International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)

ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2014

Experimental Investigation on Variable Compression

Ratio S.I. Engine
Samadhan B. Kharat, Vishal U. Ambhore, Akshay P. Kharate.

The concept of variable compression ratio (VCR) promises

Abstract Need of improving the performance improved engine performance, eciency and reduced
characteristics of the gasoline engine has necessitated the emissions. The higher cylinder pressures and temperatures
present research. Increasing the compression ratio below during the early part of combustion and small residual gas
detonating values to improve on the performance is an option.
fraction owing to higher compression ratio give faster
The compression ratio is a factor that influences the
performance characteristics of internal combustion engines.
laminar ame Speed. Therefore, the ignition delay period is
This work is an experimental and theoretical investigation of shorter. As a result, at low loads, the greater the compression
the influence of the compression ratio on the brake power, ratio, the shorter is the combustion time. Time loss is
brake thermal efficiency, brake mean effective pressure and subsequently reduced. Therefore, it seems reasonable that
specific fuel consumption of the variable compression ratio fuel consumption rate is lower with high compression ratios
spark ignition engine. Compression ratios of 8.23, 9.3 and 10.7, at part load.
and engine speeds of 1000 to 3500 rpm, in increments of 500
rpm, were utilized. II. CONCEPT
The maximum compression ratio corresponding to maximum
brake power, brake thermal efficiency, brake mean effective Historically, every mechanical element in the power
pressure and lowest specific fuel consumption is 10.7.The conversion system has been considered as a means to achieve
theoretical values were compared with experimental values. variable compression. No attempt is made here to present an
exhaustive listing but examples of the main concepts appear
Index Terms Compression ratio, brake power, brake below.
thermal efficiency, specific fuel consumption, brake mean
effective pressure. Modify the compression ratio by:
Cutting the cylinder blocks head
I. INTRODUCTION
variation of combustion chamber volume
Improving internal combustion (IC) engine efficiency is a variation of piston deck height
prime concern today. A lot of engineering research has gone modification of connecting rod geometry (usually by
into the improvement of the thermal efficiency of the (IC) means of some intermediate member)
engines, so as to get more work from the same amount of fuel moving the crankpin within the crankshaft (effectively
burnt. Of the energy present in the combustion chamber only varying the stroke)
a portion gets converted to useful output power. Most of the moving the crankshaft axis
energy produced by these engines is wasted as heat. In Varying the length of connecting rod.
addition to friction losses and losses to the exhaust, there are In this case, we have cut the cylinder block by 1 mm and got
other operating performance parameters that affect the the positive result in output as compared to the actual system.
thermal efficiency. Compression ratio is the ratio of the total
volume of the combustion chamber when the piston is at the III. PROBLEM DEFINITION
bottom dead centre to the total volume of the combustion
chamber when piston is at the top dead centre. Theoretically, In present two stroke SI engine of scooter more problems
increasing the compression ratio of an engine can improve regarding the fuel consumption, emission and less thermal
the thermal efficiency of the engine by producing more power efficiency are there. This is the need of present world to
output. The ideal theoretical cycle, the Otto cycle, upon improved engine performance, eciency, and reduced
which spark ignition (SI) engines are based, has a thermal emissions. To save the environment, to be economical in
efficiency, which increases with compression ratio. automobile and to maintain the healthy life of mankind these
problems from the exhaust emission and more fuel
consumption the alternate method should be taken to save
these things. The VCR is the technique to avoid such
Manuscript received May 08, 2014. problems and to save the environment as well as the money of
Samadhan B. Kharat, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Amravati
human being.
University, Amravati, Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad, India,
+91 8149427750.

Vishal U. Ambhore, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Amravati

University, Amravati, Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad, India.

Akshay P. Kharate, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Amravati

University, Amravati, Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad, India.

88 www.erpublication.org
 Experimental Investigation on Variable Compression Ratio S.I. Engine

IV. EXPERIMENTAL SETUP V. TEST PROCEDURE

1] Start the engine by cranking the kick provided for
cranking.
2] After engine is started adjust burette reading up to 25ml
fuel level.
3] Then close the tank fuel valve and open burette valve &
adjust the RPM of engine as per required.
4] Note down the load from spring balance & mass of fuel
consumed from burette.
5] Note down the manometer reading from u-tube
manometer.
6] Note down the different readings on different speeds and
loads from the same procedure.
Fig: 4.1 Experimental setup 7] Assembled the gasket of decrease in length by 1mm and
The selected engine is a Single Cylinder Two Stroke, 150 cc. note down the readings via the same procedure listed above.
A rope brake dynamometer which consists of rope, two 8] Assembled the cut cylinder block of decrease in length by
spring balances as shown in the fig is used for loading the 1mm and note down readings via same procedure listed
engine to measure brake power. The air flow is measured above.
with the help of Air box, which pressure is measured with the
help of U-Tube manometer, mounted itself on the air box.
The fuel measurement is taken with the help of Burette which VI. GRAPHS
is calibrated. GRAPHS REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
SPEED VS. MASS OF FUEL AT VARYING LOADS.
Table 4.2: Engine specification
0.0002

Mf 0.00015
TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS OF BAJAJ CR 8.23
(kg/s) 0.0001
CHETAK ENGINE-
CR 9.3
5E-05
PERFORMANCE CR 10.7
270 335 405 470
Highest power
7.5 bhp / 5.93 kW Speed (rpm)
Peak power amongst 2-stroke
@ 5500 rpm
scooters
FIGURE 6.1:- SPEED Vs Mf AT NO LOAD
10.8 N-m @ 3500 Instantaneous
Peak torque
rpm pick-up
ENGINE 0.0002

2-stroke with reed

Advanced engine for Mf 0.00015
Type superior CR 8.23
valve induction (kg/s) 0.0001
performance CR 9.3
5E-05
Transmission 4-Speed gear box Smooth easy shifting CR 10.7
270 335 405 470
Clutch Wet multi-disc type
Speed (rpm)
Two-stroke spark ignition, 145.45 cc
Operating cycle
engine
FIGURE 6.2:- SPEED Vs Mf AT LOAD=4 kg
Compression ratio 6-10
0.0002
Bore 0.057 m
Stroke/bore ratio 1 Mf 0.00015
CR 8.23
Max rated BMEP 4-10 Atm. (kg/s) 0.0001
CR 9.3
Wt/power ratio 5.5-2.5 5E-05
CR 10.7
Approx. Best bsfc 350 (gm/kW hr) 270 335 405 470

Speed (rpm)

89 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2014

FIGURE 6.3:- SPEED Vs Mf AT LOAD=7 kg

0.0025
0.0002 0.002
Ma
0.0015 CR 8.23
0.00015 (kg/s)
Mf 0.001
CR 9.3
CR 8.23 0.0005
(kg/s)
0.0001 CR 10.7
CR 9.3 270 335 405 470
5E-05 CR 10.7 Speed (rpm)
270335405470
FIGURE 6.7:- SPEED Vs Ma AT LOAD=4 kg
Speed (rpm)

FIGURE 6.4:- SPEED Vs Mf AT LOAD=10 kg 0.0025

0.002
0.0002 Ma
0.0015 CR 8.23
(kg/s)
0.00015 0.001 CR 9.3
Mf CR 10.7
CR 8.23 0.0005
(kg/s)
0.0001 270 335 405 470
CR 9.3
Speed (rpm)
CR 10.7
5E-05
270 335 405 470 FIGURE 6.8:- SPEED Vs Ma AT LOAD=7 kg

Speed (rpm)
0.0025
FIGURE 6.5:- SPEED Vs Mf AT LOAD=13 kg 0.002
Ma
0.0015 CR 8.23
From Fig. 7.6 to 7.10 it is observed that as Speed increases, (kg/s)
the mass of fuel consumption also increases (This is due to at 0.001 CR 9.3
low Speed the heat loss to the combustion chamber wall is 0.0005
proportionally greater and combustion efficiency is poorer CR 10.7
270 335 405 470
resulting higher fuel consumption produced).
The reason behind this is as Speed increases, the Speed (rpm)
piston has to travel at faster Speed and suction increases and
acceleration increases. So the fuel port opens at faster rate to
FIGURE 6.9:- SPEED Vs Ma AT LOAD=10 kg
maintain proper air fuel ratio.
As Speed increases engine have to maintain the
proper air-fuel ratio and for this engine requires rich mixture 0.0025
of air and fuel.
0.002
Ma
0.0015 CR 8.23
GRAPHS REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN (kg/s)
0.001
SPEED VS. MASS OF AIR AT VARYING LOADS. CR 9.3
0.0005
CR 10.7
0.0025 270 335 405 470
0.002 Speed (rpm)
Ma
0.0015 CR 8.23
(kg/s)
0.001 FIGURE 6.10:- SPEED Vs Ma AT LOAD=13 kg.
CR 9.3
0.0005
CR 10.7 Increase in air consumption means that increased quantity of
270335405470 fuel can be added per unit time increasing power output. In
fact IP is directly proportional to engine air consumption.
Speed (rpm)
From Fig. 7.1 to 7.5 it is seen that as Speed increases it
results in increase in mass of air consumption. Reason for
FIGURE 6.6:- SPEED Vs Ma AT NO LOAD this is increase in Speed directly results in more rotation of

90 www.erpublication.org
 Experimental Investigation on Variable Compression Ratio S.I. Engine

crank shaft that is piston has to travel at more Speed. Suction

increases as the rotation of crankshaft increases and to 10
maintain proper air-fuel ratio mass of air consumption Brake 9
increases. Thermal
8 CR 8.23
Efficiency
GRAPHS REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN (%) 7 CR 9.3
SPEED VS. BRAKE POWER AT VARYING LOADS. 6
CR 10.7
270 335 405 470
0.9
Brake 0.7 Speed (rpm)
4 kg
Power 0.5
(kW) 0.3 7 kg FIGURE 6.14:- SPEED Vs BRAKE THERMAL
0.1 10 kg EFFICIENCY AT LOAD=10 kg
270 335 405 470
13 kg
Speed rpm) 12
Brake
Thermal 11
FIGURE 6.11:- SPEED Vs BP Efficienc 10 CR 8.23
y 9
It is seen that engine brake power increases as the (%) CR 9.3
compression ratio increases. This due to the increases in 8
CR 10.7
brake torque at high compression ratio increases in 270 335 405 470
compression ratio induces greater turning effect on the
cylinder crank that mean engine is giving more push on Speed (rpm)
piston and more torque is generated. Fig. 7.26 shows that the
engine torque is directly related to the brake power. FIGURE 6.15:- SPEED Vs BRAKE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY AT LOAD=13 kg
GRAPHS REPRESENTING RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN
SPEED VS. MASS OF AIR AT VARYING LOADS. Maximum thermal efficiency occurred at C.R 10.7 by
compressing the available air and fuel mixture into a smaller
4.5 space with the heat of compression causes better mixing and
Brake evaporation of the fuel (see fig. 7.31 to 7.34). Greater
Thermal 4 combustion efficiency from increasing CR means that the
Efficienc 3.5 CR 8.23 combustion of fuel plays greater dividends by more energy
y 3 release from the fuel. The net result is that increase in energy
CR 9.3
(%) 2.5 available is greater.
CR 10.7 As the CR increases, the fuel mixture is sufficiently
270 335 405 470 compressed thereby increasing the thermal efficiency, so
Speed (rpm) that less fuel is required to produced same amount of energy
.Fuel consumption is reduced at higher CR from 9.3 to 10.7.
FIGURE 6.12:- SPEED Vs BRAKE THERMAL VII. RESULT
EFFICIENCY AT LOAD=4 kg
[NOTE: + indicates INCREMENT IN VALUES,
8 - indicates DECREMENT IN VALUES]
The following results obtained at load=13 kg
7

Brake 6 CR 8.23 Table 7.1:- Comparison of Mf

Thermal 5 CR 9.3 Sr. Speed Mf Mf1 Mf2 % % %
Efficienc 4 No. (rpm) 10-4 10-4 10-4 Change Change Change
y CR 10.7 (kg/s) (kg/s) (kg/s) Mf & Mf & Mf1 &
270 335 405 470 Mf1 Mf2 Mf2
(%) 1 270 1.209 1.244 1.173 -2.89 2.97 57.07
Speed (rpm) 2 335 1.404 1.386 1.386 -1.28 1.28 0.00
3 405 1.529 1.564 1.529 -2.28 0.00 22.37
4 470 1.742 1.778 1.706 -2.06 2.06 40.49
FIGURE 6.13:- SPEED Vs BRAKE THERMAL
EFFICIENCY AT LOAD=7 kg
Table 7.2:- Comparison of Ma

91 www.erpublication.org
 International Journal of Engineering and Technical Research (IJETR)
ISSN: 2321-0869, Volume-2, Issue-5, May 2014

Speed Ma Ma1 Ma2 % % % Percentage change in brake thermal efficiency on an average

Sr. (rpm) 10-3 10-3 10-3 Change Change Change
No. (kg/s) (kg/s) (kg/s) Ma & Ma & Ma1 &
between CR 9.3 & CR 10.7 = 1.63%
Ma1 Ma2 Ma2 Percentage change in brake thermal efficiency on an average
between CR 8.23 & CR 10.7 = 3.31%
1 270 1.469 1.697 1.341 -15.52 8.71 20.97
2 335 1.697 1.897 1.587 -11.78 6.48 16.34 APPENDIX
3 405 1.897 2.078 1.800 -9.54 5.11 13.37 CALCULATIONS OF MASS OF FUEL CONSUMED:-
4 470 2.245 2.323 1.990 -3.47 11.35 14.33
Mf =
Table 7.3:- Comparison of bth
BRAKE POWER:-
Sr. Speed bth bth1 bth2 % % %
No. (rpm) (%) (%) (%) Change Change Change BP = 2 NT/ (601000) (kW)
bth & bth & bth1 & Where-
bth1 bth2 bth2
1 270 8.89 8.64 9.16 2.81 -3.07 -6.01
TORQUE, T = 9.81 F r
r = Radius of drum of wheel.
2 335 9.36 9.41 9.48 -0.50 -1.28 -0.74
= 0.125
3 405 10.40 10.17 10.40 2.21 0.00 -2.26
4 470 10.58 10.37 10.81 1.98 -2.17 -4.24 BRAKE THERMAL EFFICIENCY CALCULATION:-

bth = BP / (Mf CV)

Table 7.4:- Brake Power Where-
CV = 42500 kJ/kg
BP = Brake Power
From table 7.1 and 7.2 it is observed that mass of fuel and air Mf = Mass of fuel consumed.
consumption decreases for CR 10.7.
From table 7.3 it is observed that Thermal efficiency of CR
10.7 is more as compared to CR 8.23 and CR 9.3. ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Table 7.4 shows the variation of Brake Power at different
We wish to acknowledge with deep gratitude the
loads.
valuable guidance received from Prof. A. A. Bhura,
Assistant Professor, (Mechanical Engg. Dept.) who not only
VIII. CONCLUSION
encouraged us throughout this venture, but also took great
There is percentage change in the brake specific fuel pain in going through the manuscript carefully and
consumption, brake thermal efficiency, mass of fuel correction, which had greatly improved the quality of the
consumed for different Speeds and loads as- text.
We are also thankful to the Principal, Dr. K. Ravi, for
Percentage change in mass of fuel consumed on an average providing all the facilities and also to Prof. Avinash M.
between CR 9.3 & CR 8.23 = 2.13% Wankhade, H.O.D. of Mechanical Engineering Department
Percentage change in mass of fuel consumed on an average and other faculty members who gave necessary help from
between CR 9.3 & CR 10.7 = 1.58% time to time as required.
We are also thankful to Prof. S. A. Saoji for providing
Percentage change in mass of fuel consumed on an average us scooter engine for experiment and Prof. Mohd. Ayaz
Sr. SPEED BRAKE POWER (kW) Afsar for their valuable guidance and directions towards
No. (rpm) completing this project.
AT 4 Kg AT 7 Kg AT 10 AT 13
Kg Kg We also acknowledge with a deep sense of reverence,
1 270 0.138 0.243 0.346 0.451 our gratitude towards our parents and member of our family,
who have always supported us morally as well as
2 335 0.172 0.301 0.430 0.559
economically.
3 405 0.208 0.364 0.520 0.676

4 470 0.242 0.422 0.603 0.784 REFERENCES

[1] Amjad Shaik, N Shenbaga Vinayaga Moorthi, and R Rudramoorthy., 2007,
between CR 8.23 & CR 10.7 = 29.98% Variable compression ratio engine: a future power plant for automobiles
Percentage change in mass of air consumed on an average an overview, International Journal of Automobile Engineering, Vol.
between CR 9.3 & CR 8.23 = 10.08% 221, pp [1159 1168].
[2] Aina T., Folayan C. O. and Pam G. Y., 2012, Influence of compression
Percentage change in mass of air consumed on an average ratio on the performance characteristics of a spark ignition engine,
between CR 9.3 & CR 10.7 = 7.91% Pelagia Research Library Advances in Applied Science Research, 168, pp
Percentage change in mass of air consumed on an average [19151922].
[3] Wenfa Zhan, Huaguo Liang, Fen, Zhengfeng Huang, 2007, Test data
between CR 8.23 & CR 10.7 = 16.25% compression scheme based on variable-to-fixed-plus-variable-length
Percentage change in brake thermal efficiency on an average coding, International Journal of Systems Architecture, 5, pp [877887]
between CR 9.3 & CR 8.23 = 1.88% [4] Huseyin Serdar Yucesu, Tolga Topgu l, Can C inar, Melih Okur., 2006,
Effect of ethanolgasoline blends on engine performance and exhaust

92 www.erpublication.org
 Experimental Investigation on Variable Compression Ratio S.I. Engine

emissions in different compression ratios, International Journal of

Applied Thermal Engineering, 26,pp [22722278].
[5] Hyun Kyu Suh., 2011, Investigations of multiple injection strategies for the
improvement of combustion and exhaust emissions characteristics in a
low compression ratio (CR) engine, International Journal of Applied
Energy, 88, pp [5013-5019].
[6] V. Ganesan, Internal Combustion Engine, 3rd edition, The Tata
McGraw-Hill Publications, New Delhi, 2010, [471-509, 559-638].

Samadhan B. Kharat is UG Student of final year

mechanical engineering from Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad,
(Maharashtra) India, 445215

Vishal U. Ambhore is UG Student of final year

mechanical engineering from Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad,
(Maharashtra) India, 445215

Akshay P. Kharate is UG Student of final year

mechanical engineering from Babasaheb Naik College of Engineering, Pusad,
(Maharashtra) India, 445215

93 www.erpublication.org