1

SYNOPIS ON RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN

(LTE)
SUBMITTED IN THE PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT
FOR THE AWARD OF DEGREE OF

BACHLOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY (2013-2017)

UNDER SUPERVISION OF: SUBMITTED BY:

Mr. Amandeep Poonam

Asst. Prof. (CSE Dept.) Roll no. :13014925
th
GJUS&T HISAR B.Tech IT 4 year

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

GURU JAMBHESHWAR UNIVERSITY OF

SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
HISAR-125001
 2

Declaration by The Candidate

I hereby declare that the synopsis entitled Resource allocation in (LTE) submitted by
me to Guru Jambheshwar University of Science & Technology during the time period of
August till December 2016; in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of the
degree of B.Tech in INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT is a record of
bonafide project report work carried out by me under the guidance of Mr. AMANDEEP. I
further declare that the work reported in this project has not been submitted and will not
be submitted, either in part or in full, for the award of any other degree or diploma in this
institute.

Poonam ____________________

Roll no. :13014925 Signature of the Candidate

Date:
 3

Acknowledgement

The successful completion of my task would be incomplete without

accomplishing the people who made it possible and whose constant guidance and
encouragement secure our success.

I wish to express my gratitude to Mr. Amandeep, Assistant Professor in

department of Computer Science and Engineering, GJUS&T,Hisar, for not only
providing me opportunity to work with them on this project, but also their
continued support, encouragement, guidance and attention during the project.

I would like to show my regards to entire faculty of the college from where I
learnt the basics of Computer Science and whose informal discussions and able
guidance was a fight for us in entire duration of this work.

Lastly, I would like to thank all those who have helped us directly or
indirectly in the preparation of our project.

______________________

(Signature of the candidate)

 Contents
1. Introduction ..5

1.1 3GPP Scope & Releases7

1.2 Long Term Evolution (LTE)......8

1.3 LTE Advanced..8

2.RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN
LTE..11
2.1Downlink Resource Process Of LTE
........... 12
2.2Physical control format induction
channel..........................................13
2.3Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator
Channel..14
2.4Uplink Resource Allocation In
LTE..15

3
Modulation
...15
3.1 OFDMA.16
3.2 LTE Network Component Allocation In LTE...17
3.3PDN Gateway.........18
3.4LTE Frame Structure...... 18
3. Methodology..19

4. References ..20
 5

1. Introduction:
Communication system significantly impacts the modern society using electrical and
electronic technology. International Telecommunication Union (ITU) defined the
telecommunication as the transmission, emission of any signals or message by electromagnetic
system [1]. Telegraphy demonstrated by Joseph Henry and by Samuel F.B. Morse in 1832
followed shortly after the discovery of electromagnetism by Hans Christian Oersted and Andre-
Marie Ampere early in the 1820s. Various telegraph networks were built on the U.S. East Coast
and in California. In 1864, Wireless propagation was postulated by James Clerk Maxwell, which
was verified and demonstrated in 1880 and 1887 by Heinrich Hertz [1]. Radio telegraph
experiments were started by Marconi and Popov. A complete wireless system was patented by
Marconi in 1897. For many years, wireless and radio were used to describe the same things. In
1876, Alexander Graham Bell patented the telephone. The diode was invented by Fleming in
1904 and triode by Lee DeForest in 1906 and these inventions made possible rapid development
of long-distance (radio) telephony. In 1907, Commercial Trans-Atlantic Wireless Service was
introduced and that was the beginning of end of cable-based telegraphy by using huge ground
stations. In 1920, Marconi discovered the short wave radio with wavelengths between 10 to 1000
meters. Also in 1920, first commercial radio broadcasted in Pittsburgh (USA) [1].

Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) cellular system was one of the earliest systems providing
automatic radio telephony and NMT is based on a standard development in close cooperation of five
different operators (PTTs) and competing manufacturers in Denmark, Finland, Iceland,
Norway and Sweden. In 1934, US Congress created the Federal Communication Commission.
The FCC authorizes the widespread use of many separate radio channels to other carriers in
1949. In 1969, Self-dialing capabilities is upgraded to 450MHz and became standard in the US.
That service is known as Improved mobile telephone service (IMTS). 1988 was the one of the
most important years in cellphone evolution which helped to create TDMA phone technology
which becomes available to the public in 1991 [1].

1G (First Generation) refers to the first generation of wireless telephone technology.

Signals were based on analog system transmission [2]. Some most popular standards are
demonstrated were Advanced Mobile Phone System(AMPS), Total Access Communication
System(TACS) and Nordic Mobile Telephone(NMT). Number of subscribers worldwide reached
approx. 20 million in 1990 [2].
nd nd
2G (2 Generation) technology refers to the 2 generation technology based on GSM
(Global System for Mobile Communication) launched in Finland in 1991. This network uses
digital signals. Its data speed was up to 24kbps. It enables the services such as text messages and
picture messages and MMS. It depends on the TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) and
CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) [2].
 6

nd rd
2.5G is a technology between the 2 (2G) and 3 (3G) generation of mobile telephony.
Its sometimes described as 2G Cellular Technology combined with GPRS (General Packet Radio
Service) and EDGE (Enhanced Data rates for GSM Evolution) [2].
rd
3G (3 Generation) is introduced in 2000 and data transmission speed increased from 144
kbps 2mbps.Typically called Smart Phones and features increased its bandwidth and data transfer
rates to accommodate web-based applications and audio and video files. It depends on W-CDMA
(Wideband Code Division Multiple Access), TD-SCDMA (Time Division Synchronous Code
Division Multiple Access) and HSPA (Evolved High Speed Packet Access) [2].

3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) is the centre of mobile communication

which organising the standards for various mobile communication standards from GSM through
UMTS and LTE to 5G. 3GPP was initially setup in 1998 [3]. It is the mobile communication
industry collaboration which organises and manages many standards and develops the mobile
communication standards. Basically 3GPP was set up to develop to move on from the 2G system
[3].

3GPP is effectively a summation of number of organisations as it does have a

headquarters and permanent staff. The 3GPP support team which is more correctly known as the
Mobile Competence Centre is located within the offices of the European Telecommunications
Standards Institute (ETSI) which is Sophia-Antipolis, near Nice in Southern France [3].

3GPP has a set of what are termed organizational partners. These are essentially regional
standards institutions. These organizational partners determine the general policy and strategy of
3GPP as well as undertaking a number of other specific tasks [3].

3GPP organizational partners [3]:

Association of Radio Industries and Businesses(ARIB), Japan
Alliance for Telecommunications Industry Solutions(ATIS), USA
China Communications Standards Association(CCSA), China
European Telecommunications Standards Institute(ETSI), Europe
Telecommunications Standards Development Society India(TSDI), India
Telecommunications Technology Association(TTA), Korea
Telecommunication Technology Committee(TTC), Japan
There are three Technical Specification Groups(TSG) [3]:
Radio Access Network (RAN)
Services & System Aspects (SA)
Core Network & Terminals (CT)
 7

1.1 3GPP Standards and Release Numbers:

3GPP RELEASES

3GPP RELEASE DETAILS

RELEASE DATE

Phase 1 1992 Basic GSM

Phase 2 1995 GSM features including EFR Codec

Release 96 Q1 1997 GSM Updates, 14.4 kbps user data

Release 97 Q1 1998 GSM additional features, GPRS

Release 98 Q1 1999 GSM additional features, GPRS for PCS 1900, AMR, EDGE

Release 99 Q1 2000 3G UMTS incorporating WCDMA radio access

Release 4 Q2 2001 UMTS all-IP Core Network

Release 5 Q1 2002 IMS and HSDPA

Release 6 Q4 2004 HSUPA, MBMS, IMS enhancements, Push to Talk over Cellular, operation with
WLAN

Release 7 Q4 2007 Improvements in QoS & latency, VoIP, HSPA+, NFC integration, EDGE Evolution

Release 8 Q4 2008 Introduction of LTE, SAE, OFDMA, MIMO, Dual Cell HSDPA

Release 9 Q4 2009 WiMAX / LTE / UMTS interoperability, Dual Cell HSDPA with MIMO, Dual Cell
HSUPA, LTE HeNB

Release 10 Q1 2011 LTE-Advanced, Backwards compatibility with Release 8 (LTE), Multi-Cell HSDPA

Release 11 Q3 2012 Heterogeneous networks (HetNet), Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP), In device

Coexistence (IDC), Advanced IP interconnection of Services,

Release 12 March 2015 Enhanced Small Cells operation, Carrier Aggregation (2 uplink carriers, 3 downlink
carriers, FDD/TDD carrier aggregation), MIMO (3D channel modelling, elevation
beamforming, massive MIMO), MTC - UE Cat 0 introduced, D2D communication,
eMBMS enhancements.

Release 13 Scheduled for LTE-U / LTE-LAA, LTE-M, Elevation beamforming / Full Dimension MIMO, Indoor
March 2016 positioning, LTE-M Cat 1.4MHz & Cat 200kHz introduced

Release 14 Mid 2017 Elements on road to 5G

 8

3GPP Scope:

Since its first inception, the scope of 3GPP has considerably increased. Now it manages the
standards for various mobile communication systems that includes [3]:

GSM and related 2G standards.

GSM related 2.5G standards including GPRS and EDGE.
UMTS and related 3G standards including HSPA and HSPA+.
LTE and related 4G standards.
An evolved IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS) developed in as access independent
manner.
The evolving 5G standards.

1.2 Long Term Evolution (LTE):

3GPP developed 4G wireless broadband technology known as LTE. Engineers named the
technology Long Term Evolution because it represents the next step in a progression from GSM to
UMTS [3]. LTE provides significantly increased peak data rates (uplink 50Mbps and downlink 100
Mbps) , reduced latency, scalable bandwidth capacity and backward compatibility. The upper layers
of LTE are based on TCP/IP. LTE supports data, voice, video & messaging traffic. LTE uses OFDM
(Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) and MIMO (Multiple Input Multiple Output) antenna
technology that is used in IEEE 802.11n Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) standard. LTE
commercially launched in 2010 by Verizon Wireless and AT&T Wireless [3].

1.3 LTE Advanced:

As 3GPP release 10 and beyond, Term LTE Advanced used for the version of LTE
that addresses IMT- Advanced requirements. The worlds first LTE-Advanced network using
Carrier Aggregation was commercially launched in South Korea by SK Telecom in June 2013.
Carrier Aggregation is important for carriers around the world as it allows them to create larger
spectrum swaths by combining disparate spectrum assets [3]. AT&T launched LTE-Advanced in
Chicago in early 2014, making them the first major U.S. carrier to offer the service. LTE-
Advanced is both backwards- and forwards-compatible with LTE. LTE-Advanced was first
standardized by 3GPP in Release 10 and developed further in Releases 11 to 13. In November
2010, the ITU ratified LTE-Advanced as IMT-Advanced. LTE-Advanced is a further evolution of
LTE, an OFDMA-based technology, specified in Release 8 and 9 [3].

Most Important Features of LTE Advanced are [3]:

Carrier Aggregation
Uplink MIMO
Downlink MIMO
Coordinated Multipoint Transmission (CoMP)
Heterogeneous Network (Het-Net)
 9

LTE Advanced key features [3]:

High Data Rates

Peak Spectrum Efficiency
Latency
More cell edge user throughput
More average user throughput
Mobility
Compatibility

LTE Advanced Technologies

There are number of technologies that will enable LTE advanced to achieve the required
high data throughput rates. MIMO and OFDM are two base technologies [3].

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex (OFDM) is a form of transmission that uses a

large number of close spaced carries that are modulated with low rate data [2]. There is no mutual
interference by making the signals orthogonal to each other. The data to be transmitted on an OFDM
signal is spread across the carriers of the signal, each carrier taking part of the payload [3].

OFDM Advantages:

Immunity to selective fading

Resilience to interference
Spectrum efficiency
Resilient to ISI
Resilient to narrow band effects
Simpler Channel Equalisation

Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access (SC-FDMA) transmits data over
the air interface in many sub-carriers. It is also called Linearly Pre-coded OFDMA (LP-
OFDMA) [2]. It deals with the assignment of multiple users to a shared communication resource.
Two subcarrier mappings are used in SC-FDMA are localized mappings and distributed
mappings [3][6].

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO) is the method for multiplying the capacity of
a radio link using multiple transmitters and receivers [2]. The principle of divert is provided to
the receiver with multiple versions of same signal. Diversity stabilizes a link and improve
performance. MIMO is effectively a radio antenna technology which uses multiple antennas at
the transmitter and receiver [3][6][15].

Several diversity nodes are available:

Time Diversity
 10

Frequency Diversity
Space Diversity

MIMO configurations:

SISO - Single Input Single Output

SIMO - Single Input Multiple Output
MISO - Multiple Input Single Output
MIMO - Multiple Input Multiple Output
MU-MIMO Multiple user-MIMO

Carrier Aggregation is straightforward way to increase bandwidth and capacity. Carrier

Aggregation can be used to for both FDD and TDD [3]. Each aggregated carrier referred to as a
component carrier (CC). CC can have a bandwidth of 1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz and
maximum 5 components can be aggregated. So maximum bandwidth is 100 MHz [6].
Aggregated can be different for ULs and Dls [3].

Carrier Aggregation Configurations:

Intra-band, Contiguous
Intra-band, non - contiguous
Inter-band, non - contiguous

Coordinated Multipoint (CoMP) Transmission and reception refers to a wide range of

techniques that enable dynamic coordination or transmission and reception with multiple
geographically separated eNBs. LTE Advanced CoMP turns the inter-cell interference, ICI into
useful signals [2][3]. It enhances the overall system performance, utilize the resources more
effectively and improve the end user service quality. LTE CoMP, Coordinated Multipoint
requires close coordination between a number of geographically separated eNBs[3].

Two major categories of CoMP:

Joint processing
Coordinated scheduling or beamforming

LTE Heterogeneous Network (Het-Net) is fast becoming a reality within LTE and LTE
Advanced. Operators need to increase the data capacity of all areas of network and also reducing
the cost [3]. In any LTE heterogeneous network, it will be necessary to accommodate other radio
access technologies including HSPA, UMTS and even EDGE and GPRS and other technologies
including Wi-Fi. There are number of features for LTE that can be incorporated into an LTE
heterogeneous network i.e. Carrier Aggregation and CoMP [3][8].

Inter-Cell Interference Coordination (ICIC) was introduced in R8. The eNBs can
communicate using ICIC via the X2 interface to mitigate inter-cell interference for UEs at the cell
edge [3]. The X2AP message used for this is called Load Information. ICIC has evolved to better
 1
1

support heterogeneous network deployments -- especially interference control for DL control

channels. Enhanced ICIC (eICIC) was introduced in LTE R10. When eICIC is used, the macro-
eNB will transmit ABS according to a semi-static pattern. ICIC is evolved in LTE R11 to further
enhanced ICIC (feICIC). The focus here is interference handling by the UE through inter-cell
interference cancellation for control signals, enabling even further cell range extension. eICIC
and feICIC are especially important when Carrier Aggregation (CA) is not used [3].

2.RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN LTE

The information on which
Resource block RBs are allocated (RESOURCE ALLOCATION).For both and to
be signaled to the UE.The resource allocation is carried on control
information by physical down link control channel(PDCCH).Resource
allocation field is one of the major field in DC-1.

Resource is LTE resource grid,resource block,slot,sub-frame control

information physical channels.

2.1 DOWNLINK RESOUECE ALLOCATION PEOCESS IN LTE

In down link,the process transmission of packet will be from
BS and UE.The technique of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing is
the main physical layer design element for 3G-LTE down link transmission
schema collective through either FDM or TDM as a multiple access
method for the down-link shared data traffic channel.

2.2 DOWNLINK PHYSICAL CHANNAL AND SIGNAL

The LTE frame carrier physical channel and physical

signal.Channal carry information received from higher layer.The
framing structure is common to the uplink and downlink,but the
physical signal and physical chennal are deffiernt.
DOWNLINK PHYSICAL CHANNEL:-

PHYSICAL DOWNLINK SHARED CHANNEL:-

Used to
transport user data,the PDSCH is designed for high data rate spatial
multiplexing is exclusive to the PDSCH.The resource block associated with
the channel are shared among users via OFDMA.

PHYSICAL BROADCAST CHANNE

Every 40ms the PBCH sends cell specific
system indefication and access control.Parameters using QPSK modulation.

2.3 PHYSICAL CONTROL FORMAT INDICATOR

CHANNAL
 The PCFICH is a value that has a range of 1 to 3.The value of
the PCFICH indicate the number of OFDM symbols used for the transmission
of control channel information in a subframe.

PHYSICAL DOWNLINK CONTROL CHANNEL

UEs obtain uplink and downlink resource
allocation from the PDCCH.The value of the PCFICH indicates the number of
symbols used for the PDCCH.

PHYSICAL MULTICAST CHANNEL

The PMCH carries multicast information and like
the PDSCH.The PMCH has multiple options for modulation including
QPSK,16QAM,OR 64QAM.
2.4 PHYSICAL HYBRID ARQ INDICATOR CHANNEL
PHICS carries ACK/NACKs in response to uplink
transmission.The ACKs and NACKs are part of the HARQ mechanism.

(1)REFERENCE SIGNAL
UEs use RS for downlink the channel estimation.They
allow the UE to determine the channel impulse response (CIR).RS are the
product of the two-dimensional orthogonal sequence and a two-dimensional
psevdo-random sequence.
2.SYNCHRONIZATION SIGNAL (P-SS and S-SS)
UEs use the primary synchronization signal for timing
and frequency acquisition during cell search.The P-SS carrier part of the cell
ID and provides slot timing synchronization.

2.5 UPLINK RESOURCE ALLOCATION IN LTE

In the case of uplink the allocated RBs have to be
contiguous in order to gurantee single-carrier property (SC-FDMA is used in
the uplink).The contiguouse nature of resource allocation requires less
number of bit but the scheduler in the eNB will have less flexibility in
allocating the resource.SC-FDMA possesses most of the merits of OFDM while
enjoying a lower PAPR.Uplink is the control the information in the physical
uplink control channel .The uplink resource allocation is the physical signal
and physical channel is used.

UPLINK PHYSICAL CHANNEL

PHYSICAL UPLINK CONTROL CHANNEL
The PUCCH carrier uplink control information and
is never transmitted simultaneously with PUSCH data.PUCCH conveys control
information including channel quality indication and uplink seheduling
request.
PHYSICAL UPLINK SHARIED CHANNE
Resource for the PUSCH are allocated on the sub frame
basic by UL scheduler subcarriers are allocated in multiples of 12 because ,as
stated earlier ,a resource block has 12 subcarriers.

UPLINK PHYSICAL SIGNAL:-

UPLINK REFERANCE SIGNAL
There are two variants of the UL reference signal.It is
transmitted in the fourth SC-FDMA symbol of the slot and is the same size as
the assigned resource.

Resource allocation type

Resource allocation type specifies the way in which
the scheduler allocation resource block for each transmission.Just in terms of
flexibity,the way to give the maximum of resource block allocation would be
to use a string of a bit map,each bit of which represent each resource
block.This way you would achieve the maximum flexibility,but it would create
to much complication of resource allocation process or to much data to
allocate the resource.
There are three different resource allocation type in LTE,resource allocation
type 0,1,2
1.Resource allocation type 0:-
This is the simplest way of allocation resource.First it devide resource
block into multiples of groups.This resource block group is RBG celled.The
number resource block in each group varies depending on the system band
width.It means RBG size get different depending on ship between RBG size
and the system band width as follows :-

System BW RBG size

1.4 1
3 2
5 2
10 3
15 4
20 4
Resource allocation type 0 allocate the resource using a bitmap and each
bit represent one RBG.Example in RA type o for 10mhz BW.
Resource allocation type 1
Resource allocation type 0,this RA type is also using bitmap for the
allocation but in this RA type an additional layer was added.The new layer is
RBG subset . Example in RA type 1 for 10mhz BW.
1.Each bit in the bitmap represent RB.
2. Each RBG is allocated across multiple subset as show blow.
3.The number of subset is equal to the number of RBs within a RBG.
Resource allocation 2
In this case network allocate a set of contiguous RBs.But
this contiuous RB is virtualconcept,not the physicalconcept.It means that
even through MAC layer allocate the multiple contiguous RBs they not be
aligned contiguously .
When it get transmitted at PHY layer.This means that there should be a
rules/algorithem to convert this logical RB allocation to physical RB
allocation.
There are two type at the conversion one is localizedand the other
is distrubuted,the virtual RB allocation is contiuous,but physical allocation
is not contiguous.Example in RA type 2 for 10mhz BW.
LTE Resource allocation tool
LTE provides huge flexibility when it comes to allocation of
downlink and uplink resource on the air interface.The LTE resource allocation
tool everyday LTE work and helps you to understand some basic parameters
related to scheduling and resource as defined in 3GPP specification TS
36.211 to 36.213.

The tool consist of seven modules

The modules Resource allocation type 2 downlinkand
resource allocation type 2 uplinkassist you in interpreting the important
case of resource allocation type 2.Based on the number of LTE resource
blocks you want to allocate and the starting resource block on the frequency
domain,the resource indication value is calculated.The RIV is used for
signaling the resource allocation from the base station to the terminal.The
moduleTransport Block Size Uplinkand Transport Block Size
Downlinkevaluate the transport block size and modulation and coding
schemes that can be carried over given resource allocation.Enter a
combination of resource block allocation size and MCS value and resulting
transport block size,code rate and modulation schema will be displayed.
The module UCI over PUSHcalcutes the impact of uplink control
information on the code rate of the PUSCCH.Based on the input of same
parameters about the PUSCH and the UCI configuration the module
calculates the effective code rate with UCI as well as the separate code rates
of the CQI and the HARQ ACK/NCK/Nack bits.

3 Modulation
3.1 OFDMA:-
LTE takes advantage of OFDMA a multi-carrier scheme that
allocate ratio resource of multiple users.OFDMA assign each user the
bandwidth needed for their transmission.Unassigned subcarrier are off,thus
reduction power consumption and interference.
OFDMA user OFDM; however, it is the scheduling and assignment of resource
that makes OFDMA distinetive.

SC-FDMA
In the uplink, LTE uses a pre-coded version of OFDM called SC-FDMA.SC-
FDMA has a lower PAPR than OFDM.This lower PAPR reduce battery power
consumption, require a simpler amplifier design and improves uplink
coverage and cell-edge performance.The need for a complex receiver make
SC-FDMA unacceptable for the downlink.
Adaptive Modulation and coding
Adaptive modulation and coding refers to the ability of the network to
determine the modulation type and coding rate dynamically based on the
current RF channel conditions reported by the UE in measurement reports.
The RF digital modulation used to transport the information is QPSK,IB-QAM
and 64-QAM.In the QPSK case, there are four possible symbol states and
each symbol carries two bit of information. In 64-QAM there are 64 symbol
states.Each 64- QAM symbol carries 6 bits.
3.2 LTE Network component and functions:-
User Equipment
1.Access device for user.
2.Provides measurements and indicate channel conditions to the network.
ENB(Enhanced node B):-
1.Provides Radio Resurce control functionality for the control plane.
2.Controls user-plane heard-compression.

3.3 PDN Gateway:-

1.Provides connectivity between the UE and external packet data network by
being the point of exit and entry for UE traffic.
2.Act as the anchor for mobility between 3GPP and non-3GPP Technologies
such as wimax and 3GPP2.
Mobility Management Entity :-
1.Act at a key control node for the LTE network.
2.Control bearer activation/deactivation process.
3.Handles security ket management.
4.Provide control plane function for mobility between LTE and other access
network.
Serving Gateway:-
1.Routes and forwards user data packets.
2.Mange and stores UE contexts,e.g.parameters of the IP bearer service and
network internal routing information.

3.4 LTE Frame structure:-

The LTE frame structure are two types based on topology either FDD
or TDD.Total frame duration is about 10ms.There are total 10subframes in
the frame.Each subframe composed of 2 times slots.
Type 1 LTE frame structure:-
Type 1, LTE frame structure is applicable at FDD system.LTE TDD frame is
made of total 20 slots each of 0.5ms.10 such subframes from one radio
frame .One subframe duration is about 1ms.LTE radio frame will have
duration of abut 10ms
.Type-2 LTE Frame structure:-
The sub-frames may be divided into standard sub-frames of special sub-
frames consist of three fields:-
1.Downlink Pilot Time Slot.
2.Guard period.
3.Uplink Pilot Time Slot 1.Downlink pilot time slot.

4. Objective:
The research includes discussing the methodology evaluation approach, benchmarks metrics and
case studies. The study will be done to explore the following points:

To carry out detailed and intensive review of literature.

To evaluate the performance of existing Resource Allocation techniques available in LTE
network in terms of efficiency and reliability.
To design efficient Resource Allocation techniques for improving the performance of
LTE networks.

5. Methodology:

Keeping in view the complexity of Major research project A new Resurce Allocation
(LTE) technique will be proposed which improve the coverage, cell capacity, reliability
and overcome the inter-cell interference. The following methodology will be followed to
achieve the objective.

Back ground study of Resource Allocation ( LTE) of techniques.

Implementation of Resource Allocation ( LTE) technique in simulation tool.
Analyzing and comparing of existing Resource Allocation(LTE) techniques on the basics
of simulation results.
Design and analysis an efficient Resource Allocatiuon (LTE) techniques for
performance improvement in LTE network.
 20

6. References:

[1] www.ece.drexel.edu>gwanmo-nov-11-2

[2] www.sharetechnote.>html>handb........

[3] https//www.rohde-schwarz.com>reLTE

[4] www.radio-electronics.com>info>LTE>-fr...............

[5] http://www.linkedin.com>tutorials.........

[6] www.rfwireless-world.com>tutorials.................

[7] www.igi,global.com>chapter>downlin...............