Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 33 views

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    nisa_121babypink
    This document discusses gas properties including: 1) The potential energy between interacting atoms, with repulsion at close distances and attraction at large distances due to electron bonding. 2) The ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas. Real gas laws like the van der Waals equation account for molecular attractions and repulsions better than the ideal gas law. 3) Phase diagrams graphically represent temperature and pressure combinations where different phases like ice, water and steam exist in equilibrium for water. The triple point is where solid, liquid and gas phases coexist.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    nisa_121babypink
    33 views5 pages
    This document discusses gas properties including: 1) The potential energy between interacting atoms, with repulsion at close distances and attraction at large distances due to electron bonding. 2) The ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas. Real gas laws like the van der Waals equation account for molecular attractions and repulsions better than the ideal gas law. 3) Phase diagrams graphically represent temperature and pressure combinations where different phases like ice, water and steam exist in equilibrium for water. The triple point is where solid, liquid and gas phases coexist.

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses gas properties including: 1) The potential energy between interacting atoms, with repulsion at close distances and attraction at large distances due to electron bonding. 2) The ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas. Real gas laws like the van der Waals equation account for molecular attractions and repulsions better than the ideal gas law. 3) Phase diagrams graphically represent temperature and pressure combinations where different phases like ice, water and steam exist in equilibrium for water. The triple point is where solid, liquid and gas phases coexist.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    33 views5 pages

    Chapter 1

    Uploaded by

    nisa_121babypink
    This document discusses gas properties including: 1) The potential energy between interacting atoms, with repulsion at close distances and attraction at large distances due to electron bonding. 2) The ideal gas law relating pressure, volume, temperature and moles of gas. Real gas laws like the van der Waals equation account for molecular attractions and repulsions better than the ideal gas law. 3) Phase diagrams graphically represent temperature and pressure combinations where different phases like ice, water and steam exist in equilibrium for water. The triple point is where solid, liquid and gas phases coexist.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as DOC, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as doc, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 5

    1.

    0 Gas and Condensed Matter

    1.1 Force between particles

    • This is typical potential well for two interacting atoms. The


    repulsion between atoms, when they are brought close to each
    other, is related to the Pauli principle: when the electronic clouds
    surrounding the atoms start to overlap, the energy of the system
    increases abruptly. The origin of the attractive part, dominating at
    large distances, depends on the particular type of bonding.

    1
    • The electron volt (eV) – energy unit convenient for description
    of atomic bonding

    • Electron volt - the energy lost / gained by an electron when it is


    taken through a potential difference of one volt.

    E=q⋅ V
    For q = 1.6 x 10-19 Coulombs
    V = 1 volt
    1 eV = 1.6 x 10-19 J

    2
    1.2 Ideal gas, real gas, Van Der Waals state equation

    A gas is a substance which takes the shape of its container and


    expands to completely fill its container. There are several types of
    gases with slightly different behaviors. These are ideal gasses, real
    gasses, super critical fluids, plasmas and critical opalescent
    materials.

    An ideal gas can be characterized by three state variables: absolute


    pressure (P), volume (V), and absolute temperature (T). The
    relationship between them may be deduced from kinetic theory and
    is called the

    Ideal gas law: PV = nRT = NkT


    • n = number of moles
    • R = universal gas constant = 8.3145 J/mol K
    • N = number of molecules
    • k = Boltzmann constant = 1.38066 x 10-23 J/K = 8.617385 x 10-
    5
    eV/K
    • k = R/NA
    • NA = Avogadro's number = 6.0221 x 1023 /mol

    The ideal gas law can be viewed as arising from the kinetic pressure
    of gas molecules colliding with the walls of a container in
    accordance with Newton's laws. But there is also a statistical
    element in the determination of the average kinetic energy of those
    molecules. The temperature is taken to be proportional to this
    average kinetic energy; this invokes the idea of kinetic temperature.
    One mole of an ideal gas at STP occupies 22.4 liters.

    Real Gas - Real gas laws try to predict the true behavior of a gas
    better than the ideal gas law by putting in terms to describe
    attractions and repulsions between molecules. These laws have been
    determined empirically or based on a conceptual model of molecular
    interactions or from statistical mechanics.

    3
    A well known real gas law is the van der Waals equation

    ( P + a / Vm2 )( Vm - b ) = R T

    P = pressure
    Vm = molar volume
    R = ideal gas constant
    T = temperature

    where a and b are either determined empirically for each individual


    compound or estimated from the relations.

    a = 27 R2 TC2
    --------
    64 PC

    b = R TC
    ----------
    8 PC

    TC = critical temperature
    PC = critical pressure

    The first parameter a, is dependent upon the attractive forces


    between molecules while the second parameter b, is dependent upon
    repulsive forces.

    1.3 Condensed matter- solids and liquid, triple point.

    • A phase diagram - graphical representation of the combinations


    of temperature, pressure, composition, or other variables for which
    specific phases exist at equilibrium.

    • For H2O, a typical diagram shows the temperature and pressure at


    which ice (solid), water (liquid) and steam (gas) exist.

    4
    Triple point at 0.01 oC

    • A phase diagrams show what phases exist at equilibrium and what


    phase transformations we can expect when we change one of the
    parameters of the system (T, P, composition).

    • Triple point – Solid, liquid and vapor phases of water coexist.

    You might also like