Jeevan 3

Aim :To detect ultrasonic motion sound and
movement.
Problem statement: :Does a small frequency of sound wave and

motion can be detected by the modified
ultrasonic motion detector?
Hypothesis :The more the amount of transmitters and

resistors, the motion and sound can be
detected more obvious.
Variables:
Manipulated variable : The amount of transmitters and

resistors.
Responding variable : The brightness of LED bulb and the
amount of
sound produced by the transducers.
Constant variable : The frequency (Hertz) used.
Apparatus and Materials: Resistors [1-4] & [1-6] Watts (orange-

orange-black), (brown-black-green),(brown-black-red), (blue-grey-
red),(red-red-green),(yellow-violet-yellow),(brown-black-orange),
(brown-black-yellow),Jumper wire,LED,Zener diode,Tuning fork
crystal(4 hertz),12 V-DC plug,Intergrated circuit, Electrolytic
capacitor ,40(KHz) Ultrasonic transduces (transmitter,
40T),40(KHz) Ultrasonic transduces(receiver,40K),Solder,Solder
wire, Wires,Trimmer port(preset), Light emitting diode,Miniature
relay coil,Capacitors(ceramic),Aluminium case.
Procedure:
1. Print the placements of all the electrical components using

mug printing machine on the circuit board.
2. Then, determine its placing and solder them using a solder
and solder wire.
3. Recheck all the components sittings to obtain perfect current
flow.
4. Cut the outer wire of the 12V-Dc plug to obtain its purified
copper and solder them on the circuit board in positive and
negative terminal.
5. Plug in the plug and wait for the MAGIC.
Precaution:
1. The detector should not be used at places where

interference from electric fans, insects and household pets
are expected. It is not intend for outdoor use.
2. Do not place obstacles in front of the detector.
Testing:
1. Wave your hand in front of the transducers to simulate

moving object. In response to this, the relay should activate
promptly and the LED light up for a few seconds.
2. Adjust VR to set appropriate level of sensitivity (depending
on the environment where the detector is installed). Setting
it too high will induce false alarm.
Application:
To announce the arrival of guest or customers.(to be used

with door chime).Secondly ,act as an intruder detector to
existing alarm system.
Basic Components
Transducer/Receiver
The ultrasonic transducer pulses, sending sound waves outward from the
face of the sensor. The transducer also receives echoes of those waves as
reflected off an object.
Comparator and Detector Circuit
When the sensor receives the reflected echo, the comparator calculates the
distance by comparing the emit-to-receive timeframes to the speed of
sound.
Solid-State Output Switching Device
The solid state output generates an electrical signal to be interpreted by an

interface device like a programmable logic controller (PLC). The signal from
digital sensors indicates the presence or absence of an object in the sensing
field. The signal from analog sensors indicates the distance to an object in
the sensing field.
Sensing Frequency
In general, industrial sensors operate between 25 kHz and 500 kHz. Medical
ultrasound units operate at 5 MHz or more. Sensing frequency is inversely
proportional to sensing distance. While a 50 kHz sound wave may work to
10 m or more, a 200 kHz sound wave is limited to sensing ranges of about
1m.Furthermore,this motion and sound sensors can operate around 40KHz.
Sensing Range and Effective Beam
The sensing range of an ultrasonic sensor is the area between the

minimum and the maximum sensing limits.
Minimum Sensing Distance
Ultrasonic proximity sensors have a small unusable area near the face of the
sensor. If the ultrasonic beam leaves the sensor, strikes the target, and
returns before the sensor has completed its transmission, the sensor is
unable to receive the echo accurately.
This unusable area is known as the blind zone.
The outer edge of the blind zone is the minimum distance an object can be
from the sensor without returning echoes that will be ignored or misread by
the sensor.
Maximum Sensing Distance
Target size and material determine the maximum distance at which the
sensor is capable of seeing the object. The harder an object is to detect,
the more obvious can be detected.
Example of object can be detected: Steel,plastic and glass.
Spacing Considerations
Spacing between sensors is determined by their beam angles. The sensors
must be spaced so they do not interfere with each other. This interference
is sometimes called crosstalk.
Target Size:
The smaller the target the more difficult to detect.
Target-to-Sensor Distance:
The further a target is away from the sensor, the longer it takes the sensor to
receive the echo.
Environmental Considerations
Ambient Noise
Ultrasonic sensors have noise suppression circuitry that allows them to function reliably in
noisy environments.
Air Pressure
Normal atmospheric pressure changes have little effect on measurement accuracy; however,
ultrasonic sensors are not intended for use in high or low air pressure environments as
pressure extremes may physically damage the transducer or the sensor face.
Air Temperature
The velocity of sound in air is temperature dependent. An increase in temperature causes a

slowing of the speed of sound and, therefore, increases the sensing distance.
Air Turbulence
Air currents, turbulence and layers of different densities cause refraction of the sound wave.
An echo may be weakened or diverted to the extent that it is not received at all.
Protective Measures
In wet applications, the sensor should not be involving in any other liquid contact. In general,
to maintain operating efficiency, care must be taken to prevent solid or liquid deposits from
forming on the sensor face.
Ultrasonic Advantages and Disadvantages

Ultrasonic Advantages
1. An ultrasonic sensors response is not dependent upon the surface color or optical reflectivity of the object. Fo
2. Ultrasonic sensors with digital (ON/OFF) outputs have excellent repeat sensing accuracy. It is possible to ignore
3. The response of analog ultrasonic sensors is linear with distance. By interfacing the sensor to an LED display, it
Ultrasonic Disadvantages
1. Ultrasonic sensors must view a surface (especially a hard, flat surface) squarely (perpendicularly) to receive am
2. While ultrasonics exhibit good immunity to background noise, these sensors are still likely to falsely respond to
3. Proximity style ultrasonic sensors require time for the transducer to stop ringing after each transmission burst
4. Ultrasonic sensors have a minimum sensing distance.
5. Changes in the environment, such as temperature, pressure, humidity, air turbulence, and airborne particles af
6. Targets of low density, like foam and cloth, tend to absorb sound energy; these materials may be difficult to se
7. Smooth surfaces reflect sound energy more efficiently than rough surfaces; however, the sensing angle to a sm
Image:.
Conclusion :1.Hypothesis excepted.
2. When the amount of transmitters and resistor

increases, the more uniform and brighter the LED
lights up.
Experiment 1
Title : Ultrasonic motion and
sound detecter
Members :1.Praveen s/o Harikrishnan

2.Jeevan s/o Alegesan
PROJECT INFINITY
Group members:
1.PRAVEEN S/O HARIKRISHNAN
2.JEEVAN ALAGESAN
3.JEGATDESHWAREN S/O MAGESWARAN
4.SHIVENDREN S/O S.R.SINGARAVELU
5.ETHAN ERIK NETTO
6.SARVESHKARAN YOGALINGAM
School name:
SMK SEKSYEN 3 BANDAR KINRARA
Teachers Name:
1.MADAM CHANG
2.PN.SUNEETA

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Aim :To detect ultrasonic motion sound and

Problem statement: :Does a small frequency of sound wave and

Hypothesis :The more the amount of transmitters and

Manipulated variable : The amount of transmitters and

Apparatus and Materials: Resistors [1-4] & [1-6] Watts (orange-

1. Print the placements of all the electrical components using

1. The detector should not be used at places where

1. Wave your hand in front of the transducers to simulate

To announce the arrival of guest or customers.(to be used

Comparator and Detector Circuit

Solid-State Output Switching Device

The solid state output generates an electrical signal to be interpreted by an

Sensing Range and Effective Beam

The sensing range of an ultrasonic sensor is the area between the

Maximum Sensing Distance

The velocity of sound in air is temperature dependent. An increase in temperature causes a

Ultrasonic Advantages and Disadvantages

4. Ultrasonic sensors have a minimum sensing distance.

2. When the amount of transmitters and resistor

Members :1.Praveen s/o Harikrishnan

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