Faculty OF Engineering

Mechanical Engineering department

Fluid Mechanics Laboratory

ENME 312

EXP 5: W ATER CHANNEL APPLICATIONS

DISCHARGE BENEATH A SLUICE G ATE

Students name:
Mahmoud Radi 1110744
Fathi Alsheakh

Instructors
Dr. Mohammad Al Karaeen

BIRZEIT

Figure 1
Abstract

The main aim of this experiment is to calculate the discharge beneath a sluice gate by
finding Q which indicates the volumetric flow rate.

Sluice gates are used for controlling and changing the amount of the water entering the
channel by opening the gate with limited distance and measuring flow rates in open channels and
rivers, mainly in connection to hydro power. Sluice gate flow metering is often used to measure
the flow rate in open channels. The sluice gate is also often used to regulate or modulate the
flow.

The experiment is performed by using the momentum equation to determine the force acted on
the gate on the two faces from the water before and after the gate. The main applications of the
discharge beneath the gate are the dams, which are very important in the design, the dams;
because this experiment gives an idea about the forces needed in the design. Open channel flow
experiments can be used to simulate flow in river, in a spillway, in a drainage canal or in sewer.

Objectives

To determine the change in the velocity and the volumetric flow rate that
is passing beneath a sluice gate and compare these results with the
theoretical data which assumed that the velocity disruption is uniform
across the section and each fluid layer move at V thus the velocity head
indicated by the pitot tube for one layer of the fluid is assumed to be
same for every layer and so represents the kinetic energy per unit weight
of fluid.
Determine flow through V- notch.
To know the characteristics of the flow through open channel.

Calculations.

To calculate velocity coefficient:

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 HC 208
Cv 0.961
y0 225

To calculate Coefficient of contraction :

y1 18
Cc 0.90
y g 20

To calculate Coefficient of discharge :

C d C c C v 0.90 0.961 0.865

To calculate the volume flow rate :

Q C d y g b 2 gy 0 0.865 0.02 0.3 2 9.81 0.225 0.011 m 3 / s

To calculate the flow area

A=b y 0=0.30.225=0.0675 m2

To calculate Velocity of the stream before the sluice gate.

Q 0.011
V1 0.162 m/s
A 0.0675

To calculate Velocity After the sluice gate

V2 2 g y 0 2 9.81 0.225 2.101m / s

To calculate the resultant hydrostatic thrust

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 1 1
FH g ( y0 y g ) 2 998 9.81 (0.225 0.018) 2 205.720 KN
2 2

2 y0 Q 2 y
2
1
Fg gy1 2 1 2 1 1
2 y1 b y1 y0
To calculate the resultant gate thrust

0.215 2 998 * 0.0105 2 0.018

Fg 0.5 * 998 * 9.81 * 0.018 2 2
1 1 0.215 178.787KN
0.018 0.3 2 * 0.018

For part (2) when putting the V-notch (trial #2):

8
Q = Cd x 15 2 g x tan 2 x H5/2

8 90
0.000825 = Cd 2 x 9.81 tan x (0.035)5/2
15 2

Cd = 0.94

Data and Calculations

Table 1. Cd, Q in m3/s, v in m/s and forces in KN

Table shows velocity of the stream after the Gate, Q, Fh , Fg and Cd for each situation.

Trial Cd Q(m3/s) V2(m/s) Fh(KN) Fg(KN)

1 0.865 0.011 2.101 205.720 178.787
2 0.834 0.011 1.721 77.716 56.709
3 0.783 0.011 1.534 39.651 24.437
4 0.767 0.011 1.365 17.623 5.039
5 0.750 0.011 1.253 7.832 -2.448
Trial Q(m3/hr) H(m) Cd
1 1.45 0.021 1.647078

Table 2. Cd, Q in m3/hr and Height above v- notch in m

Table shows the discharge coefficient for each reading

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 2 2.97 0.035 0.940764
3 8.56 0.053 0.960901
4 12.3 0.066 0.797884
5 14.97 0.087 0.486764

Yg/Y0 Ratio vs. Fg/Fh Ratio

1.000

0.800

0.600

0.400

Fg/Fh
0.200

0.000

-0.200

-0.400
0.050 0.100 0.150 0.200 0.250 0.300 0.350 0.400 0.450 0.500 0.550

Yg/Y0

Fg vs. Fh
200.000

150.000

100.000

Fg(kN)
50.000

0.000

-50.000
0.000 50.000 100.000 150.000 200.000 250.000

Fh(kN)

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 Q2/5vs.(H)
0.12
f(x) = 1.09x + 0.02
0.1

0.08

0.06
H(m3/s)
0.04

0.02

0
0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 0.08 0.09 0.1

H(m)

Cd vs. Q
1.8
1.6
1.4
1.2
1
Cd 0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16

Q (m3/s)

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 Discussion of results

For part (2):

From table (1) the value of coefficient of contraction (Cc) was calculated
by divided the total depth of water after the gate over the total depth of
water before the gate,and the velocity coefficient (Cu) was calculated by
taking the square root of the total head at discharge point over the total
depth of water before the gate ,also the discharge coefficient (Cd) was
calculated by multiply the coefficient of contraction with the velocity
coefficient.
From figure (1) which represents the resultant gate thrust (Fg) versus the
resultant hydrostatic thrust (FH), its obvious that the relationship between
them is linear, so when the value of (Fg) increases the value of (FH) will
increase also and vice versa.
From figure (2) which represents (Fg/FH) versus (Yg/Y0) ,the relationship
between them is not linear and the line is a polynomial of high degree, so
with increasing the value of (Yg/Y0) the value of (Fg/FH) at first will increase
with increasing slope then it will reach the maximum value then it will
start decreasing with decreasing slope .
With upstream kinetic energy neglected, the energy equation becomes

Q
2
by


v2
y 0= y 1 + = y 1 +
2g

y 21
rearrangemultiply by 3
y0

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 2 2 3
Q y y
=2 12 2 13
gb y 0 y0 y0

Differentiate this with respect to (y1/y0) to find maximum Q at y1/y0 = 2/3

2
Q 2Y12
3 2 = 2 CV
Y0 b g Y0

For part (2):

2
From figure (3) which represents (Q 5 ) versus head above bottom of the V-notch (H),

its obvious that the relationship between them is linear relationship so when the value of

2
(Q 5 ) is increases the value of the head above bottom of the V-notch (H) will increase also,

and that is predictable because the when the flow rate increases the head of water will increase
along all the open channel and also will increase above the V-notch similarly. The slope of this
line can be used to find the discharge coefficient.

Conclusion:

In this experiment we use the water channel and the sluice gate and the V-notch to take
our measurements which are the total depth of water before and after the gate , the total head at
discharge point , the head above bottom of the V-notch and the volume flow rate these
measurements was used to calculate all the results that we have.

From the results for part (1) we can conclude that the relationship between(FH) and (Fg) is linear
so when the value of (Fg) increases the value of (FH) will increase also and vice versa ,and the
relationship between (Fg/FH) and (Yg/Y0) is not linear and the line is a polynomial of high

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degree, so with increasing the value of (Yg/Y0) the value of (Fg/FH) at first will increase with
increasing slope then it will reach the maximum value then it will start decreasing with
decreasing slope .

2
Another conclusion from the results for part (2) is that the relationship between (Q )
5

2
and (H) is linear relationship so when the value of (Q 5 ) is increases the value of the head

above bottom of the V-notch (H) will increase and the slope of this line can be used to find the
discharge coefficient.

The experiment could be improved if we change the position of the gate along the water
channel and also the position of the V-notch and study if that change the results that we have got
for the current positions, and to calculate the losses values to take more accurate results .another
improvement is to use another devices to measure the head pressure and thats to be more
accurate.

When talking about the errors, we face different types of errors such as , errors in
measuring the total depth of water before and after the gate , errors in reading the head of the
water above the bottom of the V-notch ,errors in reading the water level in the tubes .

References

Frank M .White, Fluid Mechanics, Fifth edition.

Fluid Lab manual.

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