Process Industry Practices Vessels

COMPLETE REVISION
February 2007
Process Industry Practices

Vessels
PIP VESV1002
Vessel Fabrication Specification
ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2
PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES
In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has
been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major
industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical
requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering
costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice
is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual
applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence
over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters
or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not
be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names
from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather
recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications
are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines
are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA
requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or
other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed.
Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material
contained in or suggested by the Practice.
This Practice is subject to revision at any time.
Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

University of Texas at Austin, 3925 West Braker Lane (R4500), Austin,
Texas 78759. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice
for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any
kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written
authorization of PIP.
PRINTING HISTORY
September 1997 Issued
December 1998 Technical Revision
February 2007 Complete Revision
Not printed with State funds

COMPLETE REVISION
February 2007
Process Industry Practices

Vessels
PIP VESV1002
Vessel Fabrication Specification
Table of Contents
5.6 Cyclic Loading ................................. 13
1. General Requirements ............... 3 5.7 Local Loading .................................. 14
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 3 5.8 Shipping and Rigging Loadings....... 14
1.2 Scope................................................. 3 5.9 Nozzles and Manways..................... 15
1.3 Alternative Design Proposals ............ 3 5.10 Custom-Designed Flanges........... 16
5.11 Supports ....................................... 19
2. References .................................. 3 5.12 Anchor Bolts ................................. 21
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 4 5.13 Internals........................................ 22
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 4 5.14 Attachments ................................. 23
2.3 Government Regulations (For US
Installations or as specified by User). 5 6. Materials.................................... 24
2.4 Other References .............................. 5
7. Fabrication................................ 26
3. Definitions ................................... 5 7.1 General ............................................ 26
7.2 Shells and Heads ............................ 27
4. Responsibilities .......................... 6 7.3 Nozzles, Manways, and Flanges..... 28
4.1 General .............................................. 6 7.4 Vessel Attachments......................... 29
4.2 Documentation to be Provided 7.5 Welding............................................ 30
to the Manufacturer ........................... 7 7.6 Post Weld Heat Treatment .............. 31
4.3 Conflicts ............................................. 7
4.4 Documentation to be Provided 8. Examination, Inspection and
by the Manufacturer........................... 7 Pressure Testing ...................... 32
8.1 Examination..................................... 32
5. Design Requirements................. 9 8.2 Inspection ........................................ 34
5.1 General .............................................. 9 8.3 Pressure Testing General............. 34
5.2 Pressure and Temperature................ 9 8.4 Hydrostatic Test............................... 35
5.3 Load Combinations.......................... 10 8.5 Pneumatic Test................................ 36
5.4 Wind................................................. 12
5.5 Seismic Loading .............................. 13
Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 39

COMPLETE REVISION
February 2007
9. Preparation for Shipment .........37

9.1 Cleaning, Painting, and Marking ......37
9.2 Preparation and Closure ..................37
Appendices
Appendix A Quality Overview Plan for Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2 Vessels
Appendix B Documentation Schedule and Manufacturer's Data Package
Appendix C Manufacturer's Drawing Information
Appendix D Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
Page 2 of 39 Process Industry Practices

COMPLETE REVISION PIP VESV1002
February 2007 Vessel Fabrication Specification
1. General Requirements
Note to Readers: This Practice contains fabrication criteria for pressure vessels built to
Division 1 or Division 2 of the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code. Division 2
requirements are shown in braces { }.
1.1 Purpose
This Practice describes the general design (by the Manufacturer), fabrication,
examination, inspection, testing, and documentation requirements for pressure
vessels to be constructed in accordance with Section VIII, Division 1 {or 2} of the
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, henceforth referred to as the Code.
1.2 Scope
1.2.1 This Practice is to be used in conjunction with design drawings and/or Data
Sheets, and for project-specific design criteria that may supersede the
requirements of this Practice but not take exception to the requirements of
the Code.
1.2.2 Total compliance with the Code, including stamping, shall be a basic
requirement of all vessels ordered to this Practice. Unless otherwise specified
in the purchase order or the drawings, all U- {U2-} stamped vessels shall
be National Board (NB) registered.
1.2.3 Deviations from this Practice require written approval by the User.
1.3 Alternative Design Proposals

The Manufacturer shall provide a base bid in full compliance with the Purchasers
request for quotation. The Manufacturer may submit an alternative design if, in the
Manufacturers judgment, economy and/or improved schedule can be realized
without loss of capability and without shortening the anticipated life of the vessel.
The Manufacturer shall comply with the following requirements when submitting an
alternate bid:
1.3.1 Alternative design quotations shall be accompanied by the base quotation
and be clearly noted as an alternate, including the intended use of Code
cases.
1.3.2 Alternative designs shall be fully and clearly described and substantiated by
sketches or drawings. Specific exceptions shall be identified as such.
1.3.3 An alternative design including the use of Code cases shall not be used
unless approved in writing by the User.
2. References
The following documents are only those specifically referenced in this Practice. In
applications where laws or regulations issued by municipal, state, provincial, or federal
authorities cover pressure vessels, those laws or regulations shall be reviewed prior to the

PIP VESV1002 COMPLETE REVISION
Vessel Fabrication Specification February 2007
initiation of design work since the requirements may be different or more restrictive than
those included in this Practice. Short titles are used herein where appropriate.
2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

The latest edition of the following reference documents in effect on the date of
contract award shall be used.
PIP VECV1001 - Vessel Design Criteria, ASME Code Section VIII, Divisions 1
and 2
PIP VEDV1003 - Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet and Instructions
PIP VEFV1100 - Vessel Standard Details (29 Details and Index)
PIP VEFV1101 - Vessel; Nameplate Bracket
PIP VEFV1102 - Vessel; Tolerances (Orientation)
PIP VEFV1103 - Vessel; Grounding Lug
PIP VEFV1105 - Vessel; Horizontal, Saddles Supported on Concrete
PIP VEFV1106 - Vessel; Horizontal, Saddles Supported on Steel
PIP VEFV1116 - Vessel; Manway Hinges
PIP VEFV1117 - Vessel; Manway Vertical Davit
PIP VEFV1118 - Vessel; Manway Horizontal Davit
PIP VEFV1125 - Vessel; Internal Ladders
2.2 Industry Codes and Standards
For the following reference documents, if Table U-3 {AG-150.1} of the Code lists an
edition or addenda different than the latest edition issued, the edition in Table U-3
{AG-150.1} shall be used. For documents not listed in Table U-3 {AG-150.1}, the
latest edition or addenda issued at the date of contract award shall be used.
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Manual of Steel Construction
American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME)
ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code
Section II, Part D - Properties
Section V - Nondestructive Examination
Section VIII - Pressure Vessels, Divisions 1 and 2
Section IX - Welding and Brazing Qualifications
ASME B1.1 - Unified Inch Screw Threads (UN and UNR Thread Form)
ASME B16.5 - Pipe Flanges and Flange Fittings, Sizes NPS 1/2 through
NPS 24
ASME B16.9 - Factory-Made Wrought Buttwelding Fittings
ASME B16.47 - Large Diameter Steel Flanges, NPS 26 through
NPS 60

ASME PCC-1 - Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint

Assembly
ASME SA-263 - Corrosion-Resisting Chromium, Steel-Clad Plate, Sheet and
Strip
ASME SA-264 - Stainless Chromium-Nickel, Steel-Clad Plate, Sheet and Strip
ASME SA-265 - Nickel and Nickel-Based Alloy-Clad Steel Plate
ASME SA-578 - Straight-Beam Ultrasonic Examination of Plain and Clad
Steel Plates for Special Applications
ASME SA-745 - Ultrasonic Examination of Austenitic Steel Forgings
American Welding Society (AWS)
AWS A2.4 - Standard Symbols for Welding, Brazing and Nondestructive
Examination
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
ASTM A-380 - Standard Practice for Cleaning, Descaling, and Passivation of
Stainless Steel Parts, Equipment and Systems
Welding Research Council (WRC)
WRC Bulletin 107 - Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells Due to
External Loadings
WRC Bulletin 297 - Local Stresses in Cylindrical Shells Due to External
Loadings on Nozzles
International Standards Organization
ISO 8573-1 - Compressed Air Part 1 Contaminants and Purity Classes
2.3 Government Regulations (For US Installations or as specified by User)
U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Administration (OSHA)
OSHA 29 CFR 1910.146(k)(3)(ii) - Permit-Required Confined Spaces for
General Industry
2.4 Other References
Dynamic Response of Tall Flexible Structures to Wind Loading. Joseph Vellozzi,

Ph.D., P.E. U.S. Department of Commerce, National Bureau of Standards, Building
Science Series Number 32, 1966.
Process Equipment Design. Brownell and Young. Wiley & Sons Publishers,
1959.
Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports, L.P.

Zick, Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis, A Decade of Progress.
Vol. 2, 1972.
3. Definitions
approved equal: A substitution to a specified product that has been approved in writing by
the Purchaser

Code: ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII, Division 1 {or 2} and its
referenced Sections such as II, V and IX and any Code Cases accepted by the User.
References to Division 2 are identified in braces { }.
construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,

inspection, testing, certification (Code stamp and Manufacturers Data Report),
{Manufacturers Design Report} and pressure relief
cyclic service: Services that require fatigue analysis per AD-160 of ASME Boiler and
Pressure Vessel Code Section VIII Division 2. This applies to Division 1 and Division 2
vessels or heat exchangers.
Designer: The party responsible for defining and specifying the mechanical design
requirements (e.g., Vessel Drawing/Data Sheet) consistent with User criteria for use by the
Manufacturer. The Designer is frequently an engineering contractor, but could be the User,
third party consultant, or the Manufacturer.
Manufacturer (Supplier): The party entering into a contract with the Purchaser to construct a
vessel in accordance with the purchase order. In accordance with the Code definition, the
Manufacturer is the party that possesses a valid Certificate of Authorization to manufacturer
pressure vessels with the ASME Mark. The Manufacturer may or may not be the Supplier.
National Board: The National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors, an
organization comprised of chief inspectors of various governmental jurisdictions in the
United States and Canada.
Owner: The party who owns the facility wherein the vessel will be used. The owner is
normally also the User but in certain cases is not.
Purchaser: The party actually placing the order for the vessel or vessel components. This
may be the User or the Users Designated Agent.
User: The party responsible for establishing construction criteria consistent with the Code
philosophy and service hazards. User refers to the owner and/or operator of the equipment.
Users Inspector: The person or company authorized by the user to inspect pressure vessels
to the requirements of this Practice.
4. Responsibilities
4.1 General
4.1.1 The Manufacturer is responsible for the construction of the vessel(s) in
conformance with this Practice and the documents referenced herein. Review
of Manufacturers documentation (e.g., fabrication drawings, design
calculations or weld procedures) by the Purchaser or User does not alter this
responsibility.
4.1.2 Manufacturers documents, as referenced in Appendix B, shall be reviewed
by Purchaser and comments resolved prior to start of fabrication unless
release to proceed is obtained from Purchaser in writing.

4.1.3 When a vessel or vessel component design is specified on the Users vessel
design drawings, the Manufacturer is in no way relieved of his obligations
and/or responsibilities to comply with the purchase specifications.
4.1.4 Welded fabrication shall not be sublet by the Manufacturer without prior
approval of the Purchaser.
4.1.5 Release for shipment by Purchasers or Users Inspector does not relieve the
Manufacturer of any responsibility for complying with the Code,
specifications and/or drawings.
4.1.6 All aspects of the work shall comply with applicable local, county, state, and
national rules, regulations and standards at the point of installation as defined
in the purchase documents.
4.2 Documentation to be Provided to the Manufacturer

The following information shall be provided to the Manufacturer with the purchasing
inquiry:
4.2.1 Design requirements to be provided to the Manufacturer shall be in
accordance with PIP VEDV1003, with additional drawings or details as
necessary. PIP VEDV1003_EEDS Pressure Vessels Electronic Entry Data
Sheet may also be used.
4.2.2 Welded pressure joint requirements, including:
a. Type of Category A, B, C, and D joints (see Appendix B of
PIP VECV1001)
b. Type and degree of nondestructive examination to be applied to the
joints (see Appendix B of PIP VECV1001)
4.2.3 Quality Overview Plan, as shown in Appendix A
4.2.4 Documentation Schedule and Manufacturers Data Package, as shown in
Appendix B
4.2.5 {Users Design Specification}
4.2.6 List of permanent attachment, if any, to comply with OSHA 29 CFR
1910.146, or applicable national standard at the point of installation
4.3 Conflicts
If the Manufacturer finds a conflict between this Practice, the design drawings or
Data Sheet, referenced codes and standards, or any supplementary specification, the
Manufacturer shall obtain written clarification from the Purchaser prior to proceeding
with any work.
4.4 Documentation to be Provided by the Manufacturer

The Manufacturer shall provide the following documentation to the User, in
quantities and at dates indicated on the Documentation Schedule in Appendix B.
All records shall be provided in electronic media, in a format as agreed upon by the
User, and be of legible quality.

The language of all documents shall be either English or include the English
translation.
US customary (English) units shall be regarded as standard for vessels to be installed
in domestic US locations; metric (SI) units may be included for reference only and
shall not be interpreted as a precise conversion.
4.4.1 Design calculations shall include relevant formulas and source paragraphs
from the Code, values used in the formulas, calculated results, and
comparisons with acceptable values. Where calculations are based on
formulas other than those in the Code, the source of the formulas shall be
referenced. Where calculations are done by a computer program, a program
description shall be given, including name and version of the program. If the
program is not commercially available to industry, the Manufacturer shall
maintain and provide program documentation, upon request. (See Foreword
of the Code for Cautionary Note regarding responsibility for the use of
computer programs.)
Calculations shall include:
a. Code calculations
b. Wind and earthquake calculations, as applicable
c. Support calculations (including those for postweld heat treatment, testing
and shipping)
d. Calculations associated with shipping, lifting and erection of the vessel
e. Nozzle load analysis for local and gross effect, when required
f. Design of attachments, internal and external, including PIP or any other
standard details used
g. Fatigue analysis as applicable for fatigue services (see Section 5.6)
For Code Division 2 vessels the calculations shall include the following:
a. Loading conditions and boundary conditions used to address the load
combinations (see Section 5.3)
b. Description of the numerical analysis procedure and whether a
geometrically linear or nonlinear option is invoked
c. Graphical display of results
d. Method used to validate the numerical model
e. A summary of the numerical analysis results showing the acceptance
criteria utilized to meet the requirements of the Code
4.4.2 Final Manufacturers documents shall include, but are not limited to, the
items listed in Appendices B, and C,
4.4.3 Manufacturers Data Package shall be printed or folded to 8-1/2 x 11 size
and suitably bound.

5. Design Requirements
5.1 General
5.1.1 The vessel design by the Manufacturer shall comply with the applicable
requirements of the Code, {Users Design Specification} this Practice, the
Vessel Data Sheet/Drawing, and all other requirements in the purchase
documents. Vessel-related design performed by the Designer does not relieve
the Manufacturer from this responsibility.
5.1.2 Minimum corroded shell and head thickness shall be 3/16 inch (5 mm).
5.1.3 Materials For Which Two Allowable Stress Values Are Given:
Where two allowable stress values are given in Section II Part D of the
Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code for a material, the higher value shall not be
used in the design of flanges of gasketed joints or other applications where
slight amounts of distortion can cause leakage or malfunction.
5.1.4 Code Case 2260, Alternative Rules for Design of Ellipsoidal and
Torispherical Formed Heads, Section VIII, Division 1, and Code Case 2261,
Alternative Rules for Design of Ellipsoidal and Torispherical Formed Heads,
Section VIII, Division 2 is not permitted unless approved by the Purchaser.
5.1.5 Half-pipe (or pipe section) jackets shall be designed in accordance with
Appendix EE of the Code.
5.2 Pressure and Temperature

5.2.1 Unless otherwise specified, vessels shall be assumed to operate completely
filled with operating fluid having a minimum specific gravity of 1.0.
5.2.2 Unless otherwise specified, Minimum Design Temperature shall not be
warmer than 30F (0C).
5.2.3 The maximum design temperature rating shall be increased to the highest
temperature possible without affecting the minimum required thickness of
the shell or heads and without changing the pressure class for nozzle flanges.
5.2.4 When appropriate, a vessel may be designed and Code stamped for more
than one pressure/coincident maximum metal temperature condition.
5.2.5 Unless otherwise specified, maximum design metal temperature shall not be
less than 150F (65C).
5.2.6 Unless provision for future field hydrostatic test is exempted, the vessel shall
be designed to satisfy the load combination as specified in Section 5.3.2.4 so
that any component in the corroded condition will withstand the hydrostatic
test pressure at the top of the vessel (as defined in Paragraph UG-99 {Article
T-3} of the Code) plus the hydrostatic head of the vessel full of water when
the vessel is in its operating position without exceeding 90% of the Specified
Minimum Yield Strength at the coincident test temperature, in both
circumferential and longitudinal directions.

The stress level in 5.3.2.4 is not permitted in those portions of the cylindrical
shell within a meridional distance of 2.5 R t , where R is the mean radius of
the shell and t is the thickness of the shell at the junction, from a gross
structural discontinuity such as, but not limited to, the following:
a. Cone-to-cylinder junctions
b. Shell flange-to-cylinder junctions
c. Torispherical head (inside crown radius/head thickness L t ratio
greater than 500) -to-cylinder junctions
d. Openings in the shell that exceed the dimensional limits given in
Code Paragraph UG-36(b)(1) {Not Division 2 Applicable}
Refer to Section 5.3 for additional requirements that apply.
5.2.7 Maximum Allowable Working Pressure (MAWP) shall not be limited by the
nozzle reinforcement.
5.2.8 Carbon and low-alloy steel material for separate nozzle reinforcing pads, as
well as stiffening rings and other attachments which are welded to pressure-
retaining components, shall not limit the Minimum Design Metal
Temperature (MDMT). Use Code Paragraph UCS-66 for determining the
MDMT.
5.3 Load Combinations

5.3.1 Design Loads and Load Combinations
Design loads are defined and classified as follows:
5.3.1.1 Dead Load (L1)
Dead Load is the installed weight of the vessel, including internals,
catalyst or packing, refractory lining, platforms, insulation
fireproofing, piping, and other permanent attachments.
5.3.1.2 Operating Live Load (L2)
Operating Live Load is the weight of the liquid at the maximum
operating level, including that on trays.
5.3.1.3 Pressure Load (L3)
Pressure Load is the MAWP {Design Pressure} (internal or external
at the coincident temperature) considering the pressure variations
through the vessel, if any. MAWP may be equal to the design
pressure (see Code footnote 33). For vessels with more than one
independent chamber, see Code Paragraph UG-19(a)
{AD-102}.
5.3.1.4 Thermal Load (L4)
Thermal Loads are the loads caused by the restraint of thermal
expansion/interaction of the vessel and/or its supports.

5.3.1.5 Test Load (L5)

Test Load is the weight of the test medium, usually water. Unless
otherwise specified, design basis shall consider that the vessel will
be field tested in its normal operating position. (See Section 5.2.6.)
5.3.1.6 Wind Load (L6)
Wind Load shall be determined in accordance with Section 5.4.
5.3.1.7 Seismic Load (L7)
Seismic Load shall be determined in accordance with Section 5.5.
5.3.1.8 Piping and Superimposed Equipment Loads (L8)
Loads caused by piping other than the Dead Load in Section 5.3.1.1
and those caused by superimposed equipment shall be considered as
applicable.
5.3.2 Load Combinations
Vessels and their supports shall be designed to meet the most severe of the
following load combinations, with the controlling load combination indicated
in design calculations, unless other combinations are required by the
applicable building code at the point of installation: (See Section 5.11.2 for
allowable stresses with wind or seismic loads.)
5.3.2.1 L1+L6 Erected Condition with full Wind Load
5.3.2.2 L1+L2+L3+L4+L6+L8 Design Condition with full Wind Load
(include both full and zero pressure conditions (L3) for check of
maximum longitudinal tensile and compressive stress)
5.3.2.3 L1+L2+L3+L4+L7+L8 Design Condition with Seismic Load
(include both full and zero pressure conditions to determine L3 for
check of maximum longitudinal tensile and compressive stress)
5.3.2.4 L1+(F)L3+L5+(0.25)L6 When specified by User, initial (new
uncorroded) hydrostatic test condition and future (corroded)
hydrostatic test condition with vessel in normal operating position
and with 50% of design wind velocity (25% of wind load)
F is the Code test factor that, when multiplied by the lowest ratio
(for the materials of which the vessel is constructed) of the stress
value S {stress intensity value Sm} for the test temperature of the
vessel to the stress value {stress intensity value Sm} for the design
temperature, established the minimum required test pressure at
every point in the vessel.
Test factor F shall be in accordance with the Code for the test
medium used. When applicable, Code Case 2055 on pneumatic
testing of pressure vessels can be used.
The general primary membrane tensile stress in the corroded
condition (or when no corrosion allowance is specified) under this
load combination shall not exceed 90% of the Specified Minimum
Yield Strength at 100F (38C) {that specified in AD-151.1}.

5.3.2.5 Lift Condition: See Section 5.8.
5.4 Wind
5.4.1 Wind loads shall be determined in accordance with design criteria
established by the Purchaser.
5.4.2 Allowable Wind Deflection
The maximum allowable deflection in the corroded condition at the top
tangent line of a vessel shall not exceed 6 inches per 100 feet (150 mm per
30 m) of vessel height.
5.4.3 Projected Area: When spoilers are added to a vessel, the column projected
area normal to wind, and the corresponding force coefficient, for the column
height where spoilers have been added shall be used when designing the
vessel and supporting structure to calculate the overturning load. The column
projected area shall be calculated using the projected diameter taken at the
outside edge of the spoilers multiplied by the height of the section under
consideration.
5.4.4 Wind-Induced Vibration of Vertical Vessels
Vessels with an h/D ratio of 15 or greater shall be investigated for dynamic

behavior due to wind excitation as described by Vellozzi (see Sections 2.4
and 5.4.5). Other similar proven evaluation methodology may be used.
5.4.5 Vortex Shedding Ranges
Vessels may vibrate in any of three vortex shedding ranges.
1. Lower Periodic Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds number is

less than 300,000 and the Strouhal number is approximately 0.2, vibration
due to periodic vortex shedding may occur with tall slender vessels that have
very low fundamental frequencies.
2. Random Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds number is between

300,000 and 3,500,000, random vortex shedding occurs. When the Strouhal
number is approximately 0.2, the random vortex oscillations may lock-in and
become periodic, causing the vessel to vibrate.
3. Upper Periodic Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds number is

above 3,500,000 and the Strouhal number is approximately 0.2, self-excited
vibration will occur when the natural frequency of the vessel corresponds
with the frequency of vortex shedding.
5.4.6 Corrective Action
When it has been determined that a vessel may vibrate and the attributes of
the vessel (e.g., normal attachments) cannot be changed to put it in a range
where vibration will not occur, wind spoilers in accordance with 1 and 2
below shall be added to the top-third of the vessel. Such corrective actions
shall be approved by the Purchaser.

1. Helical Spoilers: Use a three-start system of spoilers in a helical pattern

on the top third of the vessel. An optimum configuration consists of spoilers
with an exposed width beyond insulation of 0.09D and a pitch of 5D, where
D is the diameter of the top third of the vessel. The spoiler system may be
interrupted to provide clearance at vessel appendages.
2. Short Vertical Spoilers: Use a three-start system of short vertical spoilers

arranged in a helical pattern on the top-third of the vessel. The exposed width
beyond insulation of the spoilers should be 0.09D and the pitch (height of
one helical wrap) between 5D and 11D. There should be a minimum of eight
(8) spoilers over the pitch distance (each complete helical wrap) and a
minimum of 1.5 helical wraps over the top-third of the vessel. The spoiler
system may be interrupted to provide clearance at vessel appendages.
5.5 Seismic Loading

Seismic loads shall be determined in accordance with design criteria established by
the Purchaser.
5.6 Cyclic Loading

5.6.1 Fatigue Analysis
When the Purchaser specifies that the vessel is in cyclic service, the rules in
Code Section VIII, Division 2, Paragraph AD-160, Fatigue Evaluation,
shall be used as a basis for establishing further action. A fatigue analysis
shall always be performed for agitator mounting nozzles and their attachment
to the vessel (see Sections 5.6.2 and 5.6.3).
5.6.2 When an agitator is mounted on a nozzle (or studding outlet) in a formed
head, the head design shall be sufficient to provide the rigidity and stress
levels appropriate for the dynamic loadings that will be applied. The means
for achieving this shall be a matter of agreement between the manufacturer,
the agitator supplier, and the purchaser, prior to ordering the head.
5.6.3 Nozzles supporting agitators, pumps, or other mechanical equipment shall be
suitably reinforced to withstand the mechanical loadings specified by the
device manufacturer and approval by User. Dynamic loading shall be
evaluated for an infinite number of stress reversals using a stress
concentration factor K = 5 for as welded or K = 3.5 for contoured and blend
ground nozzle attachment welds, where K is defined per ASME Section VIII
Div 2 Figure 4-130.1. Use of heavier nozzle necks, conventional reinforcing
pads with properly contoured fillet welds, and formed heads of appropriate
stiffness are the elements that result in a design suitable for an infinite
number of cycles. Nozzles for pressure relief devices shall be designed and
reinforced for thrust reaction. Gussets shall not be used to strengthen, stiffen,
or reinforce nozzles, unless demonstrated by calculations to be suitable for
the specified cyclic life or thermal condition.

For such nozzles, consideration shall be given to the dimensional

requirements of the device as supplied by the device manufacturer
(e.g., tolerances).
5.7 Local Loading

{Not Division 2 Applicable} When external loads are provided by the Purchaser, the
local membrane and surface stresses due to local loads (e.g., piping loads, platform
loads, etc.) shall be determined using the WRC Bulletin 107 and 297 procedures, or
other local stress analysis procedures as agreed between the Manufacturer and the
Purchaser. For local loads and pressure, the allowable stresses are 1.5S for local
primary membrane stress and 3S for primary membrane plus secondary bending
stress at nozzles, platform lugs, etc. S shall be the Code-allowable stress at the design
temperature.
5.8 Shipping and Rigging Loadings

5.8.1 Transportation Loads
Vessel subject to transportation loadings shall be analyzed for bending
between supports, general primary membrane tensile stress and compressive
stress at supports and fixture attachment points. Calculated general primary
membrane tensile stress shall not exceed that listed in 5.8.3 below. Vessels
shall be analyzed for vertical, lateral and longitudinal loadings as applicable.
Minimum acceleration loadings are given in Table 1 for the various modes of
transportation. Where erection loadings are in excess of the transportation
loadings, the vessel shall be designed for the most severe vertical, lateral and
longitudinal loading condition.
Table 1-Transportation Acceleration Loadings
Vertical Acceleration Lateral Longitudinal

Transportation Mode
Acceleration Acceleration
Downward Upward
Truck (Highway Speeds) 1.7g 0.5g 0.3g 1.8g
Truck (< 25 MPH/Multi-

1.3g 0.2g 0.2g 0.2g
wheel Transporter)
Rail 2g 2g 2g 3g
Inland Barge 1g 0.2g 0.75g 0.4g
Oceangoing Ship or Barge 2g 2g 0.75g 0.4g
Notes:
1. Where multiple modes of transportation are used, the most severe condition governs.
2. 1g would be a load equal to the weight of the vessel.

5.8.2 Impact Factor

A minimum impact factor of 2 shall be applied to the lift weight for
designing lifting devices. The basis for the lift weight shall include all
components to be included in the lift (e.g., trays, ladders/platforms,
insulation, additional piping with insulation, etc.).
5.8.3 Lifting Stresses
Vertical vessels having height-to-diameter ratios greater than 8 and weighing
more than 25,000 pounds (11,300 kgf) shall have bending stresses in the
vessel shell/skirt checked from the loadings imposed during the lift from the
horizontal to vertical position. Calculated general primary membrane tensile
stress shall not exceed 80% of the materials specified minimum yield
strength at 100F (38C). Calculated compressive stress shall not exceed 1.2
times the B factor obtained from the Code.
5.8.4 Local Stresses
Local stresses in the vessel shell/head/skirt/base rings from the lifting
attachments (e.g., lugs, trunnions, etc.) shall be determined for the imposed
loadings using local stress analysis procedures such as WRC Bulletins 107 or
297, or other accepted local stress analysis procedures (e.g., finite element
analysis). For the rigging condition, the allowable stresses as shown in
Section 5.7 shall be used.
5.8.5 Welds
Shear stresses for fillet welds on the lifting attachments to the vessel
shell/head shall not exceed 0.55 times the Code-allowable stress {design
stress intensity} at 100F (38C) for the material selected.
5.9 Nozzles and Manways

5.9.1 Integral Reinforcement
Nozzles and manways shall be integrally reinforced for the following:
a. When located in shells greater than 2 inches (50 mm) thick
b. For vessels where cyclic service is the controlling design consideration
c. When the maximum design metal temperature is warmer than 750F
(400C)
d. Radial nozzles within the scope of Code Paragraph 1-7(b)
e. When radiography is required on nozzles or manway connections to the
shell or head
5.9.2 Minimum nozzle neck thickness for carbon steel and low alloy steel nozzles
shall be per Code Paragraph UG-45, except in no case shall the nominal
thickness selected for nozzle necks up to and including NPS 3 (DN 80) be
thinner than Sch 80.
5.9.3 Minimum nozzle neck thickness for high-alloy and non-ferrous alloy nozzles
shall be per Code Paragraph UG-45, except in no case shall the nominal

thickness selected for nozzle necks up to and including NPS 3 (DN 80) be
thinner than Sch 40S.
5.9.4 Surface-attached nozzles as shown in Code Figures UW-16.1(a),
(a-1), (a-2), (a-3), and (b) {Figure AD-610.1, sketches (a) and (b)}, and those
with internal reinforcing pads, are not permitted.
5.9.5 Manways shall be equipped with either a davit or a hinge to facilitate
handling of the blind flange. Manways oriented with the nozzle neck axis in
a horizontal plane shall be equipped with a hinge in accordance with
PIP VEFV1116 or a davit in accordance with PIP VEFV1117. Attach the
davit-socket bracket to the nozzle neck when lap joint flanges are employed.
Manways on the top of vessels oriented with a vertical nozzle neck axis shall
be equipped with a davit in accordance with PIP VEFV1118. Hinged
manways require Owner approval due to potential pinch point.
5.10 Custom-Designed Flanges

5.10.1 Recommended minimum gasket contact widths are shown in the following
table:
Flange ID, Gasket Contact
inches (mm) Width, inches (mm)
36 (900) 1 (25)
36 (900) < OD 60 (1500) 1-1/4 (32)
OD > 60 (1500) 1-1/2 (38)
Notes:
1. Gasket Contact Width is the recommended minimum width of the
gasket in contact with both flange faces.
2. For 3-ply corrugated metal gaskets, the gasket OD shall be a minimum
of 1/4 inch (6 mm) less than the raised face or lap ring OD. (See Section
5.10.9.4.)
5.10.2 Design flanges not only for the design pressure, but also for other loadings
that will be applied to the joints during the project life (e.g., externally
applied bending moment and axial thrust loadings).
5.10.3 Select flange thickness so that, considering all loadings that will be applied,
the Rigidity Index as defined in paragraph 2-14 {3-395} of the Code is 1.0,
based on the recommended value of KL of 0.2 or K1 of 0.3, as applicable.
5.10.4 When approved by the User, flanges and their pressure-retaining covers for
manways may be custom-designed, with due consideration being given to
providing a Rigidity Index in accordance with the recommendations in Code
paragraph 2-14 {3-395}. A detail sketch describing the flange, cover, bolting,
and gasket, as well as Code calculations supporting the design, shall be
provided.
5.10.5 Flange bolts shall not be less than 3/4 inch (19 mm) nominal diameter.
Flange bolt holes shall be 1/8 inch (3 mm) larger than the diameter of the
bolts.

5.10.6 Nubbins are permitted only by agreement with the User.

5.10.7 Bolt Spacing Factor
The design of custom flanges shall include the effect of bolt spacing in
accordance with the following:
6t
1. Maximum bolt spacing = 2a +
m + 0.5
2. If bolt spacing exceeds (2a + t), the design moment (Mo) acting on the
BS
flange shall be multiplied by
2a + t
where: Mo, and m are as defined in Code Appendix 2,
Paragraph 2-3;
a = nominal bolt diameter, inches (mm)
Bs = actual bolt spacing, inches (mm)
t = minimum finished flange thickness, exclusive of
corrosion allowance, inches (mm)
5.10.8 Indicator-Type Bolting
For high bolt-load control accuracy during operation at temperature as well
as during initial assembly, it is recommended that flanged joints requiring
2-inch (50 mm) diameter and larger bolting be furnished with bolts having an
indicator rod through the bolt center for measuring installed bolt elongation
(using a depth gauge). Indicator bolts shall be purchased in accordance with
Fig. 1 or Fig. 2 of ASME PCC-1, as applicable. Every bolt in the joint
assembly shall be an indicator-type bolt, except when hydraulic tensioners
are used, use of indicator-type bolts for every fourth bolt is recommended for
calibration purposes during initial assembly and for bolt-load control during
operation at temperature. The indicator rod material for low alloy steel
bolting shall be nickel alloy C-276. The indicator rod for other bolting
materials shall be the same as the bolts or a material having essentially the
same coefficient of expansion and a composition suitable for welding to the
bolts. All bolts in the assembly shall have a through-hardened flat washer
under each nut.
5.10.9 Custom-Designed Lap Joint Flanges
Practices relative to lap joint flanges that experience has shown will result in
a level of damage tolerance, leak-tightness integrity, and gasket replacement
capability equivalent to the welding neck style are as follows:

5.10.9.1 The recommended radial lap width is as shown in the following

table:
Nozzle Vessel OD, Radial Lap Width,
inches (mm) inches (mm)
OD 18 (450) 1 (25)
18 (450) < OD 36 (900) 1-1/2 (38)
36 (900) < OD 60 (1500) 1-3/4 (44)
OD > 60 (1500) 2 (50)
Note: Radial Lap Width shall be measured from the toe of the lap-
to-shell attachment weld to the outer edge of the lap ring. (See
Section 5.10.9.4.)
5.10.9.2 The gasket contact width is as shown in the Table in

Section 5.10.1.
5.10.9.3 Finished lap ring thickness is a minimum of 3/16 inch (5 mm)
greater than the nominal wall thickness of the nozzle/shell to
which it is attached. This thickness will allow possible future re-
machining of the lap and shall be sufficient to allow the laps to
be machined front and back, if necessary to maintain parallel
surfaces after repair.
5.10.9.4 If the values in the Tables in Sections 5.10.1 and 5.10.9.1 are not
used, the gasket/lap/flange design shall be configured so that the
gasket load reaction on the lap (defined as G in Code
Appendix 2 {Appendix 3}) is as close as practicable to being
coincident with the reaction of the flange against the back of the
lap (taken at the midpoint of contact between the flange and lap).
The Code does not treat the gasket reaction and flange/lap
reaction independently [see Code Figure 2-4(1) {Figure 3-
310.1(a)}]. However, this recommended configuration is
believed to promote improved joint performance because it
minimizes the amount of bending in the lap ring resulting from
applied forces.
5.10.9.5 Lap Type Flange-to-Shell Clearance
The difference between the flange inside diameter (ID) and the
shell OD shall not exceed:
a. 1/16 inch (1.5 mm) for nominal diameters up to and
including NPS 12 (DN 300)
b. 1/8 inch (3 mm) for nominal diameters over NPS 12
(DN 300) through 48 inches (1200 mm) OD
c. 3/16 inch (5 mm) for nominal diameters over 48 inches OD
(1200 mm)
5.10.9.6 Flange Bevel and Lap Ring Weld
The fillet weld attaching the lap ring to the shell shall be an
equal leg fillet weld with the leg dimension equal to the nominal

shell thickness with a tolerance of +1/16 inch (+1.5 mm) and -0.
The difference between the diameter of the flange bevel where
the lap ring contacts the surface of the flange and the nominal
diameter at the toe of the lap ring attachment weld at the back of
the lap ring shall be 1/8 inch (3 mm) with a tolerance of +1/16
inch (+1.5 mm) and -0.
5.10.9.7 Lap Flange-to-Bolt Hole Distance
The distance between the inside edge of the bolt hole in the lap
joint flange and the outside diameter of the lap ring shall not
exceed 1/16 inch (1.5 mm).
5.10.9.8 The nominal outside diameter of shop-fabricated laps shall
correspond to ASME B16.9 standard diameters when used with
ASME standard flanges.
5.11 Supports
5.11.1 Skirts shall have a minimum thickness of inch (6 mm).
5.11.2 Code-allowable stresses {design stress intensity} shall be used for vessels
and their supports. For combinations of earthquake or wind loadings with
other loadings listed in Code Paragraph UG-22 {AD-110}, the allowable
stresses {design stress intensity} may be increased as permitted by Code
Paragraph UG-23(c) {AD-151.1}. See Section 5.3.2 for load combinations to
be considered. See also Code Appendix G {AD-940}.
5.11.3 For structural-shape support members in compression where slenderness
ratio is a controlling design consideration, no increase in the allowable
compressive stress is permitted.
5.11.4 For supports outside the scope of the Code, either Code-allowable stresses
{design stress intensity} or, for structural shapes, those in the AISC Manual
of Steel Construction may be used.
5.11.5 Localized shell stresses at all support-to-shell locations shall be considered,
as applicable, for wind load, earthquake, and all other loadings described in
Paragraph UG-22 {AD-110} of the Code. (See Sections 5.4, 5.5 and 6.8.1.)
5.11.6 Where reinforcing pads are used under supports, consideration shall be given
to stresses due to possible temperature differentials among the vessel, pads,
and supports.
5.11.7 Vertical vessels shall normally be designed as self-supporting units and shall
resist overturn based upon wind or earthquake loadings (as described in
Sections 5.4 and 5.5) and other applicable loadings per Paragraph UG-22
{AD-110} of the Code.
5.11.8 Skirts shall be attached to the bottom head by a continuous weld sized so as
to provide for the maximum imposed loadings. The preferred skirt
attachment detail shall be butt type (skirt butted to knuckle portion of head
such that the centerlines of the skirt plate and the head flange are the same
diameter, or such that the OD of the shell and the OD of the skirt coincide).
A lapped type skirt design (skirt lapped to straight flange of head) may also

be used. See Figure AD-912.1 of Division 2 of the Code for some illustrative
weld attachment details and associated minimum weld sizes. All butt weld
joints within the skirt shall be Type No. 1 of Code Table UW-12 {AF-221}.
Alignment tolerance at plate edges to be butt-welded shall be per Code
Paragraph UW-33 {AF-140.2}. The type of skirt attachment detail, the style
of anchor ring assembly (e.g., single ring with gussets, single ring with
chairs, double ring with gussets, etc.), and the type/degree of nondestructive
examination of the skirt assembly welds shall be a matter of agreement
between the User and the Designer. Skirt-to-base ring attachments in vessel
skirts shall be two continuous fillet welds, one outside and one inside.
5.11.9 All skirt openings shall be provided with rings or collars, sized to provide
100% reinforcement of the opening. In addition, provision shall be made for
venting of the skirt with a minimum of two, 2-inch (50 mm) openings,
located near the top of the skirt, but below the head insulation or
fireproofing.
5.11.10 When the skirt is to be provided with insulation or fireproofing, all openings
shall be provided with rings or collars projected to equal the insulation or
fireproofing thickness. Sleeves shall be of sufficient size to provide clearance
for painting, insulation, and expansion. Sleeve material shall be the same
material composition as that portion of the skirt and shall be continuously
fillet-welded inside and outside.
5.11.11 Horizontal vessels shall be designed for two saddle supports attached by
welding. Design of saddle supports and calculation of localized shell stress
may be determined by the L. P. Zick method. (See Section 2.4 and Code
Appendix G {AD-940}.)
The minimum saddle support contact angle shall be 120 degrees. For vessels,
saddle supports shall be located a maximum distance of Ro/2 from the head
tangent line, where Ro is the shell outside radius.
5.11.12 Saddle wear plates, when required, shall have the following proportions:
Thickness: Established by design, but not less than the smaller of shell
thickness or 3/8 inch (10 mm)
Width: Width of saddle plus 5t each side of the saddle, where t = cylindrical
shell thickness in the corroded condition
Extension Beyond Horn of Saddle: r/10, where r = radius of cylindrical shell

in corroded condition
The wear plates shall have a minimum radius of 2 inches (50 mm) on the
corners, shall be continuously welded to the shell, shall be provided with one
1/4 inch (6 mm) drilled telltale hole (or equivalent venting) per segment, and
shall be vented to the atmosphere. Vent holes shall be located at the low
point of the wear plate and shall not be plugged during hydrostatic testing.
5.11.13 One of the saddles shall be designated as the fixed saddle in which holes
shall be provided to receive the anchor bolts. The other saddle shall be

designated as the sliding saddle in which slotted holes shall be provided. The
diameter of the bolt holes and width of the slot shall be 1/4 inch (6 mm)
larger than the bolt diameter. The length of the slot shall be:
Slot length = 2.5(DL)T
where:
= Coefficient of thermal expansion of shell material,

in/in/F (mm/mm/C)
DL = Length between saddle supports, measured to centerline of anchor

bolts, inches (mm)
T = Greatest absolute value of: ambient temperature at installation

[but not warmer than 70F (20C)] minus the maximum or minimum shell
temperature to be stamped on the Code nameplate, F (C)
The anchor bolts are to be located at the center of the bolt holes (fixed
saddle) or the midpoint of the slot (sliding saddle) . All sliding saddles shall
be provided with slide plates, when the operating temperature exceeds 250F
(120C) or the calculated thermal expansion exceeds 1/4 inch (6 mm). Slide
plates are to be furnished by others. Examples of standard details that may be
used (non-mandatory) are shown on PIP VEFV1105 and PIP VEFV1106.
5.11.14 Saddles to be used in conjunction with weigh cells or slide plates require
design considerations to accommodate the applicable loadings.
5.12 Anchor Bolts

5.12.1 The Manufacturer is responsible for determining the size and quantity of
anchor bolts and base plate details.
5.12.2 Anchor bolting shall be furnished and installed by the User.
5.12.3 The allowable design stress, as calculated using the tensile stress area of the
threaded portion, shall not exceed the following (see Note):
a. Carbon steel or stainless steel: 20,000 psi (138 MPa)
b. Low-alloy steel: 30,000 psi (207 MPa)
Note: For vessels on concrete foundations, the allowable stress of anchor
bolts may be limited by the strength and dimensions of the concrete for the
bolt spacing selected. Allowable stresses used in the final design shall be
agreed to by the Purchaser.
5.12.4 Anchor bolts shall be selected with the following threads and the tensile
stress area shall be selected accordingly:
a. Bolts 1 inch (25 mm) and smaller in diameter: Coarse thread series,
ASME B1.1

b. Bolts larger than 1 inch (25 mm) in diameter: 8 thread series,

ASME B1.1
5.12.5 For vessels on concrete foundations, the design concrete bearing stress used
shall be 1658 psi (11.4 MPa).
Note: This value is based on the use of concrete with an ultimate strength, f'c,
of 3000 psi (20.7 MPa) for which the minimum allowable bearing is
(0.65)(0.85)f'c [approximately 1658 psi (11.4 MPa) for 3000 psi (20.7 MPa)
concrete].
Higher values may be used consistent with the ultimate strength chosen
(if known) and other provisions of state-of-the-art concrete foundation
design. The design loadings for anchor bolts embedded in concrete may be
determined by either the simplified method (neutral axis of bolt pattern at
centerline of vessel) or the shifted neutral axis method (see Section 2.4,
Brownell and Young). However, the use of the latter method is
recommended for large vertical vessels because of the economic benefit.
Note: The neutral axis shift method does not apply for vessels supported by
steel structures.
5.12.6 Anchor bolts for vessels shall not be less than 3/4 inch (19 mm). Anchor
bolts shall straddle normal centerlines. (See PIP VEDV1003, Section 3.3.2(d)
and (l).) The anchor bolt circle shall be selected to provide radial clearance
for the bolt tensioning device when low-alloy steel bolting is required.
5.13 Internals
5.13.1 Vessel internals constructed of alloy pipe up to and including NPS 12
(DN 300) shall be a minimum of Schedule 10S. For pipe larger than NPS 12
(DN 150), use at least 3/16 inch (5 mm) nominal wall pipe or fabricate from
plate.
5.13.2 Unless otherwise specified on the data sheet, the material shall be the same
nominal composition as the cladding, weld overlay, or shell to which it is
attached.
5.13.3 Removable internals shall be sized to pass through designated vessel
openings. On vessels with internals where a vessel manway is not located in
the top head, internal rigging clips shall be provided to facilitate handling of
the internals.
5.13.4 Vessel internals such as distributors, dip tubes, baffles, and thermowells shall
not be located near manways in a manner that would interfere with personnel
access or rescue. Special consideration shall be given to the area directly
below manways and to personnel clearances (e.g., head knockers) above
manways. When specified on the data sheet, grab rungs shall be in
accordance with PIP VEFV1125.
5.13.5 Internal piping and baffles shall be mounted in a manner that will not restrict
thermal expansion.

5.13.6 When the vessel is specified as subject to vibration and/or fatigue, internal
welded non-pressure parts (e.g., baffles that may be subject to vibration or
cyclic loading) shall be continuously welded.
5.13.7 When specified by the purchaser, internal bolting in vessels, especially where
vibration is expected (e.g., where agitators are installed), shall either be
double nutted, tack-welded to the clip (or baffle), or have a lock wire placed
in the nut/bolt or other supports.
5.13.8 Unless otherwise specified, flanges for internal non-pressure piping may be
fabricated from plate but shall conform to ASME B16.5 and B16.47 Class
150 bolting patterns.
5.13.9 Vessel internals and all portions of each vessel shall be self-draining to
ensure complete elimination of liquid from the vessel when drained.
5.13.10 The minimum thickness of internal welded-in parts shall be 3/16 inch
(5 mm), plus the corrosion allowance for each wetted side.
5.13.11 Internal support rings shall not be considered for vessel strength calculations.
5.13.12 Vessel Manufacturer shall furnish and provide support for all internal feed
piping. Tray Manufacturer will recommend internal feed piping arrangement
and furnish design to the vessel Manufacturer.
5.13.13 Process design of trays and other removable internals are outside the scope of
this Practice.
5.14 Attachments
5.14.1 All attachments welded to pressure-retaining vessel components shall be
considered critical to the structural integrity of the vessel for evaluation of
impact test requirements (see Code Paragraph UCS-66(a)) {AM-204}.
5.14.2 External Attachments
Unless otherwise specified by the User, the Manufacturer shall furnish and
install all clips, brackets, and other items which are welded to the outside
surface of the vessel or skirt, including:
a. The Manufacturers nameplate shall be made either of a 300 series
stainless steel or of a nickel-copper alloy UNS N04400 or equivalent
(Monel), and shall be attached securely on a support bracket. The
nameplate support bracket shall conform to PIP VEFV1101.
b. Lifting attachments, as designed by the Manufacturer or as specified on
User drawings
c. Code-required stiffening rings for shells under external pressure shall be
placed on the outside of the vessel, shall have a thickness not less than 3/8
inch (10 mm), and shall have a ring width-to-thickness ratio no greater
than 10. Stiffening rings shall be of a structural form that cannot trap and
hold water and shall be attached by continuous fillet welds on both sides
of the ring. Drains or gaps may be provided in the stiffener rings, if
necessary to prevent water from collecting.
d. A grounding lug in accordance with PIP VEFV1103

5.14.3 Carbon and low-alloy steel attachments welded to pressure-retaining

components shall be considered as being essential to the structural integrity
of the vessel; accordingly, for purposes of establishing the attachment impact
test requirements, the level of applied general primary membrane stress shall
be considered to be the same as the maximum level applied to the pressure
boundary component to which they are attached.
6. Materials
6.1 All impact test values shall be reported in the material suppliers certified test reports.
6.2 All carbon, low-alloy, and high-alloy steel forgings exceeding 3 inches (75 mm) in
thickness (flanges per ASME B16.5 and B16.47 excluded) shall be examined
ultrasonically per ASME SA-745 with the following requirements:
1. Quality levels for straight beam examinations from flat surfaces shall be:
THICKNESS QUALITY
Inches (mm) LEVEL
3 (75) < t < 8 (200) QL-2
8 (200) < t < 12 (300) QL-3
t >12 (300) QL-4
2. Quality level for straight beam examinations from curved surfaces shall be QL-5.
3. Quality level for all angle beam examinations shall be QA-1. Notch depth shall
be per QA-1 or 1/4 inch (6 mm), whichever is less.
6.3 Integrally clad plate for vessels designed for vacuum service and for vessels whose
design calculations include the cladding shall be examined per ASME SA-578
Acceptance Standard - Level B and Supplementary Requirement S6.
6.4 The heat treatment of integrally clad plate conforming to ASME SA-263, ASME
SA-264, and ASME SA-265 shall be done by the plate manufacturer.
6.5 All integrally clad plate, including explosion clad plate, conforming to ASME
SA-263, ASME SA-264, and ASME SA-265 shall be cold flattened, if required, after
final heat treatment and descaling.
6.6 Dual (Multiple) Marked Materials
When dual marked materials are used, the calculations and drawings shall reflect the
material specified by the User. However, all documentation shall designate that dual
marked material has been used. In the Manufacturers Data Report, this shall be
indicated in the Remarks section.
6.7 Quick Opening Closures
Swing bolts (eye bolts) shall be of one-piece construction without welding. Hinge
pins shall be solid and of the same material as the swing bolts. See Code paragraph
UG-35 and Appendix GG {Not Division 2 Applicable}.

6.8 Support Materials

6.8.1 The skirt for stainless steel or other high-alloy steel vessels shall be of a
material with essentially the same coefficient of expansion as the head to
which it is attached when the maximum temperature stamped on the Code
nameplate is hotter than 450F (230C). The length of this high-alloy steel
portion of the skirt shall be

2 ( Rt) , but not less than 12 inches (300 mm),
where R is the mean skirt radius and t is skirt thickness. The lower portion of
these skirts may be constructed of carbon or low-alloy steel.
When the maximum temperature stamped on the Code nameplate is between

-20F (30C) and 450F (230C), the entire skirt may be made of carbon or
low-alloy steel.
In all cases, the materials and thicknesses selected shall be suitable for the
maximum and minimum design metal temperatures and the imposed
loadings.
6.8.2 For vessels with a design temperature lower than -20F (30C), the skirt
shall be the same material as the head for a minimum length of

2 ( Rt ) ,
but not less than 12 inches (300 mm).
6.9 Unless otherwise specified, the material for internals shall be the same
nominal composition as the cladding, weld overlay, or shell to which it is
attached.
6.10 External attachments shall be of the same type material (ASME Code P-number) as
the pressure part to which attached except austenitic stainless steel external welded
attachments may be any 300-series stainless steel.
6.11 As an alternative to Section 6.10 above, the Manufacturer may propose other
materials for the attachments with due consideration being given to the following:
1. Potential problems associated with welding dissimilar materials
2. Compatibility with the Code nameplate maximum and minimum design metal
temperatures
3. Whether or not the attachment is essential to the structural integrity of the vessel
(see Code Paragraph UCS-66 {AM-204})
4. Differential thermal expansion characteristics and associated stresses
5. Corrosion resistance
6. Painting requirements
7. Suitability for the anticipated loadings
6.12 Gaskets specified in the purchase order or on the drawings/data sheet shall be
supplied by the Manufacturer unless otherwise specifically noted. For test gaskets,
see Section 8.3.7; for spare gaskets, see Section 9.2.2.

7. Fabrication
7.1 General
7.1.1 All equipment shall meet the manufacturing tolerances as shown in the
purchase order or on the drawings. Tolerances on fabricated equipment as
shown on PIP VEFV1102 shall apply to the completed vessel after pressure
test.
7.1.2 Machining shall be performed after welding or heat treatment if such
operations change machined surface characteristics or geometry (e.g., flange
face flatness).
7.1.3 When forming any austenitic stainless or nonferrous plate, care shall be taken
to prevent carbon pickup or contamination of formed material.
7.1.4 Only stainless steel brushes and clean, iron-free sand, ceramic or stainless
steel grit shall be used for cleaning stainless steel and non-ferrous surfaces.
Cleaning tools or materials shall not have been previously used on carbon
steel.
7.1.5 The cutting of stainless steel shall be by mechanical methods; i.e., shearing,
sawing, or machining. If required by special exception, the cutting is done by
any thermal process (such as plasma arc or air arc), an allowance shall be
made for the removal of not less than 1/8 inch (3 mm) of metal [e.g., inch
(6 mm) in the diameter of an opening] by machining or grinding to the
finished dimension.
7.1.6 Special care shall be taken to prevent stress raisers which might cause low
impact strength due to notch effect or abrupt change in section. Welders and
welding operators symbols and reference lines may be stamped on the
material in accordance with the provisions of Code Paragraph UW-37
{AF-235}, provided that a round-nose stamp is employed and the symbol is
located at least 1 inch (25 mm) from the edge of the weld.
7.1.7 Materials that may cause corrosive attack when the vessel part is heated shall
not be used, including:
a. Marking inks (containing halogens)
b. Lubricants
c. Crayons
d. Adhesives, except as required in Appendix C
e. Tapes (e.g., duct tape)
f. Coatings to prevent adhesion of weld spatter
g. Paints containing sulfur
h. Chlorine compounds (which will decompose to hydrogen chloride)
i. Carbon
j. Harmful metal or metal salts such as zinc, lead, or copper

7.2 Shells and Heads

7.2.1 Longitudinal joints of adjacent shell courses (including skirts) shall have a
minimum offset of not less than 5 times the plate thickness or 6 inches
(150 mm), whichever is greater.
7.2.2 Plate layouts shall be arranged so that longitudinal and circumferential weld
seams clear all nozzles, manways, and their reinforcing pads by 2 inches
(50 mm) minimum, measured from weld edge to weld edge.
7.2.3 When the requirement of Sections 7.2.1 and 7.2.2 cannot be met, the subject
seam shall be ground flush and 100% radiographically examined before
welding the nozzle. Nozzles which intersect weld seams shall be located such
that their centerline falls approximately on the centerline of the weld seam.
The seam shall be radiographed in accordance with Code Paragraph UW-51
{Table AF-241, Article I-5} as required in Code Paragraph UW-14
{AD-502}.
7.2.4 The layout of seams shall be, to the maximum extent possible, such that the
longitudinal seams are not within the downcomer area of trays or behind any
obstruction that prevents inspection of these welds. Circumferential seams
shall not fall on a tray ring, and shall be located not less than 2 inches
(50 mm) above or below the tray ring.
7.2.5 Saddles shall be continuously welded to the shell. Welded seams under the
saddle or wear plate are not permitted. Longitudinal weld seams in the shell
shall not be located within 15 degrees of the horn of the saddle, since this is a
location of high stress.
7.2.6 Seams in Formed Heads
The flat plate from which formed heads are made shall be either seamless or
made equivalent to seamless in which all Category A welds are Type (1) and
fully radiographed per Code Paragraph UW-51 before forming. Any welds
shall be ground flush with the plate surfaces prior to forming. After forming,
the spin hole, if it remains in the final construction, shall be repaired with a
metal plug which is butt-welded in place with the weld meeting the above
Category A weld joint requirements.
7.2.7 Structural attachment welds (e.g., internal support rings or clips, external
stiffening rings, insulation support rings, and ladder, platform or pipe support
clips) shall clear weld seams by a minimum of 2 inches (50 mm). If overlap
of pad type structural attachments and weld seams is unavoidable, the portion
of the seam to be covered shall be ground flush and radiographically
examined before the attachment is welded on. The seam shall be
radiographed per Code Paragraph UW-51 {Article I-5} for a minimum
distance of 2 inches (50 mm) beyond the edge of the overlapping attachment.
Radiographic examination of weld seams is not required when single-plate
edge-type attachments such as tray support rings, downcomer bolting bars,
stiffening rings, insulation support rings, ladder, platform, or pipe support
clips cross weld seams. Coping of external attachments to clear main seams
shall be done wherever possible.

7.3 Nozzles, Manways, and Flanges

7.3.1 Bolt holes in all fixed flanges and studding outlets shall straddle the natural
centerlines. For nozzles in heads, the bolt holes shall straddle centerlines
parallel to, or coincident with, the natural vessel centerlines.
7.3.2 All inside nozzle neck edges shall be rounded to 1/8 inch (3 mm) minimum
radius. Nozzles for pressure relief devices and for drainage shall be flush
with the inside wall of the shell or head.
7.3.3 Nozzle reinforcing pads shall be external and, when multi-segmental
reinforcing elements are used, the following design considerations shall be
taken:
7.3.3.1 The weld shall be a Type 1 or Type 2 full penetration butt weld, and;
7.3.3.2 The joint efficiency of the pad shall be 0.65 as applied to the
allowable stress of the pad material, Sp, or;
7.3.3.3 The weld may be 100% radiographed (or alternatively UT examined)
to provide a joint efficiency of 0.90 as applied to the allowable stress
of the pad material, Sp, or;
7.3.3.4 The weld may be no less than 60 degrees from the longitudinal axis
of the vessel and for 100% radiography, a joint efficiency of 1.0 may
be applied, for spot radiography a joint efficiency of 0.85 may be
applied or for no radiography a joint efficiency of 0.70 may be
applied to the allowable stress of the pad material, Sp.
7.3.3.5 Each pad segment shall have one American Standard Taper Pipe
Thread (NPT) 1/4 inch (6 mm) telltale hole for testing purposes
(see Section 8.3.4 for testing). Holes shall be located as low as
possible with the vessel in its operating position to promote drainage.
7.3.4 Nozzle reinforcing pads and all attachment pads, if not circular, shall have
rounded corners of 2 inches (50 mm) minimum radius.
7.3.5 Nozzles located in dished heads shall be located such that the nozzle,
reinforcing pads, and attachment welds (as applicable) are located within the
spherical portion of the head.
7.3.6 Unless otherwise specified, for vessels supported by a skirt, the flange of any
nozzle in the bottom head shall be located outside the skirt.
7.3.7 In establishing nozzle and manway projections, clearance shall be provided
for removing flange stud bolts from between the flange and vessel and for
accessing flange stud nuts. Clearance for flange studs and nuts shall be
considered when nozzles penetrate insulation or platforms.
Minimum projection from the outside of the vessel wall to the nozzle face
shall be:
a. 8 inches (200 mm) for nozzles up to and including NPS 8 (DN 200)
b. 10 inches (250 mm) for nozzles larger than NPS 8 (DN 200)
Round up the dimension from the face of the nozzle to the vessel centerline
or reference line to the next larger 1/2-inch (10 mm) increment.

7.3.8 A minimum of three safety retainer clips shall be welded to the nozzle neck
at the back of NPS 4 (DN 100) and larger lap joint flanges that face upward.
(Facing upward is defined as inclination of the nozzle from the horizontal at
an angle of 30 degrees or greater.) These clips shall be located so that a
spacing of one length-through-hub dimension (dimension Y in ASME B16.5)
will exist between the back of the lap and the face of the flange. This will
allow for future painting of the nozzle neck in this region.
7.3.9 For all flanges (except ASME B16.5 and B16.47 flanges) and shop-
fabricated lap rings, the gasket contact surface flatness tolerance, in both the
radial and circumferential directions, shall be 0.006 inch (0.150 mm) total
indicator reading. Measurement shall be made by a dial indicator after all
other operations have been completed with regard to the fabrication and heat
treatment of the flange or lap ring and its attachment to the shell or nozzle
neck that can affect flatness tolerance. The total circumferential tolerance
shall not occur in less than 20 degrees arc.
7.3.10 For corrosive service, splice welds on gasket contact surfaces of a lap ring or
flange are permitted only by agreement with the User.
7.3.11 Joints shall be assembled in accordance with ASME PCC-1.
7.3.12 Hardened washers shall be provided under nuts for all bolts having diameters
of 1-1/4 inches (32 mm) or larger to prevent damaging the back side of the
flange. The washers shall be at least 1/4 inch (6 mm) thick.
7.4 Vessel Attachments

7.4.1 In services the User has defined as corrosive, welding of vessel internals
attached to a pressure boundary component shall be continuous on all
surfaces in order to eliminate corrosion pockets. All seams and corner joints
shall be sealed. The size of welds shall include allowance for corrosion when
a vessel corrosion allowance is specified. The minimum weld size shall be
3/16 inch (5mm) in the corroded condition.
7.4.2 All external supports, support rings, pads, and structural brackets attached to
the vessel shall be seal-welded all around to prevent corrosion between the
vessel and attachments. When seal welding all around is not practical,
provision for drainage shall be made (e.g., a gap in the low-point weld).
7.4.3 Temporary Welded Attachments
7.4.3.1 Attachment point of spiders, braces, or other temporary attachments
shall be of the same material alloy as the point on the vessel to which
it is attached.
7.4.3.2 All temporary attachments shall be removed prior to hydrotest.
7.4.3.3 Temporary attachments shall be removed flush with the vessel shell
and nondestructively examined Magnetic Particle Examination (MT)
or Dye Penetrant Examination (PT), in addition to visual
examination, to ensure no cracks have been generated.
7.4.3.4 Temporary welds shall be made in accordance with Section 7.5.2.
7.4.4 No galvanized clips or attachments shall be welded to a vessel.

7.4.5 Half Pipe Jackets or Pipe Sections

When welded to shells and/or heads, jacket to shell welds shall be full
penetration/strength welds with 100% liquid penetrant examination.
7.4.6 For integrally clad and/or weld overlayed vessels, lightly loaded (as defined
in Code Section VIII, Division 2, Paragraph AD-912, footnote 4) supports,
such as those for trays, baffles, etc., may be welded directly to the alloy clad
or weld overlay. Where supports are carrying an appreciable load (> 25% of
the allowable stress for fillet welds), such as packing bed support rings, the
Designer shall determine and specify whether the support shall be welded
directly to the base metal.
7.5 Welding
7.5.1 Selection of welded pressure joint requirements from the variety of Code
options is the Designers responsibility (see PIP VECV1001, Section 7.1).
See Section 7.5.7 of this Practice for minimum requirements when not
specified by the Designer. The welded pressure joint requirements are to be
selected consistent with service-specific needs; however, the following shall
apply as a minimum:
7.5.1.1 Welded joints of Categories A, B, and, when used, butt-type
Categories C and D shall be Type No. 1 of Code Table UW-12
{AF-221}. Note that this excludes the use of permanent weld joint
backing strips and the use of butt welds with one plate offset [Code
Figure UW-13.1(k)]. (See Section 8.1.3.)
7.5.1.2 Non-butt joints that connect nozzles (including manways and
couplings) to the vessel wall (Code Category D joints) shall be full
penetration welds through the vessel wall and through the inside
edge of reinforcing plates, when used. Nozzle necks designated to
extend beyond the inside surface of the vessel wall shall have a fillet
weld at the inside corner.
7.5.1.3 For compartmented vessels having a flanged and dished intermediate
head(s), the end of the intermediate head skirt(s) shall be seal-welded
to the shell of the compartment (see Code Fig. UW-13.1 (f)).
7.5.2 All welds, including those for nonpressure parts and attachments (including
temporary attachments and shipping attachments), shall be made by welders,
welding operators, and welding procedures qualified under the provisions of
Code Section IX. Welds shall meet the supplementary provisions of the
Code, plus recognized and generally accepted good welding practices
(including, but not limited to, the use of clean and dry materials, good
techniques, and the proper chemistry).
7.5.3 Unless otherwise specified, the welding consumables used in the fabrication
of the vessel and its components shall be of the same nominal chemistry as
the base metal and shall have material properties, e.g. tensile strength, yield
strength, etc., not less than the minimum requirements for the base metal at
both ambient and design temperature.

7.5.4 Shielded metal arc electrodes used for pressure-retaining welds shall be of
the low-hydrogen type. Use of higher strength weld materials for all welding
processes is prohibited except as specifically approved in writing by the
User.
7.5.5 Welding Procedure Specification, Procedure Qualification Record, and
Welder Performance Qualification is required for review and approval prior
to start of fabrication. The responsibility for welding shall be part of the
overall construction responsibility of the Manufacturer.
7.5.6 A detailed weld map shall be provided, along with the welding procedures
and fabrication drawings, to the User for review and approval. The weld map
shall include, as a minimum, a sketch of all weld joints, welding symbols
used (per AWS A2.4), and associated weld procedure numbers.
7.5.7 Pressure retaining butt-weld seams shall be in accordance with Type No. 1 of
Code Table UW-12 {Table AF-241.1} (i.e., butt joints as attained by double-
welding or by other means that will obtain the same quality of deposited
weld metal on the inside and outside weld surfaces to agree with the
requirements of Code Paragraph UW-35 {AF-221}). Welds using permanent
metal backing strips are not permitted. Butt-weld seams shall be accessible
for examination, inspection, and/or repair with welded attachments in place.
For joints inaccessible from the inside, the Manufacturer shall submit an
alternative method for obtaining a full penetration and full fusion weld from
one side. (Refer to the Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form.)
7.5.8 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) shall be used only in the spray transfer
range. Pulse arc is considered spray transfer. The short arc transfer mode is
acceptable for carbon steel materials up to and including 3/16 inch (5 mm)
thick and for the root pass in carbon steel material of any thickness with the
following provisions:
a. Vertical welding is done in the uphill progression.
b. The root pass is backgouged.
c. GMAW-S is not used on branch connections, o-let, socket-type welds, or

pipe less than or equal to 3 inches (75 mm) OD.
7.5.9 Where weld overlay is specified, the deposited weld overlay shall have a
composition that corresponds to that of the composition and depth specified
on the purchasing documents.
7.6 Post Weld Heat Treatment

7.6.1 Vessels shall be postweld heat treated per applicable sections of the Code in
accordance with material specifications or when specified by the Purchaser
due to service conditions. Unless specified otherwise by the Purchaser,
requirements for PWHT of carbon and low-alloy steels are provided in Table
UCS-56 {AF-402.1} of the Code.
7.6.2 Alternative PWHT requirements of Code Table UCS 56.1 {AF-402.2},
Alternative Postweld Heat Treatment Requirements for Carbon and Low-
Alloy Steels, shall not be employed without the approval of the Purchaser.

7.6.3 Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT) of test specimens shall be in accordance
with Code requirements. PWHT shall include one extra PWHT cycle for
potential future field repair, unless otherwise specified by the Designer on
the Data Sheet.
7.6.4 Where PWHT is required, PWHT shall be performed after all welding
(including repairs) and nondestructive examination is completed, but prior to
any hydrotest or other load test.
7.6.5 Furnaces used for PWHT shall be constructed so as to prevent flame
impingement on the work.
7.6.6 A sufficient number of thermocouples (attached directly to the unit being
heat-treated) shall be used to accurately indicate the temperature of the work
and detect uneven heating.
7.6.7 The equipment shall be adequately supported during the PWHT to avoid
distortion.
7.6.8 Pressure parts made of austenitic stainless steel, if hot formed, shall be
solution annealed between 1850F (1010C) and 2050F (1120C) followed
by rapid cooling through the sensitization range. Stabilized grades or L
grades with 0.035% carbon max will not require solution annealing.
7.6.9 Vessels undergoing PWHT shall not come in contact with galvanized
components during PWHT.
8. Examination, Inspection and Pressure Testing
8.1 Examination
8.1.1 The extent of examination and special documentation, over and above the
minimum requirements of the Code, will be specified in the purchase
documents. All specified nondestructive examination, including that for
non-pressure parts and attachments, shall be performed per Code methods.
8.1.2 {Not Div 2 applicable} For specific welded pressure joint examination
requirements, see the Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form.
8.1.3 {Not Division 2 Applicable} The minimum degree of examination of welded
butt joints shall be spot radiography per Code Paragraph UW-52. In applying
the rules of Code Paragraph UW-52, the increments of weld shall be selected
so as to include all Category A, B, and C butt welds, except for those
Category B or C butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers that
exceed neither NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 1-1/8 inches (29 mm) wall thickness.
8.1.4 The need for examining the accessible surfaces of the completed Category D
corner joint welds by magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, or other
nondestructive methods will be specified by the User on a case-by-case basis.
For example, see optional Note E in the Nondestructive Examination Notes
of the Welded Pressure Joint Requirements Form.
8.1.5 Welded joints that will be inaccessible after assembly shall be examined by
PT or MT and repaired as required, prior to painting, assembly, and testing,
as follows:

a. Examine the root pass and its opposite side after back-chipping to sound
metal.
b. After any required machining or grinding, examine the finished surfaces
of the weld with the following additional requirement: all indications on
the finished weld surfaces shall be removed by grinding or welding prior
to the required pressure test.
8.1.6 If an examination reveals an unacceptable imperfection, the imperfection
shall be repaired, and the repair shall, as a minimum, be examined by the
same method, to the same extent, and by the same acceptance criteria that
revealed the condition.
8.1.7 Magnetic Particle and Liquid Penetrant Examination
Examine the following by magnetic particle or liquid penetrant examination:
1. Categories A and B, and Categories C and D butt-type joints which
exceed 2 inches (50 mm) in thickness, as follows:
a. After back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal, examine
the back-chipped or gouged surface.
b. All accessible surfaces of completed weld
2. Category C and D non-butt type joints, including those in nozzles and
communicating chambers, when the vessel section and/or head is
designed on the basis of a joint efficiency of 1.00 as follows:
a. After back-chipping or gouging root pass to sound metal, examine
the back-chipped or gouged surface.
b. All accessible surfaces of completed weld
3. The cut edge of openings in vessel walls thicker than 1/2-inch (13 mm)
into which nozzles and communicating chambers are attached with a full
penetration weld through the nozzle or communicating chamber wall.
The examination shall be made before nozzle attachment, and a
re-examination made after attachment when accessible.
4. All accessible surfaces of completed weld
a. Welds (internal and external) when the thickness of the pressure part
exceeds 2 inches (50 mm)
b. Welds attaching vertical vessel supports (e.g., skirts, lugs, legs, etc.)
c. Welds attaching vessel lifting (erection) lugs
d. Welds attaching manway davits
8.1.8 Rolled plate for flat covers and blind flanges (blind flanges per ASME B16.5
and B16.47 excluded) exceeding 3 inches (75 mm) in thickness shall be
examined after cutting to final size per ASME SA-578 Acceptance Standard -
Level B.
Note: This paragraph shall apply to carbon, low-alloy, and high-alloy steel
plates.

8.2 Inspection
8.2.1 If inspection by the Purchaser is specified in the purchase order, the
Purchasers or Users Inspector will contact the Manufacturer to schedule
inspection visits. The Manufacturer shall notify the Purchasers Quality
Assurance Organization at least five working days before an inspection is
required. Appendix A (Quality Overview Plan), or equivalent form, shall be
utilized by the Purchaser to convey inspection and associated documentation
requirements.
8.2.2 The Manufacturer shall make a complete set of fabrication drawings
reflecting all Purchasers comments available to the Purchasers or Users
Inspector at the time quality surveillance activities are being conducted.
8.2.3 If major components or services are obtained from sub-suppliers, the
Purchasers or Users Inspector shall be notified and given the option of
inspecting those items at their point of manufacture. The Manufacturer is
responsible for including the Purchasers quality surveillance and notification
requirements in suborders. The Manufacturer is also responsible for
arranging for certified drawings for use by the Purchasers representative at
the sub-suppliers location.
8.2.4 The Manufacturer retains overall responsibility for ensuring, either directly
or through sub-suppliers, that the inspections necessary for conformance to
the purchase specifications are conducted. The performance of quality
surveillance by the Users representative does not relieve the Manufacturer
or sub-suppliers of responsibility for meeting the specification requirements.
8.3 Pressure Testing General

8.3.1 Vessels shall not be painted or controlled shot peened prior to the Code
pressure test, with the following exceptions:
8.3.1.1 Surfaces that are required to be painted and which will be
inaccessible after assembly (e.g., mating surfaces of lap-joint stub
ends, flanges and nozzle necks, flange bolt holes, welded joints, etc.)
shall be painted prior to assembly and pressure testing.
8.3.1.2 Welded joints that will be inaccessible after assembly (e.g., joints
covered by lap-type flanges) shall be examined by PT or MT and
repaired as required, prior to painting, assembly, and pressure testing
(see Section 8.1.5 for specific requirements).
8.3.2 The test pressure shall be measured at the high point of the vessel in the test
position.
8.3.3 All welds shall be sufficiently cleaned and free of scale or paint prior to
pressure testing to permit proper examination for defects.
8.3.4 Reinforcing pad attachment welds and accessible surfaces of inside nozzle to
vessel wall welds shall be tested for the absence of leaks with a gauge
pressure of 15 psig (100 kPa) dry air or nitrogen and bubble forming
solution. This test shall be prior to the final hydrostatic or pneumatic test as
applicable.

8.3.5 The Manufacturer shall provide all facilities and materials, such as blinds,
bolting, and gaskets.
8.3.6 The temperature of the pressure retaining components during the pressure
test, regardless of test media, shall be at least 30F (17C) warmer than the
minimum design metal temperature to be stamped on the nameplate, but need
not exceed 120F (50C).
8.3.7 The use of service gaskets for test purposes shall be as follows:
8.3.7.1 Any flanged joint for which the service gasket is to be furnished by
the Manufacturer and which will not be disassembled after testing
shall be tested with the specified service gasket.
8.3.7.2 If the joint is to be disassembled after testing and employs flanges
per ASME B16.5 or B16.47, the test gasket may be selected by the
Manufacturer.
8.3.7.3 If the joint is to be disassembled after testing, employs nonstandard
flanges (other than ASME B16.5 or B16.47), and the service gasket
is not specified, the test gasket shall be approved by the Purchaser.
8.3.8 No joint sealing compound or gasket lubricant shall be used unless specified
for the service condition.
8.3.9 All bolting and washers (if used) shall be properly lubricated for assembly
prior to initial hydrotest.
8.3.10 Except for leakage that might occur at temporary closures for those openings
intended for welded connections, leakage is not allowed at the time of the
required inspection. Leakage from temporary seals shall be directed away so
as to avoid masking leaks from other joints.
8.3.11 If specified, sensitive leak tests shall be performed before hydrotesting.
8.3.12 Flanged joint assemblies specified to be furnished with service gaskets
(e.g., main body flange joints, manways, blind flange nozzles) and which are
disassembled following tests shall be reassembled using new service gaskets.
If such joints are shipped unassembled new service gaskets for field
installation shall be suitably packaged, marked, and shipped with the vessel.
(See Section 9.2.2.)
8.3.13 No welding, burning or grinding (including cosmetic grinding of pressure
retaining welds) shall be performed on vessels that have been pressure tested
unless approved by the User. This includes but is not limited to welds for
shipping attachments, refractory or insulation clips, stiffeners, spiders, or
grinding for surface preparation.
8.3.14 If field assembly erection is involved the final pressure test shall be on the
Users site. The Manufacturer shall provide the Purchaser a detailed test
procedure for review prior to testing.
8.4 Hydrostatic Test

8.4.1 Unless otherwise specified in the purchasing documents, paragraph
UG-99(b) {AT-302}, including footnote 33 {Not Division 2 Applicable},

shall be regarded as the standard hydrostatic test. The test pressure or

applicable Code paragraph number shall be specified on the Data
Sheet.Liquids other than water may be used for hydrostatic testing as
described in the Code, if so directed by the purchase specification.
8.4.2 Horizontal vessels designed to support a full weight load of water shall be
tested while resting on its support saddles, without additional supports or
cribbing.
8.4.3 Vertical vessels being tested in the erected position, whether shop or field,
shall have consideration given to the additional pressure and weight due to
the fluid head. (See Section 5.2.6.)
8.4.4 Vessels shall be adequately supported during the pressure test to prevent
damage.
Note: Unless otherwise specified, design shall be per Section 5.3.2.4
regardless of test orientation.
8.4.5 Testing of vessels shall be conducted with test water that is clean and free of
debris. Potable water is acceptable except as noted in Section 8.4.6 below.
Brackish or untreated water shall not be used.
8.4.6 Testing of vessels or components made of austenitic stainless steel materials
shall be conducted with water containing no more than 50 ppm chloride.
Water containing more than 50 ppm chloride but no more than 250 ppm may
be used only if the duration of the test procedure is 72 hours or less and
includes rinsing with water containing less than 50 ppm chloride.
8.4.7 Before application of the test pressure, the test water and the vessel material
shall be allowed to equalize to approximately the same temperature.
8.4.8 The final pressure test shall be held for a minimum of one hour, or as
specified on the drawings and/or purchase specification.
8.4.9 After completion of the hydrostatic test, the vessel shall be drained, dried
(including drying internals), and closed as quickly as practicable. Test water
shall not be in contact with austenitic stainless steel for more than 72 hours
unless treated with an appropriate biocide.
8.5 Pneumatic Test

8.5.1 Pneumatic testing presents hazards that require strict attention as part of the
engineering design of the pressure vessel to ensure personnel safety. These
considerations include, but are not limited to, the following:
8.5.1.1 The vessels shall be constructed of materials that ensure fracture
toughness during the test.
8.5.1.2 Additional nondestructive examination may be required of main
seams, nozzle attachments, and some structural attachments (see
UW-50). All such nondestructive examination shall be performed in
accordance with Code methods and acceptance criteria.
8.5.2 Pneumatic testing, when required in the field on the Users site shall be so
stated in the purchase specification.

8.5.3 The detailed procedure for pneumatic testing shall be submitted in writing by
the Manufacturer for the Users written approval.
8.5.4 When required by the Purchaser, procedures for acoustic emission
monitoring of the pneumatic test shall be submitted for approval prior to
testing.
8.5.5 Inert gas should be the test medium since it cannot support combustion.
Alternatively, clean, dry, oil-free air meeting the requirements of Class 1, 2
or 3 air in accordance with ISO 8573-1:2001, Compressed Air Part 1:
Contaminants and Purity Classes, shall be used with a dew point ranging
from -4F to -94F (20C to 70C).
9. Preparation for Shipment
9.1 Cleaning, Painting, and Marking

9.1.1 Before shipping, the vessel shall be thoroughly cleaned inside and outside.
Grit, scale, oil, grease, weld rod stub ends, sand, water, free moisture, and all
other foreign material shall be removed from the vessel. Painting shall be
complete as required by the purchase specification. (See Section 8.3.1.)
9.1.1.1 When specified by the User, all or any of the following additional
requirements shall be complied with:
a. Solvent or detergent wash
b. Rinse
c. Perform wet-dry test per ASTM A 380
d. Acid clean with passivation solution if rust stains appear in wet-
dry test. The appropriate application method of hand wipe, spray,
or circulating will be chosen based on the extent of rusting.
e. Repeat wet-dry test. Consider pickling solution if rusting
reappears.
f. Rinse
g. Dry
9.1.2 All PWHT vessels shall have the following notice painted on two sides of the
shell and insulation covering, if present, in three-inch high letters visible in
the shipping position from grade (see Section 7.1.7):
POSTWELD HEAT TREATED - DO NOT BURN OR WELD
9.1.3 All vessels with non-metallic linings shall have the following notice painted
on two sides of the shell and insulation covering, if present, in three-inch
high letters visible in the shipping position from grade (see Section 7.1.7):
LINED VESSEL - DO NOT BURN OR WELD
9.2 Preparation and Closure

9.2.1 Machined surfaces, flange faces, threaded surfaces, and other finished or
delicate parts shall be well-greased and protected against rusting and damage

during shipment. Telltale holes (see Sections 5.11.12 and 7.3.3) in

reinforcing pads shall be plugged with Room Temperature Vulcanizing
(RTV) silicone sealer or rust preventative grease that is compatible with the
base material.
9.2.2 For flanged joints specified to be furnished with service gaskets, a spare
gasket (in addition to any required for initial field assembly in Section
8.3.12) shall be furnished and suitably packaged, marked, and shipped with
the vessel for the following joints: flanged joints having other than ASME
B16.5 or B16.47 flanges with other than commercially available sheet or
laminate gaskets. Unless otherwise specified, one set of unused service
gaskets shall be furnished by the Manufacturer for non-ANSI body flanges
and other non-standard flanges. Service gaskets used for testing shall be left
installed for all blind flanged connections.
9.2.3 Blind flanged connections, including manways, shall have the blinds attached
with a full complement of new bolts.
9.2.4 All flange faces other than those furnished with permanent blinds shall be
covered with 1/2 inch (13 mm) thick wood or 1/8 inch (3 mm) thick suitable
metal plate and soft rubber gasket, no smaller than the flange OD and
secured with a minimum 25% complement of (but no fewer than 4) bolts.
9.2.5 Welding stub ends shall be provided with bevel protecting caps.
9.2.6 Threaded couplings shall be fitted with bull plugs and socket weld fittings
shall be fitted with plastic caps.
9.2.7 Internals which cannot be safely shipped in place shall be identified, tagged,
and shipped separately. For those internals which have specified clearances
or tolerances, the Manufacturer shall trial assemble at least one of each type
(e.g., tray type or distributor type) into the vessel to ensure proper fit prior to
shipment.
9.2.8 All bolting and other loose parts shall be suitably packaged and identified to
the purchase order. Uncoated bolts and nuts shall be coated with a suitable
thread lubricant to prevent corrosion during transportation and storage. The
lubricant shall be easily removable with mineral spirits or a solvent.
9.2.9 Ropes, chains and straps may be used to secure the equipment to the
transporter deck. However, padding shall be placed between any cables or
chains and any stainless steel or high alloy equipment to prevent
discoloration of the vessel shell and/or contamination of the metal. Cables
and chains are not permitted even with padding unless attached to clips
provided on the vessel for tie down purposes. In addition, only padded
saddles shall be used with stainless or high alloy equipment where the
saddles are carbon steel.
9.2.10 Nozzles (including attached piping) within or passing through vessel support
skirts shall be adequately supported during shipping and handling.
9.2.11 Any special provisions for shipping saddles shall be a matter of agreement
between the Purchaser and the Manufacturer.

9.2.12 The saddles of horizontal vessels may be used for support during shipment.
If boot or nozzle projections extend below the existing saddle base plate,
saddle extensions constructed of timber or other suitable materials shall be
secured to the saddles to provide adequate ground clearance for the
projecting part.

Appendices
Appendix A Quality Overview Plan for Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2 Vessels
Appendix B Documentation Schedule and Manufacturers Data Package
Appendix C Manufacturers Drawing Information
Appendix D Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
Appendix A
Quality Overview Plan

for
Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2 Vessels
Appendix A
Quality Overview Plan
for
Section VIII, Divisions 1 and 2 Vessels
Equip. No. _______________________________________ P. O. No. S. O. No.

Equip. Description
Project Engineer Phone No.
Inspection Contact Phone No.
Activities checked apply to the above item (see Quality Overview Notes). In most cases, the User/Purchaser representative will require five (5)
days notification to make arrangements for hold point inspections.
References are either to Division 1 Code paragraphs or

applicable Code Table U-3 {AG-150.1} reference standards. All
additional requirements covered by the purchase specifications QUALITY OVERVIEW ACTIVITY DOCUMENTATION
also apply.
REVIEW WITNESS INSPECT HOLD POINT REQUIRED

No. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
1. Material Receipt (Prior to Fab)
2. MTR's/Certificate of Compliance (Prior to Fab) (UG-93

{AF-101})
3. Positive Material Identification (PMI)
4. Impact Test Values
5. Lap Joint Flange (ASME B16.5)
6. Machined Surfaces (Prior to Assembly)
7. WPS/Welder/Welding Operator Qualifications (UW-28

and UW-29 {AF-210})
8. Weld Map
9. Inside Nozzle Corners Rounded [UG-36(a)(2) {AD-600}]
10. Welded Joint Fit-Up (UW-33 {AF-221.3}, UG-76

{AF-112.2}, UG-77 {AF-102})
11. Initial Welding (UW-32 {AF-141}, UW-37 {AF-210})
12. Final Welding (UW-35 {AF-142}, UW-36 {AF-225},

UW-37 {AF-210})
13. Machined Surfaces (After Assembly & Welding)
14. Magnetic Particle Examination (MT) (App. 6 {Art. 9-1} )
15. Liquid Penetrant Examination (PT) (App. 8 {Art. 9-2} )
16. Radiographic Examination (RT) (UW-11 {App. 8} )
Page A-2 Process Industry Practices

References are either to Division 1 Code paragraphs or

applicable Code Table U-3 {AG-150.1} reference
standards. All additional requirements covered by the QUALITY OVERVIEW ACTIVITY DOCUMENTATION
purchase specifications also apply.
REVIEW WITNESS INSPECT HOLD POINT REQUIRED

No. Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No Yes No
17. Ultrasonic Examination (UT) (App. 12 {Art. 9-3})
18. Other NDE
19. Material Repairs (UG-78 {AF-104}
20. Weld Repairs (UW-38 {AF-250})
21. Out-of-Roundness (UG-80 {AF-130})
22. Peaked Seam [UG-79(b) {AF-120}]
23. Weld Reinforcement/Weld Contour (UW-35

{AF-142})
24. Dimensional Check
25. Installation of Internals
26. Internal Inspection (Prior to Pressure Test)
27. PWHT (UW-40 {AF-635})
28. NDE (After PWHT, When Required)
29. Machined Surfaces (After PWHT)
30. Gasket/Gasket Installation/Bolted Joint Assembly
31. Nameplate Bracket
32. Pressure Test (UG-99 {Art. T-3}, UG-100 {Art. T-4})
33. Gas Leak Test
34. Formed Head Knuckle (After Pressure Test)
35. Internal Inspection (After Pressure Test)
36. Coating Inspection
37. Final Dimensional Check
38. Description of Nonconformance(s)
39. Preparation for Shipment
Process Industry Practices Page A-3

Quality Overview Notes
1. The User or the Users Designated Agent will provide the Manufacturer with a completed Quality
Overview Plan.
2. The Manufacturer is to provide the User with the documents for review, witness/hold point activity
notification, and inspection opportunity as indicated by the User on the Plan, as follows:
2.1 Review: Manufacturer is to provide documentation, the review of which will allow the User to
verify that the referenced construction activity has been performed as specified. Other
construction requirements may be verified/audited.
2.2 Witness: Manufacturer is to notify User not later than five days before performing the
referenced construction activity so that the User may exercise the option to observe. Other
construction requirements may be verified/audited.
2.3 Inspect: Manufacturer is to provide User access to physically conduct internal/external
inspection of the referenced item. Other construction requirements may be verified/audited.
2.4 Hold Point: Manufacturer shall notify User not later than five days before performing the
referenced construction activity and shall not proceed with performing the activity until
authorization is received from the User. Other construction requirements may be
verified/audited.
3. Some of the items in this Quality Overview Plan are covered elsewhere in this Practice.
4. If a work item is not checked, then there is no requirement to provide documentation or notification
to the User. However, the work item itself is still required to be performed if specified elsewhere in
this Practice, the Data Sheet, the purchase order, the Code, etc.
Page A-4 Process Industry Practices

Appendix B
Documentation Schedule and

Manufacturers Data Package
Appendix B
Documentation Schedule
Equip. No. ____________________________ P.O. No. ___________________________ S.O. No. ______________________
Equip. Description ____________________________________________________________________________________
Project Engineer __________________________________________ Phone No. ___________________________________
WKS Column = Number of Weeks Required from P.O. Date

P Column = Number of Legible Prints Required
E Column = Number of Electronic Files Required (5)
ALLOW FOR
WITH FOR FINAL (2) DATA (3) WITH USER
BID APPROVAL CERTIFIED BOOKS EQUIP APPROVAL
WKS WKS WKS WEEKS FROM
ITEM E P FROM E P FROM E P FROM E/P P DATE OF DATA
PO PO PO RECEIPT
Completed Data Sheets
Vessel Dimension Outlines
Vessel Details
Vessel Structural Attachments for

Ladders, Platforms, etc.
Column Tray and Downcomer

Support Details
Weld Procedures with Weld Maps
Nondestructive Examination and

PWHT Procedures
Design Calculations
Shipping Diagram and Rigging

Instructions
Manufacturer's Data Package

(see Page B-3)
Fabrication Sequence and

Schedule
Sub-Supplier List
Progress Report (Monthly)
NOTES:
1. Drawings and data are to be mailed to _____________________________________________
unless submitted with quotation.
2. Final certified drawings are to be submitted within two (2) weeks of receipt of Approved or Approved As Noted prints.
3. All data shall be supplied prior to submission of final invoice.
4. All questions of a technical nature shall be directed to _________________________________.
5. All records shall be provided in electronic media, in a format as agreed upon by the User, and be of legible quality.
6. Each copy of all data (e.g., drawings, manuals) shall be certified by Manufacturer with equipment or instrument Tag
Number and Purchase Order Number written or typed on the face of each copy.
Page B-2 Process Industry Practices

Manufacturers Data Package
The Manufacturers Data Package is to include:

1. Final certified fabrication drawings
2. Manufacturers Data Report (U Forms)
3. Certified material (mill) test reports and/or certificates of compliance (provide index when
appropriate)
4. Impact test values including production weld test results
5. Heat treatment charts (time/temperature record)
6. Pressure test charts (time/pressure/water temperature record) when a recording device is
used
6a. Statement of test water quality (potability, chloride content for austenitic stainless steel
vessels)
7. Nondestructive examination records and reports (PT, MT, RT, BHN, PMI chemistry)
8. Nameplate facsimile
9. If requested, weld procedures, qualifications, and weld maps
10. Description of non-conformities accepted by the User, if any
11. Required bolted joint assembly procedures including bolt preload for custom flanges
12. Any other documentation required by Purchaser
13. Operating instructions, performance data, and parts list (when applicable)
14. Manufacturers design calculations (see Section 4.4.1)
Process Industry Practices Page B-3

Appendix C
Manufacturers Drawing Information

Appendix C
Manufacturers Drawing Information
Manufacturer shall provide certified assembly and working drawings for all vessels. Drawings shall be
complete and shall include, but not necessarily be limited to, the following information:
1. Maximum allowable working pressure {design pressure} and coincident maximum design
temperature (internal and external if applicable)
2. Minimum design metal temperature and coincident maximum allowable working pressure
3. Design specific gravity, maximum liquid level, and other operating loads
4. Reference to Code Section VIII, Division 1 or 2, Edition, and Addenda. Include any Code Cases
used and special service restrictions
5. Special service notes (e.g., for cyclic service followed by a description of the cyclic loadings
and number of cycles used in the design)
6. Applicable Code paragraphs for impact test exemption [e.g., UG-20(f), UCS-66(a), UCS-66(b),
UCS-66(c)] or for impact test requirements (e.g., UHA-51 or UHT-6)
7. National Board registration number (U- or U2-symbol stamped vessels)
8. ASME material specifications for all pressure-resisting components and all attachments to
pressure-resisting components
9. Wind/seismic design criteria
10. Corrosion allowance. When a corrosion allowance is specified and the service is specified on
Data Sheet Item 13 as non-corrosive, the notation for non-corrosive service shall be added to
the drawing notes.
11. Weld details. All welds shall be either detailed or identified by use of the standard welding
symbols of the American Welding Society ANSI/AWS A2.4
12. Nondestructive examination requirements of welded pressure joints
13. Joint efficiency for each butt-welded joint (or seamless equivalent) in the vessel, including
nozzles and communicating chambers. A joint efficiency map may be useful.
14. Nondestructive examination of non-pressure-resisting welds
15. Postweld heat treatment requirements
16. Hydrostatic or pneumatic test pressures, as applicable:
a. Shop test in horizontal position (referenced to top of vessel)
b. Shop test in vertical position (referenced to top of vessel) (except for horizontal vessels)
c. Future test in operating position (referenced to top of vessel) (in the corroded condition
for vessels having a corrosion allowance)
17. Minimum permissible metal temperature during hydrostatic testing
18. Sensitive leak tests, if any
19. Nominal thickness of all components [minimum thickness after forming (includes corrosion
allowance) for formed heads]
20. All pertinent dimensions, including location of weld seams, location and projection of nozzles,
location of vessel and insulation supports, and any other information necessary for a complete
description of the vessel
21. Manufacturers drawings shall have the same designation for nozzles, manways, skirt
openings, and column trays as shown on Purchasers drawings.
Page C-2 Process Industry Practices

22. Complete description of all vessel flanges (including both standard and custom design),
pressure bolting, and gaskets
23. Relevant fabrication, inspection, testing, and painting requirements
24. Vessel support details
25. Surface preparation and painting or other protective coating specifications
26. Estimated weight of vessel: empty, operating, full of water, and shipping
27. Capacity of vessel (or each compartment)
28. Facsimiles of Manufacturers nameplate as stamped by Manufacturer
29. Purchasers vessel identification number(s)
30. Reference to specifications. Manufacturer shall include on drawings a reference to all
applicable codes, standards, and specifications, including date of issue. References shall
include all applicable PIP Practices and any applicable Manufacturer standards. When
reference is made to Manufacturers own standards, copies of such standards shall be included
with the submitted working drawings.
Special Notes
Manufacturers drawings shall also include the following notes as applicable:
1. All Vessels - the following note: Substances containing chlorine or which will decompose to
hydrogen chloride (e.g., coatings to prevent adhesion of weld spatter) shall not be applied to
any part of the vessel.
2. Stainless Steel or Nickel-Alloy Vessels - the following note: Zinc-coated (galvanized or painted)
components shall not be in contact (welded, bolted, or loose) with any alloy parts of the vessel.
3. Hastelloy, Monel, Nickel, or Nickel-Alloy Vessels - the following note: Substances
containing sulfur (e.g., lubricants to aid machining) shall not be applied to alloy parts of the
vessel.
4. Clad-Steel Vessels - Drawing notes shall specify whether or not the thickness of cladding metal
has been included in the design calculations for strength.
5. Balance point location - for horizontal equipment, the balance point location shall be noted and
dimensioned from a permanent reference point (e.g., main body flange etc.).
6. All PWHT vessels shall have the following notice painted on two sides of the shell and
insulation covering, if present, in three inch high letters visible in the shipping position from
grade:
POSTWELD HEAT TREATED - DO NOT BURN OR WELD
7. All vessels with non-metallic linings shall have the following notice painted on two sides of the
shell and insulation covering, if present in three inch high letters visible in the shipping position
from grade:
LINED VESSEL - DO NOT BURN OR WELD
Process Industry Practices Page C-3

Appendix D
Equivalent Pressure Formulas for

Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
Equivalent Pressure Formulas for Bending Moment and Axial Tensile Load
When sustained bending moments or axial thrust loadings are applied to the flanged joint during
operation in sufficient magnitude to warrant consideration in the flange design, the design pressure, P,
used in the calculation of total hydrostatic end load, H, in the flange design calculations shall be
replaced by the following design pressure:
PFLG = P + PEQ
The equivalent pressure PEQ is determined as follows:
16M 4F
PEQ = +
G3
G2
Where:
M= Sustained bending moment applied across full section at flange during the design
condition, in-lb
F= Sustained axial tensile force applied at flange, lb
G= Diameter at location of gasket load reaction, in. (See Appendix 2 {Appendix 3} of the
Code for full definition.)
Note: Experience has shown that axial tensile forces resulting from a properly designed
piping system have no significant effect on the flange design and hence are typically not
included in the PEQ determination.
Therefore, the hydrostatic end load, H, used in the flange calculations is determined as follows:
H = 0.785 G2 PFLG
Dynamic Bending Moment
8M
PEQ =
G3
Where:
M= Bending moment, as defined above, but including dynamic bending moment (e.g.,
seismic moment) applied across full section at flange during the design condition, in-lb
Other Terms = Same as above
Page D-2 Process Industry Practices

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COMPLETE REVISION

Process Industry Practices

This Practice is subject to revision at any time.

Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The

Not printed with State funds

Process Industry Practices

Process Industry Practices Page 1 of 39

9. Preparation for Shipment .........37

Page 2 of 39 Process Industry Practices

1.3 Alternative Design Proposals

Process Industry Practices Page 3 of 39

2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP)

American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)

Page 4 of 39 Process Industry Practices

ASME PCC-1 - Guidelines for Pressure Boundary Bolted Flange Joint

U. S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health

Dynamic Response of Tall Flexible Structures to Wind Loading. Joseph Vellozzi,

Stresses in Large Cylindrical Pressure Vessels on Two Saddle Supports, L.P.

Process Industry Practices Page 5 of 39

construction: An all-inclusive term comprising materials, design, fabrication, examination,

Page 6 of 39 Process Industry Practices

4.2 Documentation to be Provided to the Manufacturer

4.4 Documentation to be Provided by the Manufacturer

Process Industry Practices Page 7 of 39

Page 8 of 39 Process Industry Practices

5.2 Pressure and Temperature

Process Industry Practices Page 9 of 39

5.3 Load Combinations

Page 10 of 39 Process Industry Practices

5.3.1.5 Test Load (L5)

Process Industry Practices Page 11 of 39

5.3.2.5 Lift Condition: See Section 5.8.

Vessels with an h/D ratio of 15 or greater shall be investigated for dynamic

Vessels may vibrate in any of three vortex shedding ranges.

1. Lower Periodic Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds number is

2. Random Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds number is between

3. Upper Periodic Vortex Shedding Range: When the Reynolds number is

Page 12 of 39 Process Industry Practices

1. Helical Spoilers: Use a three-start system of spoilers in a helical pattern

2. Short Vertical Spoilers: Use a three-start system of short vertical spoilers

5.5 Seismic Loading

5.6 Cyclic Loading

Process Industry Practices Page 13 of 39

For such nozzles, consideration shall be given to the dimensional

5.7 Local Loading

5.8 Shipping and Rigging Loadings

Vertical Acceleration Lateral Longitudinal

Truck (Highway Speeds) 1.7g 0.5g 0.3g 1.8g

Truck (< 25 MPH/Multi-

Inland Barge 1g 0.2g 0.75g 0.4g

Oceangoing Ship or Barge 2g 2g 0.75g 0.4g

2. 1g would be a load equal to the weight of the vessel.

Page 14 of 39 Process Industry Practices

5.8.2 Impact Factor

5.9 Nozzles and Manways