This document discusses temperature control measures for large concrete footings and pile caps for a redevelopment project in Hong Kong. It provides background on the massive concrete elements and specification requirements for temperature control. Literature review covers crack types and the development of early thermal cracks. Four temperature control methods are evaluated: additional steel bars, cooling pipes, liquid nitrogen, and quilt systems. The document considers the advantages, disadvantages and references for each method to select the most suitable approach.
This document discusses temperature control measures for large concrete footings and pile caps for a redevelopment project in Hong Kong. It provides background on the massive concrete elements and specification requirements for temperature control. Literature review covers crack types and the development of early thermal cracks. Four temperature control methods are evaluated: additional steel bars, cooling pipes, liquid nitrogen, and quilt systems. The document considers the advantages, disadvantages and references for each method to select the most suitable approach.
This document discusses temperature control measures for large concrete footings and pile caps for a redevelopment project in Hong Kong. It provides background on the massive concrete elements and specification requirements for temperature control. Literature review covers crack types and the development of early thermal cracks. Four temperature control methods are evaluated: additional steel bars, cooling pipes, liquid nitrogen, and quilt systems. The document considers the advantages, disadvantages and references for each method to select the most suitable approach.
This document discusses temperature control measures for large concrete footings and pile caps for a redevelopment project in Hong Kong. It provides background on the massive concrete elements and specification requirements for temperature control. Literature review covers crack types and the development of early thermal cracks. Four temperature control methods are evaluated: additional steel bars, cooling pipes, liquid nitrogen, and quilt systems. The document considers the advantages, disadvantages and references for each method to select the most suitable approach.
Project: Foundation For Redevelopment of Lam Tin Estate Phase 7 & 8
Client: Hong Kong Housing Authority
Main Contractor: China State Construction Engineering (HK) Ltd.
2006/10/6 1 Table of Contents 1. Introduction () 2. Literature Review () 3. Selection of TC Measures () 4. Assessment of Peak Temperature and Temperature Gradient () 5. Instrumentation and Installation () 6. Lesson Learnt from this Project () 7. Cost Analysis ()
2006/10/6 2 1. Introduction ()
)includes
1.1 Massive Concrete ( 1.1.1 1.5m Thick Footings (15m x 12m) 1.1.2 2.5m Thick Pilecaps (15m x 14m)
fine = 310 kg/m3 } Granite = 10 x 10-6/C < Gravel = 12 x 10-6/C sand = 310 kg/m3 }
(4) Admixture = 2.4 liter/m3 Retarder delays hydration rate (not total heat generated) (Daratard-17D) (5) Water = 188 liter/m3 Max ice 60% by weight reduces material temperature (6) Water/Cement Ratio = 0.39 (7) Aggregate/Cement Ratio = 3.51 Aggregate stores under shelter reduces material temperature
2006/10/6 5 1.2.2 Submit formwork type and insulation
Timber insulates better than steel formwork 20mm thick CELFILL NR Joint Filler (19mm Plywood) (1m x 1m or 1m x 2m) 1.2.3 Curing Details Thermal Conductivity = 1.649 w/mK
Concure RB90 Curing Compound
(FOSROC) Retain water within concrete for effective curing
2006/10/6 6 1.2.4 Calculations of forecast concrete temperature, temperature gradients and resulting stresses. => Early Thermal Crack Control
Corrosion of Rebar Chemical Alkali Aggregate Reaction After Hardening
Freeze/Thaw Cycles Thermal External Restraints Early Thermal Internal Restraints
Crack Types Accidental Overload
Structural Creep
Plastic Shrinkage Before Hardening Plastic Plastic Settlement Before reabsorbing all bleeding water (~2 to 3 hour after concreting) Reproduced from Concrete Society (1992). Non-Structural Cracks in Concrete. Concrete Society technical report No 22, pp.48.
2006/10/6 8 2.2 Development of Early Thermal Cracks () Cement Hydration
Heat Generation
Heat Retain > Heat Loss
Temp Rise/Temp Gradient
Yes No Restraint Present
Induced Tensile Stress > Free Movement
Tensile Strength of Concrete (Expand/Contract)
Cracking Occurs No Stress Induced
2006/10/6 => No Crack !! 9 2.3 Temperature Control (TC) Measures ()
(A) Control of Crack Widths by Reinforcements
(Additional Steel Bar)
(B) Control Placing Temperature of Concrete
by means of (a) Cooling pipes (b) Liquid Nitrogen
(C) Control of Heat Dissipation within Concrete
(Quilt System)
2006/10/6 10 3. Selection of Temperature Control Measures () 1 2 3 4 Temperature Additional Steel Cooling Pipes Liquid Quilt system Control Bar Nitrogen *(Job Reference) Methods
- No TC monitoring - Effective and direct TC - Effective and direct TC - Effective and indirect TC Advantages: - No further analysis - No further analysis - No TC monitoring - Inexpensive - Little time implication - Little time implication - No further analysis - Flexible - Little time implication - Quilt reusable
- Expensive (material and - TC monitoring required - Expensive (material cost) - Continuous TC monitoring Disadvantages: fabrication cost) - Expensive (material and - High technique and skill to required - Ineffective method installation cost) control temperature at - Analysis and report - Large working space for air concrete plant required compressor - Substantial manpower to - Backfilling cooling pipes install quilt material within - Noisy Operation (24 hrs) specified period - Time implication (~21 day) - Affected by ambient temp - Sensitive to workmanship
Time Time 5 5 Fast Fast 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Low 0 Low 0 risk/difficulty Low cost risk/difficulty Low cost
Risk/Difficulty Cost Risk/Difficulty Cost
Additional Steel Bar (Method 1) Cooling Pipes (Method 2)
Time Time 5 5 Fast Fast 4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1 Low 0 Low 0 risk/difficulty Low cost risk/difficulty Low cost
Risk/Difficulty 2006/10/6 Cost Risk/Difficulty Cost 12 Liquid Nitrogen (Method 3) Quilt System (Method 4) 4. Assessment of Peak Temperature and Temperature Gradient () (a) Design Certifying Consultant Wong & Cheng Consulting Engineers Ltd (b) Physical modeling [Temperature Rise Evaluation Test (TRET)] to obtain parameters on site for numerical modeling (Adiabatic parameters = perfectly insulated condition)
TRET formulates two TC criteria =>
(1) Max. temp < 80 C 2006/10/6 (2) Max temp gradient < 28 C 13 5. Instrumentation and Installation () 5.1 Typical Thermocouple Locations ()
2006/10/6 21 6. Lesson Learnt from This Project () 6.1 General Attention to TC
(a) Removal of formwork too early }AGGRAVATE
(b) Spray water on concrete surface} ==========> Thermal immediately after } ==========> Crack formwork removal } ==========> Formation
(c) Plastic shrinkage/settlement greatly reduced by good
workmanship of tamping & toweling
2006/10/6 22 6. Lesson Learnt from This Project () 6.2 Particular Attention to TC (Quilt System)
(a) Complete quilt system within 4 ~ 5 hours after formwork removal
(critical period starts at 16 hours after concreting) (b) Apply curing compound thoroughly on concrete surface before placing gunny sack (c) Release heat by (i) water spray or (ii) pry the quilt open (d) Monitoring is crucial at first few days (e) Remove stagnant water by pump at low level area (i.e. lift pit & cap edge) (f) High ambient temperature (i.e. hot season) prolongs heat dissipation period => delays formwork removal date until 21 days after concreting => program provision (g) More formworks and quilts available on site (several sets for concurrent TC) (h) Heat loss at edge/toe (blinding layer) of footing/pilecap is high and difficult to control
2006/10/6 23 7. Cost Analysis () (a) Total Quilt Area = 6,050 m2 Labour Cost (C1) = HK$ 27.78 /m2 (b) Total Quilt Material Cost = HK$ 119,112 or Quilt Material Cost (C2) = HK$ 19.69 /m2 (c) Installation & Monitoring = HK$ 20,000/Block or Installation & Monitoring (C3) = HK$ 13.22 /m2 (d) Consultant Fee = HK$ 70,000 (Whole Project) or Consultant Fee (C4) = HK$ 11.57 /m2 (e) Total Cost of Quilt System = HK$ 437,181 or Cost of Quilt System per m2 = C1 +C2 + C3 + C4 = HK$ 72.26 /m2 2006/10/6 24 End of Presentation
