Chinese painting

Loquats and a Mountain Bird, by an anonymous painter of the

Southern Song Dynasty (11271279); small album leaf paintings
like this were popular amongst the gentry and scholar-ocials of
the Southern Song.

Painting from the Eastern Han Dynasty (25220 CE), Museum

of Fine Arts, Boston

A hanging scroll painted by Ma Lin on or before 1246. Ink and

color on silk, 226.6x110.3 cm. are made are paper and silk. The nished work can be
mounted on scrolls, such as hanging scrolls or handscrolls.
Traditional painting can also be done on album sheets,
Chinese painting is one of the oldest continuous artistic
walls, lacquerware, folding screens, and other media.
traditions in the world. Painting in the traditional style is
known today in Chinese as guhu (simplied Chinese: The two main techniques in Chinese painting are:
; traditional Chinese: ), meaning national
ornative painting, as opposed to Western styles of art Gongbi (), meaningmeticulous, uses highly
which became popular in China in the 20th century. Tra- detailed brushstrokes that delimits details very pre-
ditional painting involves essentially the same techniques cisely. It is often highly coloured and usually depicts
as calligraphy and is done with a brush dipped in black gural or narrative subjects. It is often practised by
ink or coloured pigments; oils are not used. As with cal- artists working for the royal court or in independent
ligraphy, the most popular materials on which paintings workshops.

1
2 2 EARLY PERIODS

modern art scenes where innovation is the rule. Changing

lifestyles, tools, and colors are also inuencing new waves
of masters.* [4]* [5]

2 Early periods
The earliest paintings were not representational but orna-
mental; they consisted of patterns or designs rather than
pictures. Early pottery was painted with spirals, zigzags,
dots, or animals. It was only during the Warring States
period (475-221 BC) that artists began to represent the
world around them. In imperial times (beginning with the
Eastern Jin dynasty), painting and calligraphy in China
were among the most highly appreciated arts in the court
and they were often practiced by amateursaristocrats
and scholar-ocials who had the leisure time neces-
Animalistic guardian spirits of midnight and morning wearing sary to perfect the technique and sensibility necessary for
Chinese robes, Han Dynasty (202 BCE 220 CE) on ceramic great brushwork. Calligraphy and painting were thought
tile to be the purest forms of art. The implements were the
brush pen made of animal hair, and black inks made from
Ink and wash painting, in Chinese shui-mo (, pine soot and animal glue. In ancient times, writing, as
water and ink) also loosely termed watercolour or well as painting, was done on silk. However, after the
brush painting, and also known asliterati painting invention of paper in the 1st century AD, silk was grad-
, as it was one of the "Four Arts" of the Chinese ually replaced by the new and cheaper material. Orig-
Scholar-ocial class.* [1] In theory this was an art inal writings by famous calligraphers have been greatly
practiced by gentlemen, a distinction that begins to valued throughout China's history and are mounted on
be made in writings on art from the Song dynasty, scrolls and hung on walls in the same way that paintings
though in fact the careers of leading exponents could are.
benet considerably.* [2] This style is also referred to Artists from the Han (206 BC 220 AD) to the Tang
as xieyi() or freehand style. (618906) dynasties mainly painted the human gure.
Much of what we know of early Chinese gure paint-
Landscape painting was regarded as the highest form ing comes from burial sites, where paintings were pre-
of Chinese painting, and generally still is.* [3] The time served on silk banners, lacquered objects, and tomb walls.
from the Five Dynasties period to the Northern Song pe- Many early tomb paintings were meant to protect the dead
riod (9071127) is known as the Great age of Chi- or help their souls to get to paradise. Others illustrated
nese landscape. In the north, artists such as Jing Hao, the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius or
Li Cheng, Fan Kuan, and Guo Xi painted pictures of showed scenes of daily life.
towering mountains, using strong black lines, ink wash,
and sharp, dotted brushstrokes to suggest rough stone. In
the south, Dong Yuan, Juran, and other artists painted
the rolling hills and rivers of their native countryside
in peaceful scenes done with softer, rubbed brushwork.
These two kinds of scenes and techniques became the
classical styles of Chinese landscape painting.

1 Specics and study

Chinese painting and calligraphy distinguish themselves
from other cultures' arts by emphasis on motion and
change with dynamic life.* [4] The practice is tradition-
ally rst learned by rote, in which the master shows
the right wayto draw items. The apprentice must Luoshenfu by Gu Kaizhi (344406 AD)
copy these items strictly and continuously until the move-
ments become instinctive. In contemporary times, de- During the Six Dynasties period (220589), people be-
bate emerged on the limits of this copyist tradition within gan to appreciate painting for its own beauty and to write
 3

about art. From this time we begin to learn about indi-

vidual artists, such as Gu Kaizhi. Even when these artists
illustrated Confucian moral themes such as the proper
behavior of a wife to her husband or of children to their
parents they tried to make the gures graceful.

2.1 Six principles

Main article: Six principles of Chinese painting

The "Six principles of Chinese painting" were established

by Xie He, a writer, art historian and critic in 5th century
China, in Six points to consider when judging a paint-
ing(, Pinyin: Huhu Lif), taken from the
preface to his bookThe Record of the Classication of
Old Painters(; Pinyin: Ghu Pnl). Keep
in mind that this was written circa 550 CE and refers to
oldand ancientpractices. The six elements that
dene a painting are:

A mural painting of Li Xian's tomb at the Qianling Mausoleum,

dated 706 CE, Tang dynasty

6.Transmission by Copying, or the copying of mod-

els, not from life only but also from the works of
antiquity.

3 Sui and Tang dynasties (581

907)
The Sakyamuni Buddha, by Zhang Shengwen, 11731176 CE,
Song dynasty
Further information: Tang dynasty painting

1.Spirit Resonance, or vitality, which refers to the

During the Tang dynasty, gure painting ourished at the
ow of energy that encompasses theme, work, and
royal court. Artists such as Zhou Fang depicted the splen-
artist. Xie He said that without Spirit Resonance,
dor of court life in paintings of emperors, palace ladies,
there was no need to look further.
and imperial horses. Figure painting reached the height
2.Bone Method, or the way of using the brush, of elegant realism in the art of the court of Southern Tang
refers not only to texture and brush stroke, but to the (937975).
close link between handwriting and personality. In Most of the Tang artists outlined gures with ne black
his day, the art of calligraphy was inseparable from lines and used brilliant color and elaborate detail. How-
painting. ever, one Tang artist, the master Wu Daozi, used only
3.Correspondence to the Object, or the depicting black ink and freely painted brushstrokes to create ink
of form, which would include shape and line. paintings that were so exciting that crowds gathered to
watch him work. From his time on, ink paintings were
4.Suitability to Type, or the application of color, no longer thought to be preliminary sketches or outlines
including layers, value, and tone. to be lled in with color. Instead, they were valued as
5.Division and Planning, or placing and arrange- nished works of art.
ment, corresponding to composition, space, and Beginning in the Tang Dynasty, many paintings were
depth. landscapes, often shanshui ( , mountain water
 4 4 SONG AND YUAN DYNASTIES (9601368)

) paintings. In these landscapes, monochromatic and that was associated with the gentry class as one of their
sparse (a style that is collectively called shuimohua), the main artistic pastimes, the others being calligraphy and
purpose was not to reproduce the appearance of nature poetry.* [12] During the Song Dynasty there were avid art
exactly (realism) but rather to grasp an emotion or atmo- collectors that would often meet in groups to discuss their
sphere, as if catching the rhythmof nature. own paintings, as well as rate those of their colleagues
and friends. The poet and statesman Su Shi (10371101)
and his accomplice Mi Fu (10511107) often partook in
these aairs, borrowing art pieces to study and copy, or
4 Song and Yuan dynasties (960 if they really admired a piece then an exchange was of-
1368) ten proposed.* [13] They created a new kind of art based
upon the three perfections in which they used their skills
in calligraphy (the art of beautiful writing) to make ink
Painting during the Song dynasty (9601279) reached a paintings. From their time onward, many painters strove
further development of landscape painting; immeasur- to freely express their feelings and to capture the inner
able distances were conveyed through the use of blurred spirit of their subject instead of describing its outward
outlines, mountain contours disappearing into the mist, appearance. The small round paintings popular in the
and impressionistic treatment of natural phenomena. The Southern Song were often collected into albums as po-
shan shui style painting"shanmeaning mountain, and ets would write poems along the side to match the theme
shuimeaning river became prominent in Chinese and mood of the painting.* [10]
landscape art. The emphasis laid upon landscape was
grounded in Chinese philosophy; Taoism stressed that hu- Although they were avid art collectors, some Song schol-
mans were but tiny specks in the vast and greater cosmos, ars did not readily appreciate artworks commissioned
while Neo-Confucianist writers often pursued the discov- by those painters found at shops or common market-
ery of patterns and principles that they believed caused all places, and some of the scholars even criticized artists
social and natural phenomena.* [6] The painting of por- from renowned schools and academies. Anthony J.
traits and closely viewed objects like birds on branches Barbieri-Low, a Professor of Early Chinese History at the
were held in high esteem, but landscape painting was University of California, Santa Barbara, points out that
paramount.* [7] By the beginning of the Song Dynasty a Song scholars' appreciation of art created by their peers
distinctive landscape style had emerged.* [8] Artists mas- was not extended to those who made a living simply as
tered the formula of intricate and realistic scenes placed professional artists:* [15]
in the foreground, while the background retained quali-
ties of vast and innite space. Distant mountain peaks During the Northern Song (9601126 CE),
rise out of high clouds and mist, while streaming rivers a new class of scholar-artists emerged who
run from afar into the foreground.* [9] did not possess the tromp l'il skills of the
academy painters nor even the prociency of
There was a signicant dierence in painting trends be- common marketplace painters. The literati's
tween the Northern Song period (9601127) and South- painting was simpler and at times quite un-
ern Song period (11271279). The paintings of Northern schooled, yet they would criticize these other
Song ocials were inuenced by their political ideals of two groups as mere professionals, since they re-
bringing order to the world and tackling the largest is- lied on paid commissions for their livelihood
sues aecting the whole of society; their paintings often and did not paint merely for enjoyment or
depicted huge, sweeping landscapes.* [10] On the other self-expression. The scholar-artists considered
hand, Southern Song ocials were more interested in that painters who concentrated on realistic de-
reforming society from the bottom up and on a much pictions, who employed a colorful palette, or,
smaller scale, a method they believed had a better chance worst of all, who accepted monetary payment
for eventual success; their paintings often focused on for their work were no better than butchers or
smaller, visually closer, and more intimate scenes, while tinkers in the marketplace. They were not to
the background was often depicted as bereft of detail be considered real artists.* [15]
as a realm without concern for the artist or viewer.* [10]
This change in attitude from one era to the next stemmedHowever, during the Song period, there were many ac-
largely from the rising inuence of Neo-Confucian phi- claimed court painters and they were highly esteemed by
losophy. Adherents to Neo-Confucianism focused on re- emperors and the royal family. One of the greatest land-
forming society from the bottom up, not the top down, scape painters given patronage by the Song court was
which can be seen in their eorts to promote small private
Zhang Zeduan (10851145), who painted the original
academies during the Southern Song instead of the large Along the River During the Qingming Festival scroll, one
state-controlled academies seen in the Northern Song of the most well-known masterpieces of Chinese visual
era.* [11] art. Emperor Gaozong of Song (11271162) once com-
Ever since the Southern and Northern dynasties (420 missioned an art project of numerous paintings for the
589), painting had become an art of high sophistication Eighteen Songs of a Nomad Flute, based on the woman
 5

poet Cai Wenji (177250 AD) of the earlier Han dynasty. ditional rules of painting and found ways to express them-
Yi Yuanji achieved a high degree of realism painting ani- selves more directly through free brushwork. In the
mals, in particular monkeys and gibbons.* [16] During the 18th and 19th centuries, great commercial cities such
Southern Song period (11271279), court painters such as Yangzhou and Shanghai became art centers where
as Ma Yuan and Xia Gui used strong black brushstrokes wealthy merchant-patrons encouraged artists to produce
to sketch trees and rocks and pale washes to suggest misty bold new works.
space. In the late 19th and 20th centuries, Chinese painters were
During the Mongol Yuan dynasty (12711368), painters increasingly exposed to Western art. Some artists who
joined the arts of painting, poetry, and calligraphy by studied in Europe rejected Chinese painting; others tried
inscribing poems on their paintings. These three arts to combine the best of both traditions. Among the most
worked together to express the artist's feelings more com- beloved modern painters was Qi Baishi, who began life
pletely than one art could do alone. Yuan emperor Tugh as a poor peasant and became a great master. His best-
Temur (r. 1328, 13291332) was fond of Chinese paint- known works depict owers and small animals.
ing and became a creditable painter himself.

6 Modern painting
5 Late imperial China (13681895)
Beginning with the New Culture Movement, Chinese
artists started to adopt using Western techniques.
In the early years of the People's Republic of China,
artists were encouraged to employ socialist realism.
Some Soviet Union socialist realism was imported with-
out modication, and painters were assigned subjects
and expected to mass-produce paintings. This regimen
was considerably relaxed in 1953, and after the Hundred
Flowers Campaign of 1956-57, traditional Chinese paint-
ing experienced a signicant revival. Along with these
developments in professional art circles, there was a pro-
panorama paintingDeparture Herald, painted during liferation of peasant art depicting everyday life in the ru-
the reign of the Xuande Emperor (14251435 AD), ral areas on wall murals and in open-air painting exhibi-
shows the emperor traveling on horseback with a large tions.
escort through the countryside from Beijing's Imperial
City to the Ming Dynasty tombs. Beginning with Yongle, During the Cultural Revolution, art schools were closed,
thirteen Ming emperors were buried in the Ming Tombs and publication of art journals and major art exhibitions
of present-day Changping District. ceased. Major destruction was also carried out as part of
Beginning in the 13th century, the tradition of painting the elimination of Four Olds campaign.
simple subjectsa branch with fruit, a few owers, or
one or two horsesdeveloped. Narrative painting, with
a wider color range and a much busier composition than 6.1 Since 1978
Song paintings, was immensely popular during the Ming
period (13681644). Following the Cultural Revolution, art schools and pro-
fessional organizations were reinstated. Exchanges were
The rst books illustrated with colored woodcuts ap-
set up with groups of foreign artists, and Chinese artists
peared around this time; as color-printing techniques began to experiment with new subjects and techniques.
were perfected, illustrated manuals on the art of painting One particular case of freehand style (xieyi hua) may be
began to be published. Jieziyuan Huazhuan (Manual of noted in the work of the child prodigy Wang Yani (born
the Mustard Seed Garden), a ve-volume work rst pub- 1975) who started painting at age 3 and has since consid-
lished in 1679, has been in use as a technical textbook for erably contributed to the exercise of the style in contem-
artists and students ever since. porary artwork.
Some painters of the Ming dynasty (13681644) con- After Chinese economic reform, more and more artists
tinued the traditions of the Yuan scholar-painters. This boldly conducted innovations in Chinese Painting. The
group of painters, known as the Wu School, was led by innovations include: development of new brushing skill
the artist Shen Zhou. Another group of painters, known such as vertical direction splash water and ink, with repre-
as the Zhe School, revived and transformed the styles of sentative artist Tiancheng Xie,* [17] creation of new style
the Song court. by integration traditional Chinese and Western painting
During the early Qing dynasty (16441911), painters techniques such as Heaven Style Painting, with represen-
known as Individualists rebelled against many of the tra- tative artist Shaoqiang Chen,* [18] and new styles that ex-
6 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

press contemporary theme and typical nature scene of [14] Shao Xiaoyi. Yue Fei's facelift sparks debate. China
certain regions such as Lijiang Painting Style,with rep- Daily. Archived from the original on 2007-09-29. Re-
resentative artist Gesheng Huang.* [19] trieved 2007-08-09.

[15] Barbieri-Low (2007), 3940.

7 See also [16] Robert van Gulik,Gibbon in China. An essay in Chinese

Animal Lore. The Hague, 1967.
Bird-and-ower painting
[17] , http://
Chinese art baike.baidu.com/view/8312263.htm

Chinese Piling paintings [18] "" " ("

",2015 2 26-27 )". qq.com.
Eastern art history Retrieved 31 October 2015.

Eight Views of Xiaoxiang [19] , http://baike.baidu.com/view/

200826.htm
History of painting

Lin Tinggui
9 References
List of Chinese painters

Qiu Ying Rawson, Jessica (ed). The British Museum Book of

Chinese Art, 2007 (2nd edn), British Museum Press,
Three perfections - integration of calligraphy, po- ISBN 9780714124469
etry and painting
Stanley-Baker, Joan (May 2010a), Ink Painting To-
Mu Qi day (PDF), 10 (8), Centered on Taipei, pp. 811
W Xng painting Sickman, Laurence, in: Sickman L & Soper A,
The Art and Architecture of China, Pelican His-
Eight Eccentrics of Yangzhou
tory of Art, 3rd ed 1971, Penguin (now Yale History
Japanese painting of Art), LOC 70-125675

Korean painting Stanley-Baker, Joan (June 2010b), Ink Painting To-

day (PDF), 10 (9), Centered on Taipei, pp. 1821

8 Notes
10 Further reading
[1] Sickman, 222

[2] Rawson, 114119; Sickman, Chapter 15 Fong, Wen (1973). Sung and Yuan paintings. New
York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN
[3] Rawson, 112 0870990845. Fully online from the MMA
[4] (Stanley-Baker 2010a) Liu , Shi-yee (2007). Straddling East and West: Lin
[5] (Stanley-Baker 2010b) Yutang, a modern literatus: the Lin Yutang family
collection of Chinese painting and calligraphy. New
[6] Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China, 162. York: The Metropolitan Museum of Art. ISBN
9781588392701.
[7] Morton, 104.

[8] Barnhart, Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting

, 93. 11 External links
[9] Morton, 105.
Chinese Painting at China Online Museum
[10] Ebrey, Cambridge Illustrated History of China, 163.

[11] Walton, 199.

Famous Chinese painters and their galleries

[12] Ebrey, 8183. Chinese painting Technique and styles

[13] Ebrey, 163. Cuiqixuan - Inside painting snu bottles

 7

Between two cultures : late-nineteenth- and

twentieth-century Chinese paintings from the
Robert H. Ellsworth collection in The Metropolitan
Museum of Art Fully online from the MMA
A Pure and Remote View: Visualizing Early Chi-
nese Landscape Painting: a series of more than 20
video lectures by James Cahill.

Gazing Into The Past - Scenes From Later Chinese

& Japanese Painting: a series of video lecture by
James Cahill.
8 11 EXTERNAL LINKS

Buddhist Temple in the Mountains, 11th century, ink on silk,

Nelson-Atkins Museum of Art, Kansas City (Missouri).

The Four Generals of Zhongxingpainted by Liu Songnian

during the Southern Song dynasty. Yue Fei is the second person
from the left. It is believed to be thetruest portrait of Yue in all
extant materials.* [14]

"Jieziyuan Huazhuan Lotus Flowers, Mustard Seed Garden

Painting Manual
Guo Xi is a representative landscape painter of the Northern Song
dynasty, depicting mountains, rivers and forests in winter. This
piece shows a scene of deep and serene mountain valley covered
with snow and several old trees struggling to survive on precipi-
tous clis.
 9

Shop of Tingqua, the painter

DeityZhong Kui the Demon Queller

Shen Zhou of the Wu School depicted the scene when the painter
was making his farewell to Wu Kuan, a good friend of his, at
Jingkou.
10 12 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

12 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

12.1 Text
Chinese painting Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_painting?oldid=783298795 Contributors: Olivier, KAMiKAZOW,
Ronz, Jiang, Hike395, Shizhao, Gakrivas, Lowellian, Pingveno, Netoholic, Confuzion, Ran, MarkSweep, Pethan, Neutrality, STLEric,
Jashiin, Novicew, Danski14, Sjschen, Bathrobe, LordAmeth, Luigizanasi, RyanGerbil10, CWH, Spiderguy, Mandarax, Sparkit, Jorunn,
Skyler, Benjwong, Vmenkov, GrandCru, RussBot, Trudylan, Chensiyuan, Ksyrie, Muchosucko, NawlinWiki, Jpbowen, Nlu, Closed-
mouth, Chrishmt0423, CharlieHuang, Katieh5584, SmackBot, Kintetsubualo, Edgar181, Gilliam, Hmains, ERcheck, Chris the speller,
Neo-Jay, TheLeopard, Egsan Bacon, DMacks, Chew33, Curly Turkey, Beetstra, Hu12, Ghostexorcist, Zalgo, Lunarian, I do not ex-
ist, Dfrg.msc, AntiVandalBot, Yibo0121, Kbthompson, Punctured Bicycle, Modernist, Alphachimpbot, MER-C, Awien, Magioladitis,
28421u2232nfenfcenc, DerHexer, Lijnema, Flowanda, Paul Gard, Tang Zu-Ming, STBot, Gccba07873, CommonsDelinker, J.delanoy,
Mike.lifeguard, Sinohits, Kudpung, Johnbod, Balthazarduju, Belovedfreak, Uhai, Akuvodapainting, Idarin, Petname, TXiKiBoT, Abt-
inb, Rei-bot, SteveMtl, Progotu, JukoFF, Sapphic, PericlesofAthens, Keilana, Oxymoron83, AngelOfSadness, Stout256, Dcattell, Twins-
day, Elassint, ClueBot, The Thing That Should Not Be, Wallscroll, Blanchardb, Lcwujc, Montyleemt, Enerelt, Black Knight takes White
Queen, Addbot, Maximus.xu, Lithoderm, Waileenicole, Tide rolls, Lightbot, Jxl180, Ptbotgourou, Gongshow, Brougham96, AnomieBOT,
Rubinbot, Kingpin13, ChristopheS, Ulric1313, Cokeslurpee, LilHelpa, Petropoxy (Lithoderm Proxy), 30252A, Uoeia, Hongshou, Fres-
coBot, Kwiki, Andrewkim56, Piesh69, Ascaender, Trappist the monk, Zanhe, Lotje, Vrenator, Kildwyke, Bohncao, Hyvik, RjwilmsiBot,
EmausBot, Homunculus, Evanh2008, ArtLearning, ZroBot, Xinhuanf35, H3llBot, AndrewOne, Makecat, Erianna, Rigley, Mayur, Pro-
tector of Wiki, ClueBot NG, Htbhwp, Razghandi, China-Lessnik, Rezabot, CaroleHenson, Widr, Enchyin, MerlIwBot, Ivyqianhf, Helpful
Pixie Bot, Chinainkcg, Cold Season, , Yiyouzhou, Zhaofeng Li, Limiki, Khazar2, EuroCarGT, Chinapyrography, Dexbot, Numberma-
niac, WilliamDigiCol, Great Brightstar, Hm us, Aspoord, Choufanging, Uriel1022, Breezywoody, Niyayeye, Clawsyclaw, The Average
Wikipedian, King muh, Dr.Koo, Tkaehfdl1234, Candyduobao, Hye900711, Yueqitra, GreenC bot, Sumanth.wili, Danky memes, Magic
links bot and Anonymous: 150

12.2 Images
File:"_Deity_"_Zhong_Kui_the_Demon_Queller.JPG Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2c/%22_Deity_
%22_Zhong_Kui_the_Demon_Queller.JPG License: CC BY-SA 4.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist: King muh
File:Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_(I)_001.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/
Chinesischer_Maler_des_11._Jahrhunderts_%28I%29_001.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: The Yorck Project: 10.000
Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN 3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist:
Chinesischer Maler des 11. Jahrhunderts (I)
File:Commons-logo.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg License: PD Contributors: ? Origi-
nal artist: ?
File:Deep_Valley.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/80/Deep_Valley.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors:
Transferred from en.wikipedia

Original artist:
Guo Xi
File:Departure_Herald-Ming_Dynasty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Departure_Herald-Ming_
Dynasty.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: National Palace Museum Original artist: Anonymous
File:Edit-clear.svg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg License: Public domain Contributors: The
Tango! Desktop Project. Original artist:
The people from the Tango! project. And according to the meta-data in the le, specically:Andreas Nilsson, and Jakub Steiner (although
minimally).
File:Figures_in_a_cortege,_tomb_of_Li_Xian,_Tang_Dynasty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/
Figures_in_a_cortege%2C_tomb_of_Li_Xian%2C_Tang_Dynasty.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scanned from William Wat-
son's Art of Dynastic China (1981) Original artist: Tang Chinese tomb artist
File:Four_Generals_of_Song.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ef/Four_Generals_of_Song.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: Modied version of en:Image:Four Generals of Song.jpg by . Modications by Time3000 Original artist: Liu
Songnian
File:Gentlemen_in_conversation,_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/
Gentlemen_in_conversation%2C_Eastern_Han_Dynasty.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Scanned from Anil de Silva's book
The Art of Chinese Landscape Painting (1968) Original artist: Anonymous Chinese artist
File:Guardians_of_Day_and_Night,_Han_Dynasty.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e8/Guardians_
of_Day_and_Night%2C_Han_Dynasty.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Robert Temple's The Genius of China (1986, New York:
Simon and Schuster) Original artist: Anonymous Chinese artist
File:Jiezi_yuan_huazhuan_Lotus_Flowers,_Leaf_from_the_Mustard_Seed_Garden_Painting_Manual.jpg Source:
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/68/Jiezi_yuan_huazhuan_Lotus_Flowers%2C_Leaf_from_the_Mustard_Seed_Garden_
Painting_Manual.jpg License: PD-US Contributors:
http://metmuseum.org/exhibitions/view?exhibitionId=%7Bd341c7da-c89f-43e7-9ced-fcdca982f4cd%7D&oid=77129 Original artist:
After Zhang Lu
File:Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Loquats_and_Mountain_Bird.
jpg License: Public domain Contributors: http://depts.washington.edu/chinaciv/painting/4courbf.htm, Fu Sinian, ed., Zhongguo meishu
quanji, huihua bian 4: Liang Song huihua, xia (Beijing: Wenwu chubanshe, 1988), pl. 96, p. 131. Collection of the National Palace
Museum, Beijing. Original artist: Anonymous
12.3 Content license 11

File:Luoshenfu_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Luoshenfu_Gu_Kai_Zhi.jpg Li-

cense: Public domain Contributors: Original artist:
File:Ma_Lin_010.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Ma_Lin_010.jpg License: Public domain Contrib-
utors: See http://www.npm.gov.tw/exh99/southernsong/jp_img_13.html Original artist: Ma Lin
File:Making_farewells_at_Jingkou.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/4/4b/Making_farewells_at_Jingkou.jpg Li-
cense: PD Contributors: ? Original artist: ?
File:Shop_of_Tingqua,_the_painter.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/Shop_of_Tingqua%2C_the_
painter.jpg License: Public domain Contributors: Peabody Essex Museum, Asian export art AE85592 Original artist: Tingqua (Guan
Lianchang), photo by Mark Sexton
File:Zhang_Shengwen._L'enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/
8/8c/Zhang_Shengwen._L%27enseignement_de_Bouddha_Sakyamuni.jpg License: Public domain Contributors:
The Yorck Project: 10.000 Meisterwerke der Malerei. DVD-ROM, 2002. ISBN
3936122202. Distributed by DIRECTMEDIA Publishing GmbH. Original artist: Zhang Shengwen

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