Angela Marie
Angela Marie
Angela Marie
Of the Requirements in
Philippine Literature
(Example of Literary)
2nd sem 2016-2017
BSHRM-3
Table of content
Proverbs
Riddles
Folktale
Legend / Alamat
Short Story
Novel
Epic
News
Biography / Alamat
Legend of your Name
Epigram
Humurous Tale
Trickster Tale
Religions Tale
Parable
Poem
Myth
Myth
Salawikain / Sawikain
Proverbs
Defining a proverb is a difficult task. Proverb scholars often quote Archer Taylors
classic The definition of a proverb is too difficult to repay the undertaking... An
incommunicable quality tells us this sentence is proverbial and that one is not. Hence no
definition will enable us to identify positively a sentence as proverbial. [2] Another
common definition is from Lord John Russell (c. 1850) A proverb is the wit of one, and
the wisdom of many.
Example of Proverbs
A stitch in time saves nine
Ignorance is bliss
You can catch more flies with honey than you can with vinegar.
You can lead a horse to water, but you can't make him drink.
It is better to be smarter than you appear than to appear smarter than you are.
Use in literature
Many authors have used proverbs in their writings. Probably the most famous user of
proverbs in novels is J. R. R. Tolkien in his The Hobbit and The Lord of the
Rings series. Also, C. S. Lewis created a dozen proverbs in The Horse and His
Boy, and Mercedes Lackey created dozens for her invented Shin'a'in and Tale'edras
cultures; Lackey's proverbs are notable in that they are reminiscent to those of Ancient
Asia - e.g. "Just because you feel certain an enemy is lurking behind every bush, it
doesnt follow that you are wrong" is like to "Before telling secrets on the road, look in
the bushes." These authors are notable for not only using proverbs as integral to the
development of the characters and the story line, but also for creating proverbS .
Riddles
A riddle is a statement or question or phrase having a double or veiled meaning, put forth
as a puzzle to be solved. Riddles are of two types: enigmas, which are problems generally
expressed in metaphorical or allegorical language that require ingenuity and careful
thinking for their solution, and conundra, which are questions relying for their effects on
punning in either the question or the answer.
Archer Taylor says that "we can probably say that riddling is a universal art" and cites
riddles from hundreds of different cultures including Finnish, Hungarian, American
Indian, Chinese, Russian, Dutch and Filipino sources amongst many others. [1] In the
assessment of Elli Kngas Maranda (originally writing about Malaitian riddles, but with an
insight that has been taken up more widely), whereas myths serve to encode and establish
social norms, 'riddles make a point of playing with conceptual boundaries and crossing
them for the intellectual pleasure of showing that things are not quite as stable as they
seem' -- though the point of doing so may still ultimately be to 'play with boundaries, but
ultimately to affirm them'.
Example of Riddles
Araw-araw namamatay, taun-taon nabubuhay (It dies everyday, then lives every year)
- answer: kalendaryo (calendar)
Abot na abot ng tingin, hindi mo naman marating (Just within range of sight, yet unreachable)
- answer: Langit (Sky)
Narito na si Katoto, may dala-dalang kubo (Here is Katoto, carrying a nipa-hut on his back)
- answer: Pagong (Turtle)
Dalawang katawan, tagusan ang tadyang (Two bodies with ribs, exposed)
- answer: Hagdan (Ladder)
Nagtago si Pedro, labas ang ulo. (Pedro hides but you can still see his head. )
- Pako - (Nails)
Hindi pari, hindi hari, nagdadamit ng sari-sari. (Not a priest, not a king but wears different
kinds of clothes.)
- Sampayan - (Clothesline)
Bugtong-pala-bugtong, kadenang umuugong. (Riddle me, riddle me, here comes a roaring
chain).
-Tren - (Train)
Heto na si Kaka, bubuka-bukaka. (Here comes Kaka, walking with an open leg.)
-Gunting - (Scissors)
Folktale
Folktales in various forms have been around for centuries. Whether they are tall tales of heroes such as
PauLBunyon and Daniel Boone, or folktales involving the Loch Ness Monster, the folktale has been part of
our culture for many years.
The origin of folktales is subject for debate. This is because folktales are generally derived from stories that
have been told from person to person, and likely may have changed in the re-telling. For example, in the
past if a person saw something unusual, they would tell family or friends, and would in turn re-tell the story
to other people. From this original story, it would eventually be written down and would become a folktale.
Example of folktale
The Tortoise & The Monkey
Once upon a time, a tortoise and a monkey found a banana tree floating amidst
the waves of a river. It was a very fine tree, with large green leaves, and with
roots just as if it had been pulled off by a storm. They took it ashore.Let us
divide it, said the tortoise, and plant each its portion. They cut it in the
middle, and the monkey, as the stronger, took for himself the upper part of the
tree, thinking that it would grow quicker for it had leaves. The tortoise, as the
weaker, had the lower part, that looked ugly, although it had roots. After some
days, they met.Hello, Mr. Monkey, said the tortoise, how are you getting on
with your banana tree?Alas, said the monkey, it has been dead a long time!
And yours, Miss Tortoise?Very nice indeed, with leaves and fruits. I cannot
climb up to gather them.Never mind, said the malicious monkey, I will climb
up and pick them for you.Do, Mr. Monkey, replied the tortoise gratefully. And
so they walked toward the tortoises house.As soon as the monkey saw the
bright yellow fruits hanging between the large green leaves, he climbed up and
began plundering, munching and gobbling, as quick as he could.But give me
some, too, said the tortoise, seeing that the monkey did not take the slightest
notice of her.Not even a bit of the skin, if it is eatable, rejoined the monkey,
both his cheeks crammed with bananas.The tortoise meditated revenge. She
went to the river, picked up some pointed shells, planted them around the
banana tree, and hid herself under a coconut shell. When the monkey came
down, he hurt himself and began to bleed.After a long search he found the
tortoise.You must pay now for your wickedness; You must die. But as I am
very generous, I will leave to you the choice of your death. Shall I pound you in
a mortar, or shall I throw you into the water? Which do you prefer?The
mortar, the mortar, answered the tortoise; I am so afraid of getting
drowned.O ho! laughed the monkey; indeed! You are afraid of getting
drowned! Now I will drown you!And going to the shore, he slung the tortoise
and threw it in the water. But soon the tortoise reappeared swimming and
laughing at the deceived, artful monkey.
Legend / Alamat
A legend (Latin, legenda, "things to be read") is a narrative of human
actions that are perceived both by teller and listeners to take place within
human history and demonstrating human values, and which possesses
certain qualities that give the tale verisimilitude .
Example of Legend
LEGEND OF THE COCONUT TREE
Long ago there was a Chamorro family belonging to the Achote
tribe. The family had a beautiful young daughter who was
admired by everyone in the tribe.
One day the girl became very thirsty. She wanted to drink the
juice from a special fruit. Everyone tried to find the fruit she
described but to no avail. Soon the girl became very ill and
died.
The father buried the girl on a hill over looking the village. He
placed a beautiful headstone on her grave and the people
covered it with many beautiful flowers.
Five years after the plant appeared, it had grown 20 feet tall,
strange looking fruits appeared. One of the fruits dropped to
the ground and cracked open.
The chief called on the father of the dead girl to eat the strange
fruit but he refused. He called his wife to eat the fruit. She said
it was sweet and chewy and called it coconut. It remains one of
the main foods eaten by the Chamorro.
Short Story
A short story is a brief work of fiction, usually written in prose and running
1,600 to 20,000 words in length. The literary roots of the short story can
be found in oral storytelling traditions, such as anecdotes, fables, fairy
tales, and parables.
There was a time when Whitney didn't have a lot of friends. She was
a bit shy and reserved. She never really wanted to be popular, but
she did want to have someone to share secrets and laughs with. All
through high school, though, she just slipped in and out of "light"
friendships where she didn't find a lot of comfort or companionship.
When it came time to go to college, Whitney was quite nervous. She
was going to be rooming with someone she didn't know and living in
a town 300 miles away from home. There wouldn't be a single
person she knew in town. She had no idea how she was going to
make friends in this new environment.
Whitney learned the power of asking for what she wanted, being
honest and taking action.
.NOVEL
A novel is a long, fictional narrative which describes intimate
human experiences. Thenovel in the modern era usually makes use
of a literary prose style, and the development of the prose novel at
this time was encouraged by innovations in printing, and the
introduction of cheap paper, in the 15th century.
Example of Novel
TOM JONES by HENRY FIELDING (1749)
Tom Jones, however, might have been made for the screen. Never
mind its numerous chapters and teeming cast of misfits and
scoundrels, the central character is an attractively unbridled
young man of fierce temper and unrestrained sexuality who
pursues true love through contemporary Britain in a sequence of
scandalous and hilarious adventures. Published in the mid-18th
century, Tom Jones is a classic English novel that captures the
spirit of its age and whose famous characters Squire Western,
the chaplain Thwackum, the scheming Blifil, seductive Molly
Seagrim and Sophia, Tom's true love have come to
represent Augustan society in all its loquacious, turbulent, comic
variety.The secret of Tom Jones was to be intimately connected to
its contemporary audience. By the 1740s, the English novel was
attracting new kinds of reader and, in turn, new kinds of writer.
Not only was there an explosion of print media and a booming
middle-class audience, there were innovative novelists for whom
this popular new genre offered the prospect of a decent living.
Many would continue to starve in Grub Street, but some had
begun to make money. Samuel Johnson, famously, sold his over-
earnest romance, Rasselas, to pay for his mother's funeral.Henry
Fielding was typical of this new generation. Born in 1707, he was a
wholly 18th-century man. With a classical education at Eton,
family connections and a good career in the law, in which he is
sometimes credited with laying the foundations of the
Metropolitan police, he turned to fiction partly to fund an
extravagant lifestyle and partly to engage with a stimulating
contemporary audience.
EPIC
The word epic is derived from the Ancient Greek adjective, epikos,
which means a poetic story. In literature, an epic is a
long narrative poem, which is usually related to heroic deeds of a
person of an unusual courage and unparalleled bravery. In order to
depict this bravery and courage, the epic uses grandiose style.
Example of Epic
The Ender's Game series by Orson Scott Card
NEWS
A news story is a factual, prose story for print or broadcast media
about a person, place or event answering these five questions: who,
what, when, where, why and how. A news story is written in the
inverted-pyramid style, giving the most important information first
and additional details later.
BIOGRAPHY
A biography is simply a bio that gives an account or detailed description about the life
of a person. It entails basic facts such as childhood, education, career, relationships,
family and death. Biography is a literary genre that portrays the experiences of all
these events occurred in the life of a person mostly in a chronological order. Unlike a
resume or profile, biography provides life story of a subject, highlighting different
aspects of his/her life. The person or the writer, who writes biographies, is called as a
biographer.
Example of Biography
Epigram
Epigram is a rhetorical device that is a memorable,
brief, interesting and surprising satirical statement.
It has originated from a Greek word, epigramma,
meaning inscription or to inscribe.
Example of Epigram
Mankind must put an end to war, or war will put and
end to mankind. John F. Kennedy
Once upon a time, there was a lazy wolf living in a jungle. Near his house
was a pond. Many animals came to the pond to drink water. The wolf was
always in search of food.
One day, he was sitting near the pond hoping to get something to eat. When
suddenly he spotted a dead bull. Aha! What a luck! Now I can eat all I
want," he thought and his mouth strated watering.
He began to eat the bull. A thought struck him, if another beast comes this
way he will ask for a share. I had better eat fast." Grub! Grub! Grub! Grub1
he chewed, faster and faster.
In his haste, a piece of bone got stuck in his throat. Ohh! Errk!" cried the
wolf. He tried to bring it out of his mouth. He tried to cough it out but in
vain. Next, he tried to swallow it down but he failed.
Ooh, the bone in throat hurts. What shall I do now?" thought the wolf.
Suddenly he remembered that a crane lived on the nearby riverbank.
The wolf went to the crane and pleaded, My dear Crane! I have got a bone
stuck in my throat. I will give you a present, if you pull it out of my throat
with your long beak."
The crane took pity on the wolf. He asked the wolf to look up with his mouth
open. The crane then put its head into the wolfs mouth and pulled out the
bone.
Oh! What a relief!" the wolf sighed.
Now where is my present?" asked the crane.
What present?" the wolf replied, pretending not aware of its promise.
You said that you would give me a present if I remove the bone from your
throat," said the crane humbly.
Hah! Is it not a present that you put your head into my mouth and got out
alive? I could have easily crushed your head while your beak was inside my
mouth," said the ungrateful wolf and went away.
The crane felt helpless and decided not to help any ungrateful creature in the
future
Trickster Tale
A trickster tale is a kind of folktale told all over the world.
The trickster is a clever animal or person who plays
tricks on other characters. Often it's because
the tricksteris greedy or boastful.
Example of parables
Example of Poem
Walking Alone
by Michael Anderson
MYTH
Myth is a feature of every culture. Many sources for myths
have been proposed, ranging from personification of nature
or personification of natural phenomena,
to truthful or hyperbolic accounts of historical
events to explanations of existing rituals. Mythologizing
continues, as shown in contemporary mythopoeia such
as urban legends and the expansive fictional
mythoi created by fantasy novels and comics. A culture's
collective mythology helps convey belonging, shared and
religious experiences, behavioral models and moral and
practical lessons.
Example of Myth
Myth of Narcissus
Myth of Prometheus
Myth of Hercules
Myth of Pandora's Box
Myth of Zeus
Myth of Creation
Myth of Theseus
Myth of Ares
Myth of Jason and the Argonauts
Salawikain/Sawikain
salawikaing Pilipino ay mga tradisyonal na kasabihang ginagamit
ng mga Pilipino batay sa katutubong kalinangan, karunungan,
at pilosopiya mula sa buhay sa Pilipinas. Katumbas din ng
salitang salawikain ang sawikain (bagaman maaari ring tumukoy
ang sawikain sa mga moto o idyoma), at ng Ilokanong sarsarita.
Nilalarawan ang salawikain nagmumula sa Pilipinas bilang
makapangyarihan at makatang pagpapadama at payak na anyo ng
mga pahiwatig. Kapag ginamit sa pang-araw-araw na pag-uusap,
gumaganap ang mga salawikain bilang mga pagbibigay - diin sa
isang punto o isang kaisipan ng paliwanag o dahilan: ang
Pilisopiyang Pilipino.
HALIMBAWA:
Salawikain: Pagkahaba-haba man ng prosisyon sa simbahan din ang tuloy.
Kahulugan: Sa tinagal-tagal man ng samahan ng magkasintahan, sa bandang
huli ay humahantong din ito sa kasalan.
MYTH
A Short History of Myth
by Karen Armstrong
208pp, Canongate, 12