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    A. Continuity at A Point: FC C F FX FX FC

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    Sage Norrie
    This document defines and provides examples of continuity of functions at points and on intervals. It discusses: 1) The definition of continuity at a point and various types of discontinuities that can occur. 2) Continuity from the left and right at endpoints. 3) Continuity on an interval and examples of common functions that are continuous on their domains. 4) Consequences of continuity including the intermediate value theorem.

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    A. Continuity at A Point: FC C F FX FX FC

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    Sage Norrie
    37 views4 pages
    This document defines and provides examples of continuity of functions at points and on intervals. It discusses: 1) The definition of continuity at a point and various types of discontinuities that can occur. 2) Continuity from the left and right at endpoints. 3) Continuity on an interval and examples of common functions that are continuous on their domains. 4) Consequences of continuity including the intermediate value theorem.

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    Calculus Section 2.5

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    2.5

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    This document defines and provides examples of continuity of functions at points and on intervals. It discusses: 1) The definition of continuity at a point and various types of discontinuities that can occur. 2) Continuity from the left and right at endpoints. 3) Continuity on an interval and examples of common functions that are continuous on their domains. 4) Consequences of continuity including the intermediate value theorem.

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    37 views4 pages

    A. Continuity at A Point: FC C F FX FX FC

    Uploaded by

    Sage Norrie
    This document defines and provides examples of continuity of functions at points and on intervals. It discusses: 1) The definition of continuity at a point and various types of discontinuities that can occur. 2) Continuity from the left and right at endpoints. 3) Continuity on an interval and examples of common functions that are continuous on their domains. 4) Consequences of continuity including the intermediate value theorem.

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    of 4

    Thomas, 13e

    MAC 2311: Calculus I


    Section 2.5: Continuity

    A. Continuity at a Point

    Definition: A function is continuous at an interior point c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) , meaning:


    x c

    1. f ( c ) exists (that is, c is in the domain of f )


    2. lim f ( x ) exists
    x c

    3. lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
    x c

    If any of the above 3 conditions fail, we say f ( x ) is discontinuous at the point x = c.

    Example 1: Using the graph of f ( x ) , at which numbers is f ( x ) discontinuous, and why?

    Definition: Continuity at Endpoints (Left and Right Hand Continuity)


    A function is continuous from the left at a number c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c )
    x c

    A function is continuous from the right at a number c if lim f ( x ) = f ( c )


    x c +

    Example 2: Using the example above, is the function continuous at the endpoints x =
    3 and x =
    5?

    Additional Continuity Example


    Classifying Discontinuities:
    Discontinuities are also classified by name, depending on the reason for the discontinuity:

    limit DNE because: lim f ( x ) lim+ f ( x ) jump discontinuity


    x c x c

    limit DNE because lim f ( x ) = or lim f ( x ) = infinite discontinuity


    x c x c
    (because the
    lim f ( x ) exists, but f ( c ) DNE or lim f ( x ) f ( c ) removable discontinuity discontinuity could
    x c x c
    be removed by just
    redefining one
    Example 3: Classify the discontinuities in examples 1 and 2. function value, f ( c ) .

    Unit 1 p. 23
    Thomas, 13e
    e x
    , x 1
    Example 4: Sketch the graph of f ( x ) = .
    ln x , x > 1
    Where is f ( x ) discontinuous and why? Where is continuous?

    x2 1
    ,x 1
    Example 5: Algebraically, determine whether f ( x ) = x 1 is continuous at x = 1.
    2 ,x =1

    6 x < 2
    4x 2 x < 1

    Example 6: Algebraically, determine whether f ( x ) = 5 x 1 x= 1 is continuous at:
    3 x + 7 1 < x < 3
    2
    x 11 x>3
    6a. x = 2

    6b. x = 1

    6c. x = 3

    Unit 1 p. 24
    Thomas, 13e
    B. Continuity on an interval

    Definition: A function f ( x ) is continuous on an open interval ( a, b ) if it is continuous at every number in


    (A function f ( x ) is continuous on the closed interval [ a, b ] if it is continuous on ( a, b ) and
    ( a, b ) .
    continuous from the right at a and continuous from the left at b).

    Using the limit laws, we showed that for many common functions, lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) , for all c in the
    x c
    domain.
    This means that those functions are continuous on their domains.

    Theorem: The following common functions are continuous on their domains:


    polynomial functions rational functions
    root functions absolute value functions
    exponential functions logarithmic functions
    trigonometric functions inverse trigonometric functions

    Furthermore,
    Theorem: If f and g are continuous at c, then so are:
    f
    f +g f g cf fg ; provided g ( a ) 0
    g
    Also, if g is continuous at c, and f is continuous at g ( c ) , then the composition
    ( f g )( x ) = f ( g ( x ) ) is continuous at c.
    Example 7: Where are the following functions continuous?

    x2 9
    a) f ( x) =
    x2 5x + 6

    x
    b) f ( x) =
    x 3

    c) f ( x=
    ) 3 4x

    Unit 1 p. 25
    Thomas, 13e
    Example 7 (continued): Where are the following functions continuous?

    d) ( x ) ln ( x 1)
    f=

    e) f ( x ) = sec ( 3 x )

    Consequences of Continuity

    1. Continuity and Limits: Because the definition of continuity at a point is: lim f ( x ) = f ( c ) , this implies
    x c
    that limits can be found by direct substitution, wherever the function is continuous.

    2. The Intermediate Value Theorem


    Theorem: If function f ( x ) is continuous on the closed
    interval [ a, b ] , and k is any intermediate value
    between f ( a ) and f ( b ) , then there exists
    at least 1 c in the interval [ a, b ] such that f ( c ) = k .

    Corollary: If function f ( x ) is continuous on the


    closed interval [ a, b ] , and f ( a ) and f ( b ) have opposite signs,
    then there exists at least 1 c in the interval [ a, b ] such that f ( c ) = 0.

    Example 8: Use the Intermediate Value Theorem to show there is at


    least 1 real root (zero) for the equation x 4 3 x 3 + 3 =0
    on the interval [ 0, 2] .

    Unit 1 p. 26

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