equation (c) and (d) we can write

n(AB) = n(A) + n(B) - n(AB)

Ex. Among 56 people collected in a dinner party, 24 eats non veg food but not veg food and 28
eats non-veg food.

Q(1)= Find out how how many eat veg and non veg both ?

Solution : here n(NV) = 56 , n(N-V) = 24 and n(N) = 28

Now n(N) = n(N-V)+ n(N V)

28=24+ n(N V)

So, n(N V) =4 , Hence 4 people eat veg and non veg both

Q(2) Find out how many of them eat Veg but not non veg ?

Solution : We can write n(NV) = n(N) + n(V) - n(NV)

56 = 28 + n(V) - 4

n(V) = 32

Also, n(V) = n(V-N) + n(VN)

32 = n(V-N) + 4

n(V-N) = 28, Hence 28 people eats Veg but not non veg

Ex. In a club of 48 people, 24 plays cricket and 16 plays cricket but not hockey. Find the number
of people in club who plays hockey but not cricket ?

Solution :Let C denotes the cricket and H denotes hockey, according to question,

n(CH)=48, n(C)=24 n(C-H)=16

Now n(C)= n(C - H) + n(CH)

24 = 16 + n(CH)
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n(CH)= 8

Now, n(CH)=n(C)+n(H)-n(CH)

48 = 24 + n(H) - 8

n(H)=32

n(H)=n(H-C)+ n (H C)

32 = n(H-C) + 8

n(H-C)= 32-8 = 24

So, people in club who plays hockey but not cricket are 24

Ex. In a society of 80 people, 42 read Times Of India and 35 read The Hindu, while 8 people don
not read any of the two news papers.

Q(1) Find the number of people , who read at least one of the two news papers .

Solution : Here total number of people are 80 out of which 8 do not read any news paper, so 80 -
8 = 72 people read remaning two news papers

So, n(TH)=72, n(T)=42, n(H)=35

So, the number of people , who read at least one of the two news papers = n(TH)=72

Q(2) Find the number of people in society , who read both news papers .

Solution :n(TH) = n(T) + n(H) - n(TH)

72 = 42 + 35 - n(TH)

n(TH) = 77 - 72 = 5

So, the number of people in society , who read both news papers = 5

Ex. In a society 50 % people read Times Of India, 25 % read The Hindu. 20 % read both news
papers. What % of people read neither Times Of India nor The Hindu ?

Solution : n(T)=50, n(H)=25, n(TH)=20

n(TH) = n(T) + n(H) - n(TH)

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n(TH) = 50 + 25 - 20 = 55

Since 55 % people read either Times Of India or The Hindu , so remaning 100 - 55 = 45 %

So, 45 % of people read neither Times Of India nor The Hindu

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Bar Graphs

Bar Graphs Next- Line Graphs

Read aptitude tutorial of Bar and Graphs, Bar and Graph tutorial for exams, Bar and Graph questions for
Bank PO, Bar and Graph questions for MBA exams, Bar and Graph questions for MAT CAT IIFT Campus
Placement exams, Bar and Graph tutorial for SSC RRB IGNOU Hotel Management exms, Bar and Graph
questions asked in Wipro TCS Accenture Infosys HCL campus exam

Ex. Production of steel by six different companies in three cosecutive years 1994-95-96( In Lakh Tonnes )
are being given

Q(1) What is the difference between average production of the six companies in 1995 and average
production of the same companies in 1994 ?

Solution : Sum of production in 1995= 55+55+40+70+70+45=335

Sum of production in 1994=50+45+30+50+70+35=280

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Difference=916666 tonnes.

Q(2) What is the % decline in production by company C from 1995 to 1996 ?

Solution :For company c production in 1995= 40 and in 1996=35

Q(3) Which of the following companies recorded the minimum % growth from 1994 to 1995 ?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D (e) F

Solution :On seeing graph it is clear that company E has recorded minimum growth from 1994 to 1995

Q(4) Production of company ' C ' in 1995 and production of company ' F ' in 1994 together is what % of
production of B in 1996 ?

Solution : Production of C in 1995 = 40 , Production of F in 1994 = 35

Sum = 75, production of B in 1996 = 60

Q(5) In which of the following pairs of companies the difference between average production for the
three years is maximum ?
(a) E and F (b) D and F (c) E and C (d) A and E (e) None of these

Solution : From the graph we can see that highest production average is for company E and Lowest
production average is for company C, so difference between average production for the three years is
maximum for company E and C, So, option (c) is correct
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Ex. Toatal sale of English and Hindi Newspapers in Five different Localities of a city are given. ( Note : Do
not get confused by axis of data, it is shown in cylendrical way, so value is same as shown in y axis )

Q(1) What is the difference between the total sale of english Newspapers and total sale of Hindi
newspapers in all the localities together ?

(a) 6000 (b) 6500 (c) 70000 (4)7500 (5) None of these

Solution : Total Sum of all the English News papers = 7500 + 9000 + 9500 + 7000 + 6500 = 39500

Total Sum of all the Hindi News papers = 5500 + 8500 + 4500 + 9500 + 5000 = 33000

Difference = 39500 - 33000 = 6500, so option (b) is correct

Q(2) The sale of English News paper in locality A is approximatley what % of the total sale of english
newspapers in all the localities together ?
(a) 527 (b) 25 (c) 111 (4)236 (5) 19

Solution : Total sum of sale of english newspapers in all the localities together = 39500 as calculated
above

Sale of English News paper in locality A = 7500 ( from fig. above )

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So option (5) is correct.

Q(3) What is the respective ratio of the sale of Hindi Newspapers in locality A to the sale of Hindi
Newspapers in locality D
(a) 11 : 19 (b) 6 : 5 (c) 5 : 6 (4)19 : 11 (5) None of these

Solution :sale of Hindi Newspapers in locality A=5500

sale of Hindi Newspapers in locality D=9500

So, option (a) is correct

Q(4) The sale of English Newspaper in localities B and D together is approximately what % of the sale
English Newspaper in localities A, C and E together ?
(a) 162 (b) 84 (c) 68 (4)121 (5) 147

Solution : Sum of the sale of English Newspaper in localities B and D together = 9000 + 7000 = 16000

Sum of the sale of English Newspaper in localities A, C and E together = 7500 + 9500 + 6500 = 23500

So, option (c) is correct

Q(5) What is the average sale of hindi news papers in all the localities together ?
(a) 6600 (b) 8250 (c) 5500 (4)4715 (5) None of these

Solution : Sum of the sale of Hindi Newspapers in all localities = 33000 as calculated in Q(1)

So, option (a) correct

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Tutorial-Line Graphs

Read aptitude tutorial of Line Graphs, Line Graphs Tutorial, Line graph questions and Answers,
Concept of Line Graphs, Line Graphs questions asked in Bank PO exam, Line Graphs questions
asked in Bank MBA exam, Line Graphs questions asked in CAT, Line Graphs questions asked in
MAT, Line Graphs questions and answers for Campus Placement, Line Graphs questions and
answers for RRB, SSC, Wipro TCS Accenture Infosys HCL campus exam

Ex. Number of hotels in a state, according to years are given ( Study the given chart carefully
and then answer the questions accordingly )

Q(1) The approximate % increase in hotels from year 1989 to 1994 was
(a) 75 (b) 100 (c) 125 (d) 150 (e) 175

Solution :

Option (b) is correct

Q(2) If the number of newly made hotels in 1991 was less by 10 then what is the ratio of the
number of hotels in 1991 and that in 1990 ?
(a) 14 : 11 (b) 3 : 4 (c) 4 : 5 (d) 5 : 4 (e) 1 : 4

Solution : No of hotels in 1991 will be 570 - 10 = 560

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Option (a) is correct

Q(3) If the % increase in the number of hotels from 1993 to 1994 continued up to 1995 then
what is the number of hotels built in 1995 ?
(a) Minimum 75 (b) Minimum 70 (c) Minimum 50 (d) Minimum 139 (e) Minimum
80

Solution : First find % increase in 1994 from 1993

Now 18 % of 838 = 150

So, nearest option is (d) Minimum 139 hotels

Q(4) In which of the given years increase in hotels in comparison to the previous year is the
maximum ?
(a) 1990 (b) 1991 (c) 1992 (d) 1993 (e) 1994

Solution :

So option (b) is correct

Q(5) If increase in hotels from 1991 to 1992 is P % and increase in hotels from 1992 to 1994 is
Q % , then which of the following relations between P and Q is true ?
(a) Data is inadequate (b) P < Q (c) P = Q (d) P > Q (e) None of these
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Solution : P % = 24.56 % from question (4)

Q % = 18.05 %

So P > Q, option (d) correct

Ex. % profit earned by two companies over the years is given in graph. Also

Ex. If the expenditure of Company B in 2000 was Rs. 200 crores, what was its income ?
(a) Rs. 240 crores (b) Rs. 220 crores (c) Rs. 160 crores (d) Can not be determined
(e) None of these.

Solution : Let income be Rs x crores so, we can use the above formula as

40 = x - 200

x= 240 crores

Ex. If the income of company A in 2002 was Rs. 600 crores. What was its expenditure ?
(a) Rs. 360 crores (b) Rs. 480 crores (c) Rs. 375 crores (d) Can not be determined (e) None of
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these.

Solution : For company A in 2002 % profit was 60 % , Let expenditure be x crores , so

Ex. If the income of a company B in 1998 was Rs. 200 crores, what was its profit in 1999 ?
(a) Rs. 21.5 crores (b) Rs. 153 crores (c) Rs. 46.15 crores (d) Can not be determined (e) None of
these.

Solution : Profit can be calculated only when Income and expenditure of the given year should
be known. So, option (d) is correct

Ex. If the Incomes of the two companies in 1998 were equal, what was the ratio of their
Expenditure ?
(a) 1 : 2 (b) 26 : 27 (c) 100 : 67 (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these.

Solution : Let, the income of both companies be P, expenditure of A is E1 and expenditure of B

is E2 Now we can write,

So, option (b) is correct

Ex. What is the % increase in % profit for company B from year 2000 to 2001 ?
(a) 75 (b) 175 (c) 42.86 (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these.

Solution :
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Tutorial-Pie Chart

Read aptitude tutorial of Pie Chart, Pie Chart Tutorial, Pie Chart questions and Answers,
Concept of Pie Chart, Pie Chart questions asked in Bank PO exam, Pie Chart questions asked in
Bank MBA exam, Pie Chart questions asked in CAT, Pie Chart questions asked in MAT, Pie
Chart questions and answers for Campus Placement, Pie Chart questions and answers for RRB,
SSC, Wipro TCS Accenture Infosys HCL campus exam

A Pie Chart is a pictorial representation of a numerical data by non intersecting adjecent sectors
of the circle such that area of each sector is proportional to the magnitude of the data represented
by the sector.

(a) The whole circle represents the total and the sectors, individual quantities.

(b) The sectors, are made considering the fact that the central angle is 360

(c) The central angle, 360 can be divided in the ratio of quantities given.

(d) Central angle or Angle of the sector is :

The number of students studying in different faculties in the years 2001 and 2002 from state A is
as follows
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Ex. In which faculty there was decrease in the number of students from 2001 to 2002 ?
(a) Arts (b)Agriculture (c) Pharmacy (d)None (e) None of these

Solution : For Arts, Number of students in 2001 and 2002

For Agriculture Number of students in 2001 and 2002

For pharmacy % is already more and total number of students are already more in 2002, so
correct option will be for Agriculture, option (b) is true

Ex. What is the ratio between the number of students studying pharmacy in the years 2001 and
2002 respectively ?
(a) 4 : 3 (b) 3 : 2 (c) 2 : 3 (d) 7 : 12 (e) None of these

Solution : Ratio between the number of students studying pharmacy in the years 2001 and 2002
=
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Option (d) is true

Ex. What was the approximate percentage increase in the number of students of Engineering
from the year 2001 to 2002 ?
(a) 17 (b) 15 (c) 25 (d) 23 (e) 20

Solution : Number of engineering students in 2001 =

Number of engineering students in 2002 =

Total increase = 7600 - 6300 = 1300

Ex. In the year 2001, the number of students studying Arts and Commerce together is what
percentage of the number of students studying these subjects together in 2002 ?
(a) 76 (b) 85 (c) 82 (d) 79 (e) None of these

Solution : Number of students studying Arts and Commerce together in 2001 =

Number of students studying Arts and Commerce together in 2002 =

So, option (b) is true

Ex. In which of the following faculties the percent increase in the number of students was
minimum from 2001 to 2002 ?
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(a) Arts (b) Science (c) Commerce (d) Medicine (e) Engineering

Solution : This question is quit lengthy, First find respective number of students in the given
years according to subjects
Arts Science Commerce Medicine Engineering
2001 4200 8400 7700 3850 6300
2002 4400 8800 9600 4000 7600

Ex. Study the given graph and table and answer the following questions given below. ( Total
population of all states given in Pie chart is 25 lakha )

In the year 1998 the data of different states regarding population of states
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Sex and literacy wise population ratio

States Sex Literacy

M F Literate Illiterate

UP 5 3 2 7

Bihar 3 1 1 4

AP 2 3 2 1

Kar 3 5 3 2

MH 3 4 5 1

TN 3 3 7 2

Kerala 3 4 9 4

Q(1) Approximately what is the total number of literate people in MH and Kar together ?
(a) 4.5 lakhs (b) 6.5 Lakhs (c) 3 lakh (d) 3.5 lakhs (e) 6 lakhs

Solution : Population of Kar is 15 %

So, Total number of literate people in Kar is :

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Population of MH is 11 %

So, number of literate people in MH and Kar together = 2.29 + 2.25 = 4.54 lakhs

So, option (a) is correct

Q(2). Approximately what will be the percentage of total male in UP , MH and kerala of the total
population of the given states ?
(a) 20% (b) 18% (c) 28% (d) 30% (e) 25%

Solution : Population in UP is 25 %

Population in MH = 2.75 lakhs from Q(1)

Population in Kerala = 8 %

So, Sum of male population of UP, MH and kerala = 3.93 + 1.17 + 0.85 = 5.95 lakhs

option (e) correct

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Alliagations And Mixtures-1

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questions and Answers, Concept of Alligation mixture, Alligation mixture questions asked in
Bank PO exam, Alligation mixture questions asked in Bank MBA exam, Alligation mixture
questions asked in CAT, Pie Chart questions asked in MAT, Alligation mixture questions and
answers for Campus Placement, Alligation and mixture problems asked in ICICI exam,
Alligation and mixture questions asked in Wipro, Alligation and mixture questions asked in
Patni, Alligation and mixture questions asked in Tech mahindra, Alligation and mixture
problems asked in neclues and other MNCs

Alligation - In this we find the proportion in which ingredients at given prices must be mixed to
produce a mixture at a given price, this is termed as alligation.

Alligation method can not be applied for absolute values, but it can be applied for Qestion
related to Ratio, Rate, Percentage, Speed etc ( Means it can be applied for comparable values like
per hour, per km , per kg etc. )

Rule of Alligation : If gradients are mixed in a ratio then we can write

Ex. In what proportion must weat at Price 4.10 per kg must be mixed with weat at Price 4.60 per
kg, so that the mixture be worth Rs 4.30 a Kg ?

Solution : Here, CP of unit quantity of Dearer = 460 per kg , CP of unit quantity of Cheaper =
410 per kg

So we can use above formuls :

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So, the required ratio be 3 : 2

Ex. How many kg of rice at Rs. 60 per kg, must be be mixed with 30 kg of rice at Rs 25 per kg,
so that he may on selling the mixture at Rs 50 per kg gain 25 % on the outlay ?

Solution : First we have to find cost price of mixture, as seller is gaining 25 % profit on mixture
so its cost price will be

Now use the formula of alligation to find to find out quantity of dearer rice,

(Note : Here mean price will be CP of mixture, do not get confused by Selling price Rs 50 per kg
)

Ex. A mixture of certain quantity of milk with 20 liters of water of worth Rs 10 per liter. If pure
milk is of worth Rs 15 per liter, how much milk is there in the mixture ?

Solution : By rule of alligation

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So, Quantity of milk will be 40 liters

Ex. In what proportion must water be mixed with milk to gain 20 % by selling it at cost price ?

Solution : Let cost price of milk be Rs 1 per liter, then S.P of mixture is also Rs 1 per liter

Now CP of mixture be = 1 - ( 20 % of Rs 1 ) = 1 - ( 20 * 1 / 100 ) = 80 / 100 = Rs 4 / 5

Required ratio = 1 : 4

Question based on Mixture from two vessels ( Note : Frequently asked in MBA entrance exams )

Ex. Milk and water are mixed in a vessel A in the ratio 5 : 3 and in vessel B in ratio 9 : 7 . In
what ratio should quantities be taken from the two vessels so as to form a mixture in which milk
and water will be in the proportion of 7 : 5 ?

Solution : In vessel A, milk = 5 / 5 + 3 = 5 / 8 of the weight of mixture

In vessel B milk = 9 / 9 + 7 = 9 / 16 of the weight of mixture

Now, we have to form a mixture in which milk be 7 / 12 of the weight of the mixture

Now according to rule of alligation :

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Ex. A goldsmith has two qualities of gold, one of 10 carats and another of 15 carates purity. In
what proportion should he mix both to make an ornament of 12 carats purity ?

Solution : By applying rule of alligations

So both qualities of gold should be mixed in the ratio of 3 : 2

Ex. 400 gm spirit solution has 40 % spirit in it , How may grams of spirit should be added to
make it 60 % in the solution ?

Solution : By applying rule of alligations and mixtures

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So, the two mixtures should be added in ratio 2 : 1

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Verbal Reasoning
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Coding / Decoding

Coding / Decoding is a method of transmitting a message between the sender and the receiver
which third person can not understand.

Any word or message can be coded in many ways. In this candidate has to find the coding rule so
that he can either code or decode the message in similar way

There are several ways of CODING letters of English alphabets, some consequently used are as
follows-

(1) English alphabets Position from left to right :-

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

(2) English alphabets position from Right to left :-

Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13

M L K J I H G F E D C A B
14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26

(3) Series of opposite English Alphabets :-

A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N

Ex. In a certain code DESIRABLE is written as JTFEQFMCB, how is DIMENSION written in

that code ?
(a) FNJEMTJPO (b) FNJEOOPJT (c) FNJEMOPJT (d) EJNFMOPJT (e) None of
these
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Solution : To solve these type of problems, first put the letters one above other and analyse
carefully :

D E S I R A B L E
J T F E Q F M C B

Now on identifying the pattern apply to word DIMENSION

D I M E N S I O N
F N J E M O P J T

So correct option is (c) FNJEMOPJT

Ex. In a certain code APLOMB is written as CNNMQB. How DISPEL is written in that code ?
(a) MFTOJE (b) MFOTJE (c) EJMFOT (d) FMOTEJ (e) None of these

Solution : Look out the words APLOMB and CNNMQB , analyse carefully and try to find out
relation between the words position:

Now code the word DISPEL in similar way

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So, the correct option is (b)

Ex. In a certain code BURGEON is written as QTAGOPF. How OBTRUDE is written in that
code ?
(a) SAMRFEU (b) UEFRNAS (c) SAFEMRU (d) SANRFEU (e) None of these

Solution :- Look out the words BURGEON and QTAGOPF , analyse carefully and try to find out
relation between the words position:

Now code the word OBTRUDE in similar way

So the correct option is (d)

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Ex. In a certain code ACOLYTE is written as PDBKFUZ. How BURNISH is written in that
code ?
(a) SVAMGTJ (b) STCMIRJ (c) SVCMITJ (d) QVAMGTH (e) None of these

Solution :- Look out the words BURGEON and QTAGOPF , analyse carefully and try to find out
relation between the words position:

Now code the word BURGEON in similar way

So the correct option is (C)

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Coding Group of words

Here a sentence or a group of words is coded and candidates have to find the given word .

Ex. In a certain code language 'Tom Eat' means 'Sleep Cat' and 'Eat Ball' means 'Roads Sleep'.
What is the code for 'Sleep' in that code language ?

Solution :- Tom Eat -> Sleep Cat

Eat Ball -> Roads Sleep

In both the sentences common word is Sleep and Eat, so, the code for Sleep is Eat.

Ex. In a certain code language ' tik sa tu ' means ' he is what ' ; ' sa pa na ju ' means ' what can go
there ' ; ' rn na le ' means ' go and by ' ; What does 'tik means in that code language ?

Solution :

tik sa tu -> he is what

sa pa na ju -> what can go there

rn na le -> go and by

So, tik means he or is

Ex. In a certain code , 'pick and choose' is written as 'ko ho po' and 'pick up and come' is written
as 'to no ko po'. How is pick written in that code ?
(a) ko (b) po (c) Either ko or po (d) Cannot be determined (e) None of these
( Bank Po Exam-2006 )

Solution :- pick and choose -> ko ho po

pick up and come -> to no ko po

So correct option is (c) Either ko or po

Ex. In a certain code langauge 'pic na ha' means 'who is there' , ' na ta ka ' means ' what is that '
and ' ha ja pa ' means ' here and there ' . Which of the following means ' here ' in the that code
langauge ?
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(a) ha (b) pa (c) ja (d) pa or ja (e) None of these

Solution :- pic na ha - > who is there

na ta ka -> what is that

ha ja pa -> here and there

So, correct option is (d) pa or ja

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Coding of word and symbols

In this type of questions two rows of letters and digits are given, which could be used as mutual
codes. On the basis of the given information you are to solve the given set of questions.

Ex. In each question below a group of letters is given followed by four combinations of digits or
symbols numbered (a), (b), (c) and (d). You have to find out which of the combinations correctly
represents the group of letters based on the following coding system and the conditions those
follow and give the number of that combination as the answer. If none of the combination
correctly represents give option (e) none of these as the answer.

Letter : P M A J E T K I R B U F H

Code : 5 6 1 # 9 2 8 $ 3 @ 7 4

Condition : (1) If the first letter is a vowel and the last letter is a consonant, both are to be coded
as *

Q(1) IKBUTA
(a) $8@721 (b) *8@72* (c) %8@72% (d) *8@72% (e) None of these

Solution : I K B U T A

$ 8 @ 7 2 1

Here first and last both letters are vowels, So option (a) is correct

Q(2). EMPRJH
(a) 9653#4 (b) *9653# (c) %653#% (d) *653#* (e) None of these

Solution : E M P R J H

* 6 5 3 # *

Here first letter is vowel and last is consonant, so condition (1) is applied

Q(3) IPAUHM
(a) *5174* (b) %5174% (c) $51746 (d) $51476 (e) None of these
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Solution : I P A U H M

* 5 1 7 4 *

Here condition (1) is applied

Q(4) RFHKJA
(a) 348 (b) 483#1 (c) *48#* (d) %48#% (e) None of these

Solution : R F H K J A

% 4 8 # %

Here first letter is consonant and the last is vowel, so condition (2) is applied

Q(5) TMRBFJ
(a) *63@* (b) %63@% (c) 236@# (d) 263@# (e) None of these

Solution : T M R B F J

2 6 3 @ #

Both (1) and (2) not get full filled so simple coding is to be done.

Q(6) KTJUFA
(a) 82#71 (b) *2#7* (c) %2#7% (d) $2#71 (e) None of these

Solution : K T J U F A

% 2 # 7 %

Here condition (2) is satisfied.

Q(7) UMBKPE
(a) *6@85* (b) 76@85 (c) *6@85 (d) 76@85% (e) None of these

Solution : U M B K P E
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7 6 @ 8 5 9

Here first and lst both words are vowels so none of the conditions get satisfied , so normal
coding is to be done
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Direction and Distance

Four directions and four sub directions sown in the image:-

(a) North N, East E, South S and West W are four directions.

(b) While South-East (SE), South-West (SW), North West (NW) and North-East (NE) are four
cardinal directions

Ex. Alok started walking towards South. He took right turn after walking 15 meters. He again
took a left turn after walking 25 meters. Which direction he is facing now ?
(a) South (b) North (c) West (d) East (e) Can not be determined.

Solution :- let us understand by diagram

Clearly he is facing South direction, so option (a) is correct

Ex. Rakesh walked 35 meters towards east and took a right turn and walked 45 meters. He again
took right turn and walked 55 meters. Towards which direction is he from his starting point ?
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(a) South (b) West (c) South West (d) South East (e) None of these

Solution :- let us look at the diagram

So, the correct option is towards South-West (c)

Ex. A man facing towards East. He turns 45 in anticlock wise direction and then another 180 in
the same directionand then 270 in clockwise direction . Which direction is he facing now ?
(a) South-East (b) South (c) South-West (d) North-West (e) None of these

Solution :Let us look the diagram

So , the correct option is Towards SE option (a)

Ex. A boy in search of his pet dog, he went 90 meters in East before turning to his right. He went
20 meters before turning to his right again to look for his dog at his uncle's place 30 meters from
this point. His dog was not there, from there he went 100 meters to his north there found his dog.
How far did the boy meet his dog from starting point ?
(a) 80 meters (b) 100 meters (c) 140 meters (d) 260 meters (e) None of these

Solution :- Look at the diagram

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So, required distance AC can be calculated as :

So, correct option is (b)

Ex. A man walks 1 km towards East and then he turns to South and walks 5 km. Again he turns
to East and walks 2 k, after this he turns to North and walks 9 km. Now, how far is he from his
starting point ?
(a) 3 km (b) 4 km (c) 5 km (d) 7 km (e) None of these

Solution :- Let's look at the image

So, the correct option is (c)

Ex. The door of Ramesh's house faces the east. From the back side of his house, he walks
straight 50 meters, then turns to the right and walks 50 meters again. Finally , he turns towards
left and stops after walking 25 meters. Now, Ramesh is in which directon from the starting point
?
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(a) South-East (b) North-East (c) South-West (d) North-West (e) None of these
Solution :- let us look at the diagram

So the required direction is North-West, option (d) is correct

Ex. Read the following information carefully and answer the questions given below :-
(a) Six flats on floor in two rows facing North and South are alloted to P, Q , R, S, T and U.
(b) Q gets a North facing flat and is not next to S.
(c) S and U get diagonally opposite flats
(d) R, next to U, gets a South facing flat and T gets a North facing flat.

(1) Which of the following combinations get south facing flats ?

(a) Q T S (b) U P T (c) U R P (d) Data not sufficient (e) None of these

Solution :- In statement (b) Q gets a North facing flat and is not next to S means

In statement (c) S and U get diagonally opposite flats means

In statement (d) R next to U, gets a South facing flat and T gets a North facing flat means
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So, South Facing flats are (c) U R P

(2) Whose flat is between Q and S ?

(a) T (b) U (c) R (d) P (e) None of these

Solution : T, option (a) correct

(3) If the flats of T and P are interchanged, whose flat will be next to that of U ?
(a) P (b) Q (c) R (d) T (e) none of these

Solution : By this interchanged flat next to U remain unchanged, So option (c) is correct , flat R

Ex. The flats of which of the other pairs than SU, is diagonally opposite to each other ?
(a) QP (b) QR (c) PT (d) TS (e) None of these

Solution :- Q P option (a) is correct

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Puzzle Test

In this type of problems, questions are we have to deal more or less unrelated data or information
and a specific question or group of questions is posted.

To solve the problems examining and re examining the problem situation from every point of
view is to be done. questions are of following types

(a) Comprasion Type

(b) Seating Arrangements

(c) Problems based on blood relationship

(d) Classification Type

(e) Jumbled type prolems

Read the following information carefuly and answer the questions given below :-

P, Q, R, S, T, V and W are sitting around a circle facing at centre. R is third to the right of V who
is second to the right of P. T is second to the left of Q who is second to the left of W. V is sitting
between S and W.

Q(1) Who is to the immediate left of R ?

(a) Q (b) T (c) P (d) Data inediquate (e) none of these

Let's solve step by step:- R is third to the right of V who is second to the right of P

R is third to the right of V

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V is sitting between S and W.

T is second to the left of Q who is second to the left of W, So in this case only this structure is
possible.

So immediate left of R is T option (b) correct

Q(2) Who is third to the left of T ?

(a) P (b) S (c) V (d) W (e) none of these

Solution:- Option is (d) W

Q(3) Who is sitting between T and V ?

(a) R (b) S (c) None (d) data inadequate (e) none of these

Solution : Correct option is (b) S

Q(4) Who is sitting between R and W ?

(a) Q only (b) P only (c) P and T (d) data inadequate (e) none of these
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Solution :- Between R and W PQ and TSV are sitting so, correct option is (e) none of these

Ex. In a school, there were five teachers. A and B were teaching Hindi and English. C and B
were teaching English and Geography. D and A were teaching Mathematics and Hindi. E and B
were teaching History and French.

Q(1) Who among the teachers was teaching maximium number of subjects ?
(a) A (b) B (c) C (d) D (e) E

Solution :- Let's make a table for analysis

English Hindi Mathematics Geography History French

A Yes Yes Yes
B Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes
C Yes Yes
D Yes Yes
E Yes Yes

So, maximum number of subjects was taught by B, option (b) is correct

Q(2) Which of the folowing pairs was teaching both Geography and Hindi ?
(a) A and B (b) B and C (c) C and A (d) D and B (e) None of these

Solution :- By seeing on table only B teaches Geography and Hindi

Q(3) More than two teachers were teahing which subjects ?

(a) History (b) Hindi (c) French (d) Geography (e) Mathematics

Solution :- Hindi is being taught by three teachers A, B and D So option (b) is correct

Q(4). D, B and A were teaching which of the following subjects ?

(a) English only (b) Hindi and English (c) Hindi only (d) English and Geography (e)
Mathematics and Hindi
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Solution :- Hindi only , option (c) is correct

Q(5) Which among the teachers was teaching less than two subjects ?
(a) A (b) B (c) D (d) Data inadequate (e) There is no such teachers

Solution :- Option (e) is correct, all are teaching two or more than two subjects

Study the following information carefully and and answer the questions given below :-

P, Q, R, S, T, V, W and Z are eight friends studying in three different engineering colleges- A, B

and C in three disciplines- Mechanical, Electrical and Electronics with not less than two and not
more than three in any college. Not more than three of them study in any of the three disciplines.
W studies Electrical in college B with only T who studies Mechnical. P and Z do not study in
college C and study in same discipline but not Electrical. R studies Mechnical in college C with
V who studies Electrical. S studies Mechnical and does not study in the same college where R
studies. Q does not study Electronics.

Q(1) Which of the following combinations of college-students-specialization is correct ?

(a) C-R-Electonics (b) A-Z-Electrical (c) B-W-Electronics (d) B-W-Electrical (e) B-Z-
Electronics

Solution :- Friends kindly analyze carefully

Mechnical Electronics Electrical
A
B
C

R studies Mechnical in college C with V who studies Electrical.

W studies Electrical in college B with only T who studies Mechnical.

Mechnical Electronics Electrical

A
B T W
C R V

P and Z do not study in college C and study in same discipline but not Electrical.
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S studies Mechnical and does not study in the same college where R studies.

Mechnical Electronics Electrical

A S P and Z
B T P and Z W
C R V

Q does not study Electronics.

## Not less than two and not more than three in any college.
##Not more than three of them study in any of the three disciplines.

Mechnical Electronics Electrical

A S P,Z
B T W, Q
C R V

So option, B-W-Electrical is correct (d)

Q(2) In which of the following colleges two students study in electrical discipline ?
(a) A only (b) B only (c) C only (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these

Solution : Option (b) W and Q in college B

Q(3) In which discipline does Q study ?

(a) Electrical (b) Mechnical (c) Electrical or Mechnical (d) Data inadequate (e) None of
these

Solution :- Option (a) Electrical is correct

Q(4) In which of the clooeges at least one student in Mechnical discipline ?

(a) A only (b)B only (c) C only (d) Both A and B (e) All A, B and C

Solution :- Option (e) all A, B and C

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Q(5) S studies in which college ?

(a) A (b)B (c) A or B (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these

Solution :- Option (a) A

Ex. Eight persons E, F, G, H, I, J and L are seated around a square table -Two on each side.
There are three lady menbers and they donot seated next to each other.
J is between L and F
G is between I and F
H, a lady member is second to the left of J.
F a male member, E a lady member seated third to the left of F
There is a lady member between F and I.

Q(1) Who among the following is seated between E and H ?

(a) F (b) I (c) J (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these.

Solution:- Let L be at this place then J will be at this place see in fig

Now, G is between I and F

H, a lady member is second to the left of J

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F a male member, E a lady member seated third to the left of F

There is a lady member between F and I.

Q(1) Who among the following is seated between E and H ?

(a) F (b) I (c) J (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these

Solution :- K is between H and E , so correct option is (e)

Q(2) How many persons are seated between K and F ?

(a) One (b) Two (c) Three (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these

Solution :- E, I and G total three persons. option (c) is correct

Q(3) Who among the following are the three lady members ?
(a) E, G and J (b) E, H and G (c) G, H and J (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these

Solution :-E, G, H so option (b) is correct

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Q(4) Who among the following is to the immediate left of F ?

(a) G (b) I (c) J (d) Can not be determined (e) None of these

Solution :- J, correct option is (c)

Q(5) Which of the following is true about J ?

(a) J is a male member (b) J is a female member (c) Sex of J can not be determined (d)
Position of J can not be determined (e) None of these

Solution :-There are only three female members ( E, G, H ), so rest of them are male members,
option (a) is correct

Study the following information carefully and answer the questions given below :
B, C , D, F, G, H and J are seven students studying in three colleges P, Q and R. There are three
boys and four girls. There are at least one boy and one girl in each college. Three of them are in
commerce discipline and two each in Arts and Science. B and her sister G are in science
discipline but in different colleges. F studies Arts in in college Q and he does not study either
with J or C. D is not in Commerce and he studies in college R only with B. All the three from
Commerce discipline do not study in the same college. H studies in the same college with her
friend G.

Solution:-Let us analyse the question in seperate statements

(1) Three of them are in commerce discipline and two each in Arts and Science.

(2) B and her sister G are in science discipline but in different colleges.

(3) F studies Arts in in college Q and he does not study either with J or C.

(4) D is not in Commerce and he studies in college R only with B.

(5) All the three from Commerce discipline do not study in the same college.

(6) H studies in the same college with her friend G.

First we select simple condition (3) F studies Arts in in college Q and he does not study either
with J or C.

College P
College Q F Arts Boy
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College R D Boy

(4) D is not in Commerce and he studies in college R only with B.

College P
College Q F Arts Boy
D Boy
College R
B

(2) B and her sister G are in science discipline but in different colleges.

College P
College Q F Arts Boy
D Boy
College R
B Science Girl

(6) H studies in the same college with her friend G means both are girls

College P
F Arts Boy
College Q H Girl
G Science Girl
D Boy
College R
B Science Girl

Again from statement (4) D is not in Commerce and he studies in college R only with B. So, D
will be from Arts, as B and G are from science

College P
F Arts Boy
College Q H Girl
G Science Girl
D Arts Boy
College R
B Science Girl

Remaning we can get from (3) F studies Arts in in college Q and he does not study either with J
or C. J, C will be remaning Commerce stream and study in college P but sex is not determined. H
will also from commerce stream

College P J Commerce Boy or Girl

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C Commerce Boy or Girl

F Arts Boy
College Q H Commerce Girl
G Science Girl
D Arts Boy
College R
B Science Girl

Q(1) In which college do only Commerece students study ?

(a) None (b) Q (c) R (d) P (e) P or Q

Solution :- College P Option (d)

Q(2) If C and B interchange their colleges satisfying all other conditions, which of the following
will definitely represent the girls ?
(a) BCHD (b) BCHG (c) BFHG (d) DCHF (e) None of these

Solution:- If C and B interchange their position then C must be a girl, so BCHG will be girls , so
option (b) correct

Q(3) Which of the following represents the three in commerce discipline ?

(a) HJC (b) HDC (c) HFG (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these

Solution:- option (a) HCJ is correct

Q(4) In which college do three of them study ?

(a) P (b) R (c) P or Q (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these

Solution :- Correct option is (e) none of these because all three students read in P and Q

Q(5) Which of the following represents three Boys ?

(a) DFJ (b) DFC (c) DFJ or DFC (d) Data inadequate (e) None of these

Solution:- Correct option is (c)

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Finding Missing Characters:

In this section, there are some figures given which which reflects some patterns, on basis of
which you have to find the missing characters, always try to find the hidden PATTERN to solve
these problems.

Q(1) Find out the missing number:-

4 6 18
2 3 2
3 4 ?
6 8 27

Solution:- In first column and second column we find

So missing character will be 3

Q (2) Find the missing character in the figure

Solution:- in first figure :-

In second figure :-
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Q(3) Find the missing character from the given figure ?

Solution :- On looking the figure we find the given pattern

Q(4) Find out the missing number in second triangle ?

Solution :- Just look the patterns of ouside numbers in triangle 1 and 3 we get the conclusion ,
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Q(5) Find the missing number in figure 3 rd ?

Solution:-First analyse the figure 1 and figure 2 and try to get relationship

Q(6) Find out the missing character ?

9B 6A 3B
5C 2B ?
4A 8C 2A

(a) 12 A (b) 5C (c) 7B (d) 4C

Solution:- Here each column contains A,B,C, so one of missing character in 3rd column will be
C

Each column has sum of two numbers equal to third, 4 + 5 = 9 and 6 + 2 = 8, therefore 3+2= 5 ,
so Ans is 5C

Q(7) Find the the missing characters in the given table.

Solution:- in any row multiple of first two column numbers is equal to third column number
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Q(8) Find the missing characters ?

Z4 X3 V9
E6 C2 ?
T5 R4 P15

(a) E10 (b)E12 (c) A10 (d) A12

Solution:- Here each row letters are alternative alphabets, Z, X, V OR T, R, P Similarly E, C then
A

also numbers in each column are in arithmetic series, 4, 5, 6 and 3, 2, 4 So 9, 15 then 12

Therefore required answer is A12

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Arithmetical Reasoning

Q(1) A bus driver knows four different routes from Delhi to Bareli, he knows three different
routes from Bareli to Lucknow and two different routes from Lucknow to Gorakhpur. How many
different routes he knows from Delhi to Gorakhpur ?

(a) 24 routes (b) 12 routes (c) 20 routes (d) 8 routes (e) None of these

Solution:- Total number of routes from Delhi to Gorakhpur= 432=24

Q(2) Krishna was to earn Rs 4000 and a free holiday for eight weeks work. He worked for only 3
weeks an earned and Rs. 1200 and a free holiday. what was the value of holiday ?

(a) 260 (b) 358 (c) 480 (d) 440 (e) None of these

Solution:-Let the cost of holiday was Rs x then,

Pay for 8 weeks work = 4000 + x

x= 480, option c is correct

Q(3) The diagram given below, In this 400 candidates appeared in an examination. The diagram
gives the number f students who failed in subjects Maths, English and Science. What is the
percentage of students who failed in at least two subjects ?
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Solution :- Number of students who failed in at least two subjects = number of students who
failed in two or more sujects = 12 + 8 + 8 + 6 = 34

Q(4) Ram has some mangoes to distributes among his students. If he keep 4, 5, 6 in a pack he
left with one mango, But if he keeps 11 mangoes in a pack left with no mangoes. What is the
minimum number of mangoes he has to distribute ?

(a) 141 (b) 100 (c) 121 (d) 151 (e) None of these

Solution :-The required number will be such that it will produce a remainder 1 when divided by
4, 5 and 6 but gives no remainder when divided by 11, So, the required number of mangoes will
be 121, option (c) is correct.

Q(5) In a school, 65 % students plays cricket, 40 % plays football and 25 % plays both foolball
and cricket. What percentage of students neighter plays cricket nor plays football ?

(a) 10 (b) 5 (c) 20 (d) 15

Solution:-Let the total number of students are 100

Let Cricket represents C, Football as F Then

C + 25 = 65, C=40

F + 25 = 40, F = 15

Number of students neighter plays cricket nor plays football = 100 - ( C + F + 25 ) = 20 % ,

Option (c) is correct

Q(6) Three quantities A, B and C are such that AB = KC, where K is a constant. When A is kept
constant, B varies directly as C, When B is kept constant , A varies directly C and when C is kept
constant, A varies inversly as B. Initially , A was at 5 and A : B : C was 1 : 3 : 5. Find the value
of A when B equals 9 at constant C.
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(a) 8.33 (b) 8 (c) 9.25 (d) 9.55

Solution :- Initially when A : B : C = 1 : 3 : 5 and A = 5, then B = 15 and C = 25

AB = KC (given), So, 5 15 = K 25

So K = 3, Now equation becomes AB = 3C

When B = 9 at constant C, A 9 = 3 25

A = 8.33 option A is correct.

Q(7) A car travels from A to B at V1 km/hr, travels back from B to A at V2 km/hr and again
goes back from A to B at V2 km/hr. The average speed of the car is :

Solution :- Let the distance between two cities be A Km, Then average speed:

Option (c) is correct

Q(8) A, B, C, D and E play a game of cards. A says to B " If you give me 3 cards, you will have
as I have at this moment while if D takes 5 cards from you, he will have as many as E has ". A
and C together have twice as many cards as E has. B and D together also have the same number
of cards as A and C taken together . If together they have 150 cards. How many cards C has ?

(a) 22 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d) 28 (e) 30 ( asked in CAT )

Solution :- Here , A + B + C + D + E = 150

A=B-3
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A + C = 2E

D+5=E

B+D=A+C=2E

2 E + 2 E + E = 150, E = 30

D + 5 = 30 , D = 25

B + 25 = 2 30 B = 35

A = 35 - 3 = 32

32 + C = 2 30 C = 28 option ( d ) is correct