Oerder Meyer PDF
Oerder Meyer PDF
Oerder Meyer PDF
5, MAY 1988
605
A bstract-Digital realizations of timing recovery circuits for digital II. TIMING ESTIMATION
data transmission are of growing interest. In this paper, we present a new
Here we consider the timing recovery for digital data
digital algorithm which can be implemented very efficiently also at high
transmission by linear modulation schemes (PAM, QAM,
data rates. The resulting timing jiller has been computed and verified by
PSK). The rcccived signal (PAM) or the equivalent low-pa ss
simulations. In contrast to otber known algorithms, tbe one presented
signal (QAM, PSK) can be written as
here allows free running sampling oscillators and a new planar filtering
00
metbod whicb prevents synchronization hangups.
r(l)= angr(t-nT-E(t)T)+n(t)
1. INTRODUCTION
u(t) + n(t). (I)
D
=
TIN Ilm.11 LN 1 Using the identity (A6) from Appendix A, we obtain for tl
xke
-jlnk/N expectation of X
x, k: mLN LN-l
In this section. we compute the statistics of the estimate m pAt) = g(t)g*(t -nT) (1
as a function of the pulse form g(t) and the noise power
p"(f) = 5' [Pn(t)]. (1
density No of the additive noise. We assume m = and omit
the index m for the sake of simpler notation. We then have
A. Mean LN
The mean of the estimate is E[Xl =""T 5'[Po(t - ET)J/ liT
For small variance of the estimates wc can linearize the arg and thus
(
operation.
E[fl= arg
-I
(E[X]) E [] =-=--.l. arg
27r
LN
T
p0(1IT)e-J2,, )
(Ll
27r
)
1
=E-- arg Po(lIT). (I
=-=--.l. arg E[XkJe-J2dIN (6) 211'
27r kO
Therefore, under the assumption
The linearization is valid, of course, only for I arg(X)1 7r.
However, due to the subsequent filter operations, which are arg Po(1IT)=O, (I
discussed in Secti on IV, this is the only case of interest.
is an unbiased estimate of the clock phase E. But even if (I
We first have to compute the expectation of the squared
is not valid, the mean of exactly equals the required sampli
signal
offset as we show below. We assume
E[xd=E
[Inoo a"g(kTIN-nT-ET)+fi(kTIN) n gR(t)= gj.( - t +0' T)
We then have
(generalized matched filter). (J
(7)
g(t)=go(/-o:T) with gO(t)=gT(t) * gj.(-t) (J
The expectation must be taken with respect to the Jomt
distribution of the symbols a n and the noise n(t). Noise and 1(t)= ango(/-nT-ET-O'T)+fi(t). C
symbols are independent of each other. Therefore, and with
E[n(t)] = 0, the cross term of the binomial in (7) vanishes.
Since go(t) is symmetrical, the optimal sampling instant is
The remaining terms are
goU 0), i.e., for the symbol an at
E[xd=E [Inoo n
=
B. Variance The three terms [30a)-c)] represent the parts of the timing
jitter that are generated by (signal x signal), (signal x noise),
Here we determine the variance of the random variable E,
and (noise x noise) interaction.
i.e., the mean square error of the estimation. We assume
C. Conditions for Asymptotically Jitter-Free Timing
Recovery
arg Po(lIT)=O (24) In this section, we study the conditions to be fulfilled by the
transmit and receive filters necessary for the timing estimate to
to simplify the notation. (It can easily be shown that the results
have zero variance in the noiseless case (No = 0), i.e., the
are valid for arbitrary and arg Po.) We then have conditions for the s x s-portion of the variance
var l;;J = E[ ;; 2]
1
= E [(arg (X2] (34)
(21r)2
LN
= r", G(f- v)G*( -v)CJ2wnT dv (36)
E [Re Xl =E[Xl =-Po(lIT). (26)
T and use of the abbreviation
L=l
Therefore. true jitter-free timing recovery is possible if the x
D. Simulation Results
Fig. 2 shows the variance of the estimates f (29) for several IF-B5
estimation intervals L where both transmit and receive filter c
.
IE 05-
E. Frequency Offset c
[IJ: Lat,h
Ts
_
T" J"lc--__-JnL..____
Fig. 6. Example for the trajectory of estimate and filtered value with
T. ----.ll nL.. __
filtering of the delay values
T,
T, ___ nL____
VI. CONCLUSIONS
Re The proposed timing recovery enahles a VLSI realization of
digital receivers which can operate on a sampled input signal
without any feedback to the sampling device. The latter can
operate at a fixed rate with a free running oscillator. The
planar filtering algorithm results in very fast and hangup-free
timing recovery.
ApPENDIX A
Fig. 7. fig. 6, but planar filtering.
Equivalence of discrete-time and continuous-time computa
tion of the Fourier coefficients of periodic band-limited
The filtered estimate E-m of Fig. 5 has of course the finite functions. Assuming x(t) to be a Tperiodic and NI2T-band
range L 0.5, 0.5J again and with only small variation if' X", limited signal, we show that
_ IT
jumps can occur bctwccn 0.5 in Em. The interpolation unit.
kO LN 1
however, which is controlled by (m can easily discriminate LN
x(kTIN)e )hkIN= x(t)e-J2ffIIT dt,
these "wrap-around" jumps from true variations of the time
T 0
delay and therefore determine the underlying infinite range
estimate and correctly compute the decision metric [4]. (AI)
As a final remark. let us note that with the digital filter and
To do so, we stali with the integral form. Due to the low-pass
square timing estimation, the planar filtering is nothing but a
limitation, we can rewrite the signal by using sine-interpola
(weighted) summation of succcssivc values X",; and this is
tion (sine x = sin x/x)
merely an extension of the estimation interval LT in the
algorithm for computing Xm (Fig. 1) with an additional
weighting of the terms. \ T x(t)e-
"0
j2,(/T dt
V. REALlZATlON OF THE DETECTOR
(71" )
\,T i:
Fig. 8 show, a possible realization of the computation ofXm t _nT
_ _ _IN
= x(nTIN) sine e-)2.1IT dt
'0
which allows high data rates through the use of parallel
,, - TIN
processing and pipelining. oo
g(kTIN-iT) g*(k'TIN-iT)
(
=No
"2
an2g(kTIN-nT) +ii(kTIN ) *
i=-00
(
"3
an3g(k'TIN-nT) +ii(k'TIN ) E 4 =E[n(kTIN) n*(kTIN) n(k'TIN) n*(k'TIN) ]
( an4 g(k'TIN-nT) +ii(k'TIN )] * The corresponding terms in (27) are now computed. TI
approximations are valid for large estimation intervals LT.
LN-I LN-I 00 00
E[a;an = O'j
(B3)
(B4)
= [ TIm LN
Po(lIT) ] 2
=0 (B1:
LN-\ LN-l 00 00
(B5) S12=
(i
E[a,aj]=0 pJ(kTIN-iT)
k=O k'=O i=-oo j=-oo
for i =j*k / =
for i=/*j=k
p iCk'TIN-iT) sin (27rkIN) sin (27rk'IN)
E[a,oj",aI1 = (B6)
for i=j=k=/
00 00 00
. g(kTIN-n1 T) g*(kT/N-n2 T)
Po(k'TIN-iT) sin (27rkIN) sin (21rk'IN)
1= -00 J=-oo
SI ""L(NIT) 2 (1m Pj(lIT2 (B1
j= -00
00 00
+ pj(kTIN-iT) p/k'TIN-iT)
and
i= - 00)= 00 LN-1 LN-J 00
(; Y
l{!k-k')TIN) sin (27rkIN) sin (27rk' IN)
L
00 Po(1IT)
g(kTIN)g*(k'TIN)
k-=--c;ok'=-oo (1m Pm{lIT2
1 m
I{!k - k')TIN) sin (27rkIN) sin (27rk' IN) (B2 2)
: = L(NIT)2NoIJ (BIg)
LN-l LN-l I I 213
S4= (1{!2(O)+1{!2k-k')TIN = No (B23)
L
( )
(2 7r)2 Po(1IT2
kO k' O
N ' 1
sin (27rkIN) sin (27rk'IN) - LTN 6 - Re \fr(1/T)
( )
1 T 2
LN-l LN-I
(27r)2 LN 2
= N6 1{!2k-k')TIN) - Po(IIT)
kO k' O T
T
sin (27rkIN) sin (27rk'IN) - Re 'Jr{lIT)
1 1
2LI\o'-2 = ___
N2 _2 ___
(B24)
(27r)2 L 0 (Po(1/T2
""'N 1{!2{nTIN)
m=O n= 00
(m + n) even ACKOWLEDGMF.NT
e
receivers, " IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. COM-34, pp. 423-429.
- (cos (27rmIN)-cos (27rnIN
2 May 1986.
[4] M. Oerder. G, Asch id, R. Hiib, and H. Meyr. "An all digital
00 implementation of a recei ver for bandwidth efficient communication,"
=N6 (LNI 2)rp2(nTIN) cos (27rnIN) in Signal Processing 1I1: Theories and Applications. I. T. Young el
al.. Eds. New York: Elsevier, 1986, pp. 1091 -1094.
[5J L E. Franks and J. P. Bubrouski, "Statistical properties of timing jitter
in a PAM timing recovery scheme." Ifo:EE Trans. Cornman. . vol.
COM-22, pp. 913-920, July 1974.
r6] M. Moeneclaey, " Pr e iliter optimization for the filter and 'quare
synchronizer," Arch. Elektr. Ubertragung, pp, 257-261, 1984
[7] A. N, D'Andrea, U. Mcnga li , and M. Moro, "Nearly optimum
LN2 preljltering in clock recovery," IEEE Trans, Cornman. . vol. COM-
=- N6 Re \fr(1IT) 34, pp. 1081-1088. Nov, 1986.
2T [X] R. D. O. Anderson and J. B, Moore, Optimal Filterin". Englewood
Cliffs. NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1979.
(BI9)
*
Finally, we can write
Marlin Oerder (S '88) was born in Aachen, West
Germany, on August 26, 1957. He received his
(B20)
Dipl.-[ng. degree in electrical engineering from
,
Aachen University of Technology in 1984, Cur
The three terms represent the parts that are generated by rently, he is pursuing the Ph,D. degree at Aachen
(signal x signal), (signal x noi se) and (noise x noise). University of Technology.
Correspondingly, the variance of is His interests are in the field of digital communi
cations with emphasis on digital synchronizatIOn
techniques.
(B2 1)
612 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMMUNICATIONS, VOL. 36, NO.5, MAY 198:
Heinrich Meyr (M'75-SM'83-F'86) received the Electrical Engineering at the Aachen Technical University (RWTH), Aachen
Dipl.-Ing. and Ph.D. degrees from the Swiss West Germany, His research focuses on synchroniz ation , digital signa
Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) , Zurich, in proces sing , aDd in particular, on algo rithms and a rchi tectures suitable fc
1967 and 1973, respectively. VLSI impl ementation, In this area he is frequentl y in
demand as a consultar
From 1968 to 1970 he held research positions at to industri al concerns, He has published work in various fields and journal
Brown Boveri C orporation, Zurich, and the Swiss and holds over a dozen pa tents .
Federal Institute for Re actor Research, From 1970 Dr. Meyr served as a Vice Chairman for the 1978 IEEE Zurich Semim
to the summe r of 1977 he was with Hasler Research and as an International Chairman for the 1980 National Telecommunication
Laboratory, Bern, Switzerland, His last position at Conference, Houston, TX, He served as As soc iate Editor for the lEE.
Has ler was M anage r of the Research Department. TRANSACTIONS ON ACOUSTICS, SPEECH, AND SIGNAL PROCESSING fror
During 1974 he was a Vis i ting Ass is tant Professor 1982 to 1985, and as Vice President for International Affairs of the lEE
with the Department of Electrical Engineering, University of Southern Communications Society,
California, Los Angeles. Sinc e the summer of 1977 he has been Professor of