DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND MATHEMATICS

SULTAN IDRIS EDUCATION UNIVERSITY
INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION
TECHNOLOGY IN BIOLOGY
(SBI 3013)

TITLE: DATA LOGGER

EFFECT OF PH ON

ENZYME REACTION
PREPARED FOR:

DR AZMI IBRAHIM

PREPARED BY:

MOHAMAD AMIRUL AMIN BIN DAUD D20162075576

MUHAMAD IKRAM BIN AHMAD NASIR D20162075578

MUHAMMAD AFIQ BIN MOHD NOR D20162075546

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INTRODUCTION

1. What is ph?

In chemistry, pH is a numeric scale used to specify the acidity or basicity of an aqueous

solution. It is approximately the negative of the base 10 logarithm of the molar concentration,
measured in units of moles per liter, of hydrogen ions. To be more specific it is the negative of
the logarithm to base 10 of the activity of the hydrogen ion. Solutions with a pH less than 7 are
acidic and solutions with a pH greater than 7 are basic. Pure water is neutral, at pH 7, being
neither an acid nor a base.

pH measurements are important in agronomy, medicine, biology, chemistry, agriculture,

forestry, food science, environmental science, oceanography, civil engineering, chemical
engineering, nutrition, water treatment and water purification, as well as many other applications.

The pH scale is traceable to a set of standard solutions whose pH is established by international

agreement.[3] Primary pH standard values are determined using a concentration cell with
transference, by measuring the potential difference between a hydrogen electrode and a standard
electrode such as the silver chloride electrode. The pH of aqueous solutions can be measured
with a glass electrode and a pH meter, or an indicator.

2. What is enzyme reaction?

Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze, chemical

reactions. The molecules at the beginning of the process upon which enzymes may act are called
substrates and the enzyme converts these into different molecules, called products. Almost all
metabolic processes in the cell need enzymes in order to occur at rates fast enough to sustain life.
The set of enzymes made in a cell determines which metabolic pathways occur in that cell. The
study of enzymes is called enzymology.

Enzymes are known to catalyze more than 5,000 biochemical reaction types. Most enzymes are
proteins, although a few are catalytic RNA molecules. Enzymes' specificity comes from their
unique three-dimensional structures.

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Like all catalysts, enzymes increase the rate of a reaction by lowering its activation energy. Some
enzymes can make their conversion of substrate to product occur many millions of times faster.
An extreme example is orotidine 5'-phosphate decarboxylase, which allows a reaction that would
otherwise take millions of years to occur in milliseconds. Chemically, enzymes are like any
catalyst and are not consumed in chemical reactions, nor do they alter the equilibrium of a
reaction. Enzymes differ from most other catalysts by being much more specific. Enzyme
activity can be affected by other molecules: inhibitors are molecules that decrease enzyme
activity, and activators are molecules that increase activity. Many drugs and poisons are enzyme
inhibitors. An enzyme's activity decreases markedly outside its optimal temperature and pH.

3. What is data logger?

A data logger is an electronic device that records data over time or in relation to location either
with a built in instrument or sensor or via external instruments and sensors. Increasingly, but not
entirely, they are based on a digital processor. They generally are small, battery powered,
portable, and equipped with a microprocessor, internal memory for data storage, and sensors.
Some data loggers interface with a personal computer, and use software to activate the data
logger and view and analyze the collected data, while others have a local interface device
(keypad, LCD) and can be used as a stand-alone device.

Data loggers vary between general purpose types for a range of measurement applications to
very specific devices for measuring in one environment or application type only. It is common
for general purpose types to be programmable; however, many remain as static machines with
only a limited number or no changeable parameters. Electronic data loggers have replaced chart
recorders in many applications.

One of the primary benefits of using data loggers is the ability to automatically collect data on a
24-hour basis. Upon activation, data loggers are typically deployed and left unattended to
measure and record information for the duration of the monitoring period. This allows for a
comprehensive, accurate picture of the environmental conditions being monitored, such as air
temperature and relative humidity.

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Objective

1. To determine the differences between acidic, neutral and alkaline.

2. To investigate the relationship between the effect of different pH level and enzymatic
reaction.
3. To relate the uses of data logger with the experiment
4. To construct the experiment by using the data logger
5. To identify the type of data logger that used in this experiment

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ENGAGE

Statement: Enzymes are macromolecular biological catalysts. Enzymes accelerate, or catalyze,

chemical reactions

1.) At what pH is the rate of enzyme activity the highest?

The rate of enzyme activity which is the highest is at pH 10

2.) At what pH is the rate of enzyme activity the lowest?

The rate of enzyme activity which is the lowest at pH 4.

3.) How does changing the pH affect the rate of enzyme activity?

Usually, the enzyme activity increases from pH 4 to 10. At low pH values, the protein
may denature or change its structure. This may affect the enzymes ability to recognize a
substrate or it may alter its polarity within a cell.

4.) What is the function of the enzyme?

Enzymes are biological molecules (typically proteins) that significantly speed up the rate
of virtually all of the chemical reactions that take place within cells. They are vital for life
and serve a wide range of important functions in the body, such as aiding in digestion and
metabolism

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EMPOWER

The Effect of pH on Enzyme Reaction

Procedure:

1. Three clean test tubes are placed in a rack and label them pH 4, pH 7, and pH 10.

2. 5 mL of 3% H2O2 and 5 mL of a pH buffer are added to each test tube, as in Table 1.

3. Using the test tube labeled pH 4, add 10 drops of enzyme solution.

4. Using the test tube labeled pH 7, add 10 drops of enzyme solution.

5. Using the test tube labeled pH 10, add 10 drops of enzyme solution.

6. Graph all three runs of data on a single graph.

Types of buffer solution

pH 4.00: Add 2.0 mL of 0.1 M HCl to 1000 mL of 0.1 M potassium hydrogen

phthalate.
pH 7.00: Add 582 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to 1000 mL of 0.1 M potassium dihydrogen
phosphate.
pH 10.00: Add 214 mL of 0.1 M NaOH to 1000 mL of 0.05 M sodium bicarbonat

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 Table 1

Sample Class Data

Test tube label Slope, or Rate (%/s)
pH 4 0.0060
pH 7 0.0148
pH 10 0.0162

Graph of rate of reaction against pH level

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ENHANCE

Function of the effect of pH on enzymatic reaction are very efficient catalysts for biochemical
reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower
activation energy. Like all catalysts, enzymes take part in the reaction - that is how they provide
an alternative reaction pathway. But they do not undergo permanent changes and so remain
unchanged at the end of the reaction. They can only alter the rate of reaction, not the position of
the equilibrium. Most chemical catalysts catalyse a wide range of reactions.

They are not usually very selective. In contrast enzymes are usually highly selective, catalysing
specific reactions only. This specificity is due to the shapes of the enzyme molecules. Many
enzymes consist of a protein and a non-protein (called the cofactor). The proteins in enzymes are
usually globular. The intra- and intermolecular bonds that hold proteins in their secondary and
tertiary structures are disrupted by changes in temperature and pH. This affects shapes and so the
catalytic activity of an enzyme is pH and temperature sensitive.

Cofactors may be in an organic groups that are permanently bound to the enzyme (prosthetic
groups). Cations - positively charged metal ions (activators), which temporarily bind to the
active site of the enzyme, giving an intense positive charge to the enzyme's protein An organic
molecules, usually vitamins or made from vitamins (coenzymes), which are not permanently
bound to the enzyme molecule, but combine with the enzyme-substrate complex temporarily.
Each enzyme works within quite a small pH range. There is a pH at which its activity is greatest
(the optimal pH). This is because changes in pH can make and break intra- and intermolecular
bonds, changing the shape of the enzyme and, therefore, its effectiveness.

The importance of enzymes are the sparks that start the essential chemical reactions our bodies
need to live. They are necessary for digesting food, for stimulating the brain, for providing
cellular energy, and for repairing all tissues, organs, and cells. There are three types of enzymes:
metabolic enzymes, digestive enzymes, and food enzymes Metabolic enzymes catalyze, or spark,
the reactions within the cells.

The body's organs, tissues, and cells are run by metabolic enzymes. Without them our bodies
would not work. Among their chores are helping to turn phosphorus into bone, attaching iron to

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our red blood cells, healing wounds, thinking, and making a heart beat. Digestive enzymes break
down foods, allowing their nutrients to be absorbed into the bloodstream and used in body
functions. Digestive enzymes ensure that we get the greatest possible nutritional value from
foods.

Food enzymes are enzymes supplied to us through the foods we eat. Nature has placed them
there to aid in our digestion of foods. This way, we do not use as many of the body's "in-house"
enzymes in the digestive process. This is important to remember. Dr. Edward Howell, who has
written two books on enzymes, theorizes that humans are given a limited supply of enzyme
energy at birth, and that it is up to us to replenish our supply of enzymes to ensure that their vital
jobs get done. If we don't replenish our supply, we run the risk of ill health.

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CONCLUSION

As a conclusion, the data logger was used widely in some different fields such as environmental,
biology and technological. By using data logger, it can help students to conduct and analyze the
experiment more effectively and accurately. This a good opportunity to expose the students to
the information and communication technology in science. As the data logger involve in three
main stages which are engage, empower and enhance, the students will get more interested to
apply in their daily life. So, it is clear that data logger is very useful in learning and teaching
process as it can give more ideas to the students to apply it. The higher the pH level, the faster
the enzymatic reaction until it reach it optimum pH

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