STUDY OF VELOCITY RATIO IN SIMPLE,COMPUND,REVERTED AMD

EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN

Aim:- To Study of velocity ratio in simple,compound,reverted amd epicyclic gear train

Theory:-

A simple gear train (shown in fig. 1) is a train in which a gear A and the arm C have a
common axis at 01 about which they can rotate. The gear B meshes with gear A and has
its axis on the arm at O2, about which the gear B can rotate. If the arm is fixed, the gear
train is simple and gear A can drive gear B or vice versa, but if gear A is fixed and arm is
rotated about the axis of gear A (i.e. 01), then the gear B is forced to rotate upon and
around gear A. Such a motion is called epicyclic and the gear trains arrangement in such
a manner that one or more of their members move upon and around another member are
known as epicyclic gear trains. The epicyclic gear trains may be simple or compound.

The gear trains are useful for transmitting high velocity ratios with gears of moderate size
in a
comparatively lesser space. The epicyclic gear trains are used in the back gear of lathe
differential gears of automobiles, wristwatches etc.

Description:-

Any combination of gear wheels by means of which motion is transmitted from one shaft
to another shaft is called a gear train. In case of epicyclic gear trains the axes of the
shafts on which the gears are mounted may move relatively to a fixed axis. In this
apparatus internal type of Epicyclic Gear train is demonstrated.
CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS
It consists of a epicyclic gear train (internal type) in which sun gear is mounted on input
shaft. Three planet gears are mounted on the arm that rotate freely on the fixed pins and
mesh with the sun gear and internal teethes of the annular gear. A DC motor is provided
for the DC power supply. To measure the holding torque and output torque, spring
balance arrangement is given. Digital RPM indicator is provided to measure the speed of
input and output shafts. Digital voltmeter & ammeter give the voltage and current.

Velocity Ratio of Epicyclic Gear-Train:-

The following two methods may be used for finding out the velocity ratio of an epicyclic
gear-train.

1. Tabular Method
2. Algebraic Method

A compound epicyclic gear train (internal type) consists of two co-axial shafts S1 and S2 a
sun gear (A), an arm (H), three planetary gears (B,C, E) and an annular gear (D) as
shown in Fig.2 Wheel A has 13 external teeth. B, C and E have 18 external teeth. The
annular gear has 50 internal teeth. The sun gear A is fixed on the input shaft S 1.Three
planetary or compound gears B, C, E are mesh with sun gear A and annular gear D. The
planetary gears are free to revolve on the pins of arm H.

Spet. Condition of Revolution of Elements

No. Elements
Arm Gear Compound Gear
H A Gear B, C, E, D
1 Arm fixed gear A 0 +1 -TA -TA TB
rotates through + 1 ----------- -TB
revolution (i.e. rev. TB ------ x ------ =
in anticlockwise) ------
TB TD
TD
2 Arm fixed gear 0 +X - X TA - X TA
rotates through + X ----------- -----------
revolution TB TD

3 Add + Y revolution +Y +Y +Y +Y
to all elements.

4 Total motion. +Y X+Y TA TA

Y X --------- Y X ---------
TB TD

Speed of Gear A :-

If we know that the speed of arm is 271 r.p.m

therefore y = 271 r.p.m.

and the gear D is fixed due to holding therefore

CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS

TA
Y X --------- = 0
TD

13
271 X --------- = 0
50

271 x 50
X = ------------- = 1042.30 r.p.m.
13

Speed of A = X + Y = 1042.30 + 271 = 1313.34 r.p.m.

1313 rp, in the direction of arm

Speed of Driver Speed of Sun gear A

Speed Ratio = -------------------------- = ------------------------------
Speed of Driven Speed of Arm H

1313
= = 4.85
271

Let dA, dB and d be the pitch circle diameter of sun gear A, planet gear I3 and internally toothed
gear 0 respectively. Assuming the pitch or all the gears to he same therefore from the fig.
Geometry

dA + 2dB = d (dB = dC = dE)

The number of teeth are proportional to their pitch circle diameters, therefore

TA + 2B = TD

2TB + 13 = 50

2TB = 50 13 = 37

TB = 37/2 = 18.5 = 18

The numbers of teeth of planetary gears B, C, E, are

TB = TC = TE = 18
CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS
Torque in Epicyclic Gear Train (Internal Type):-

If the parts of an epicyclic gear train are all moving at uniform speeds, so that no angular
acceleration are involved, the algebraic sum of all external torque applied to the train must be
zero or there are at least external torques for the train, and in many cases there are only three.

There are:-

Ti The input on the driving member, Arm.

To The resisting or load, torque on the driven member.

The The holding, or braking torque on the fixed member.

If there is no acceleration

Ti + To + Th = 0 (1)

Further, if there are no internal friction losses at the bearing and at the contact surfaces of the
wheel teeth, the net energy dissipated by the train must be zero, or

Tii + Too + Thh = 0 (2)

Where, 1, o and h are the angular velocities of the three members to which the external torque
are applied. But for the

Fixed member, h = 0, so that

Tii - Too =0 (3)

From the resisting or load, torque

To = -Tii / o (4)

And from eqn. (1)

Th = - (Ti + To)

= Ti (i /o -1) (5)

These equations may be used to find the value of To and Th when the input torque Ti applied to
the driving members is known. In addition, for complex trains they may be used to find the tooth
loads or torques on all the intermediate members through which power is transmitted.

Utilities Required:-

Space required : 1.100m x 0.5m

CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS
Power supply : 220V AC single phase, 5Amp. socket

Experimental Procedure:-

Check the experiment set-up.

Give supply to Motor from control panel.
Adjust the RPM of Input shaft to some fix value.
Apply holding torque just to hold the drum. This must be done carefully.
Apply Load to the output shaft.

Specification:-

Epicyclic Gear Train:- Internal Type with ratio 4.85.

Belt / rope and spring balance arrangement to measure output torque and
holding torque.
1 H.P, DC Motor, 1500 rpm, 0 to 180 VDC, 4 Amp.
Control Panel with dimmer for speed variation and ammeter and voltmeter to get
input power.
Oil capacity 0.150Lt.

Standard Data:-

Number of teeth of SUN gear = 13 Teeth

Number of teeth of PLANET gear = 18 Teeth

Number of teeth of ANNULAR gear (Internal Gear) = 50 Teeth

Diameter of holding drum = 186 mm = 0.186m

Radius ofh01ding drum, R1 = 93 mm = 0.093m

Diameter of output brake drum = 186 mm =0.186m

Radius of output brake drum. R2 = 93 mm =0.093m

Formulae:-

Speed of driven shaft

1. Gear ratio =
Speed of driven shaft

VxI 4500
2. Input Torque T1 = x x kg m
746 2

3. Holding Torque, Th = (T1 T2) x R1 kg m

CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS
4. Output Torque, To = (T3 T4) x R2 kg m

Where

V = Voltage.

I = Current.

= Efficiency of motor = 80% = 0.80

N = RPM of motor.

T1 T2 = Spring balance tensions of holding arrangement in kg.

R1 = Radius of holding drum in m.

T3 T2 = Spring balance tension of output torque measurement

arrangement in Kg.

R2 = Radius of output brake drum in m.

Observation Table:-

S. Voltage Current Speed I/P Speed O/P Spring Holding spring

No. (DC) V (DC) A Shaft N1 O/P shaft balance balance
N2 reading. reading.
(T1 T2) Kg (T3 T4) Kg
1

Calculation Table:-

S. No. Actual Theo. Gear Input Holding Torque Output Torque

gear Ratio Torque (kg (kg m) (kg m)
Ratio m)
1

4
CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS
Precaution & Maintenance Instructions:-

Do not run the motor at low voltage i.e. less then than 180 volts.

Before starting the motor both the ropes in loose position.

Before starting the motor with rotary switch, the dimmer state at zero position.

Increase speed gradually.

Always keep apparatus free from dust.

Trouble Shooting:-

The main light is not ON check the main switch.

The motor is not working check the rotary switch & dimmer state.

Result : Velocity ratio in simple, compund, reverted and epicyclic gear train are studied.
CAM ANALYSIS APPARATUS

EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN APPARATUS

Standard Data:-

Number of teeth of SUN gear = 13 Teeth

Number of teeth of PLANET gear = 18 Teeth

Number of teeth of ANNULAR gear (Internal Gear) = 50 Teeth

Diameter of holding drum = 186 mm =0.186m

Radius of holding drum, R1 = 93mm =0.093m

Diameter of output brake drum = 186mm =0.186m

Radius of output brake drum R2 = 92mm =0.093m

Sample Calculations:-

Observation Table:-

S. Voltage Current Speed I/P Speed O/P Spring Holding

No. (DC) V (DC) A Shaft N1 O/P shaft balance spring
N2 reading. balance
(T1 T2) Kg reading.
(T1 T2) Kg
1 233 1.63 1385 283 1.41 0.4

2 232 1.64 1386 286 1.875 0.9

3 230 1.69 1394 287 2.35 1.35

4 232 1.72 1392 287 2.8 1.75