Study Notes Tuckman, Chapters 1, 2, 3, 4 - 5

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P1.T4. Valuation & Risk Models
Bruce Tuckman, Fixed Income Securities, 3rd Edition
Bionic Turtle FRM Study Notes

Reading 31
By David Harper, CFA FRM CIPM
www.bionicturtle.com
TUCKMAN, CHAPTER 1: PRICES, DISCOUNT FACTORS, AND ARBITRAGE ............ 4

DEFINE DISCOUNT FACTOR AND USE A DISCOUNT FUNCTION TO COMPUTE PRESENT AND FUTURE
VALUES. ............................................................................................................................. 4
DEFINE THE LAW OF ONE PRICE, EXPLAIN IT USING AN ARBITRAGE ARGUMENT, AND DESCRIBE
HOW IT CAN BE APPLIED TO BOND PRICING. ........................................................................... 6
IDENTIFY THE COMPONENTS OF A U.S. TREASURY COUPON BOND, AND COMPARE AND CONTRAST
THE STRUCTURE TO TREASURY STRIPS, INCLUDING THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN PSTRIPS AND
CSTRIPS. ........................................................................................................................ 6
CONSTRUCT A REPLICATING PORTFOLIO USING MULTIPLE FIXED-INCOME SECURITIES IN ORDER TO
MATCH THE CASH FLOWS OF A SINGLE GIVEN FIXED INCOME SECURITY. .................................. 8
IDENTIFY ARBITRAGE OPPORTUNITIES FOR FIXED INCOME SECURITIES WITH CERTAIN CASH FLOWS.
.......................................................................................................................................... 9
DIFFERENTIATE BETWEEN CLEAN AND DIRTY BOND PRICING AND EXPLAIN THE IMPLICATIONS OF
ACCRUED INTEREST WITH RESPECT TO BOND PRICING. .......................................................... 9
DESCRIBE THE COMMON DAY-COUNT CONVENTIONS USED IN BOND PRICING. ........................ 10
QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS ............................................................................................... 11
TUCKMAN, CHAPTER 2: SPOT, FORWARD AND PAR RATES...................................... 15
CALCULATE AND DESCRIBE THE IMPACT OF DIFFERENT COMPOUNDING FREQUENCIES ON A BONDS
VALUE. ............................................................................................................................. 15
CALCULATE DISCOUNT FACTORS GIVEN INTEREST RATE SWAP RATES................................... 17
COMPUTE SPOT RATES GIVEN DISCOUNT FACTORS. ............................................................ 18
DEFINE AND INTERPRET THE FORWARD RATE, AND COMPUTE FORWARD RATES GIVEN SPOT RATES.
........................................................................................................................................ 19
DEFINE PAR RATE AND DESCRIBE THE EQUATION FOR THE PAR RATE OF A BOND. .................. 22
INTERPRET THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPOT, FORWARD AND PAR RATES. ......................... 22
ASSESS THE IMPACT OF MATURITY ON THE PRICE OF A BOND AND THE RETURNS GENERATED BY
BONDS. ............................................................................................................................ 23
DEFINE THE FLATTENING AND STEEPENING OF RATE CURVES AND CONSTRUCT A HYPOTHETICAL
TRADE TO REFLECT EXPECTATIONS THAT A CURVE WILL FLATTEN OR STEEPEN. .................... 24
TUCKMAN, CHAPTER 3: RETURNS, SPREADS AND YIELDS ....................................... 27
DISTINGUISH BETWEEN GROSS AND NET REALIZED RETURNS, AND CALCULATE THE REALIZED
RETURN ......................................................................................................................... 27
DEFINE AND INTERPRET THE SPREAD OF A BOND, AND EXPLAIN HOW A SPREAD IS DERIVED FROM A
BOND PRICE AND A TERM STRUCTURE OF RATES. ................................................................ 29
DEFINE, INTERPRET, AND APPLY A BONDS YIELDTOMATURITY (YTM) TO BOND PRICING. ..... 30
COMPUTE A BOND'S YTM GIVEN A BOND STRUCTURE AND PRICE. ........................................ 31
CALCULATE THE PRICE OF AN ANNUITY AND A PERPETUITY. ................................................. 33
EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SPOT RATES AND YTM. ............................................ 33
DEFINE THE COUPON EFFECT AND EXPLAIN THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN COUPON RATE, YTM, AND
BOND PRICES. ................................................................................................................... 34
EXPLAIN THE DECOMPOSITION OF P&L FOR A BOND INTO SEPARATE FACTORS INCLUDING CARRY
ROLL-DOWN, RATE CHANGE AND SPREAD CHANGE EFFECTS. ............................................... 34
IDENTIFY THE MOST COMMON ASSUMPTIONS IN CARRY ROLL-DOWN SCENARIOS, INCLUDING
REALIZED FORWARDS, UNCHANGED TERM STRUCTURE, AND UNCHANGED YIELDS. ................ 35
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS: .................................................................................................. 36
TUCKMAN, CHAPTER 4: ONEFACTOR RISK METRICS AND HEDGES ....................... 39
DESCRIBE AN INTEREST RATE FACTOR AND NAME COMMON EXAMPLES OF INTEREST RATE
FACTORS. ......................................................................................................................... 39
DEFINE AND COMPUTE THE DV01 OF A FIXED INCOME SECURITY GIVEN A CHANGE IN YIELD AND THE
RESULTING CHANGE IN PRICE............................................................................................. 40
2
CALCULATE THE FACE AMOUNT OF BONDS REQUIRED TO HEDGE AN OPTION POSITION GIVEN THE
DV01 OF EACH. ................................................................................................................ 42
DEFINE, COMPUTE, AND INTERPRET THE EFFECTIVE DURATION OF A FIXED INCOME SECURITY GIVEN
A CHANGE IN YIELD AND THE RESULTING CHANGE IN PRICE. ................................................. 43
COMPARE AND CONTRAST DV01 AND EFFECTIVE DURATION AS MEASURES OF PRICE SENSITIVITY.
........................................................................................................................................ 45
DEFINE, COMPUTE, AND INTERPRET THE CONVEXITY OF A FIXED INCOME SECURITY GIVEN A
CHANGE IN YIELD AND THE RESULTING CHANGE IN PRICE. .................................................... 45
EXPLAIN THE PROCESS OF CALCULATE THE EFFECTIVE DURATION AND CONVEXITY OF A PORTFOLIO
OF FIXED INCOME SECURITY............................................................................................... 50
EXPLAIN THE IMPACT OF NEGATIVE CONVEXITY ON THE HEDGING OF FIXED INCOME SECURITIES.51
TUCKMAN, CHAPTER 5: MULTI-FACTOR RISK METRICS AND HEDGES .................... 55
DESCRIBE AND ASSESS THE MAJOR WEAKNESS ATTRIBUTABLE TO SINGLE-FACTOR APPROACHES
WHEN HEDGING PORTFOLIOS OR IMPLEMENTING ASSET LIABILITY TECHNIQUES. .................... 55
DEFINE KEY RATE EXPOSURES AND KNOW THE CHARACTERISTICS OF KEY RATE EXPOSURE
FACTORS INCLUDING PARTIAL 01S AND FORWARD-BUCKET 01S. ......................................... 56
DESCRIBE KEY-RATE SHIFT ANALYSIS. ................................................................................ 56
DEFINE, CALCULATE, AND INTERPRET KEY RATE 01 AND KEY RATE DURATION. ..................... 57
DESCRIBE THE KEY RATE EXPOSURE TECHNIQUE IN MULTI-FACTOR HEDGING APPLICATIONS AND
SUMMARIZE ITS ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES. ........................................................... 58
CALCULATE THE KEY RATE EXPOSURES FOR A GIVEN SECURITY, AND COMPUTE THE APPROPRIATE
HEDGING POSITIONS GIVEN A SPECIFIC KEY RATE EXPOSURE PROFILE. ................................. 59
DESCRIBE THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KEY RATES, PARTIAL '01S AND FORWARD-BUCKET 01S,
AND CALCULATE THE FORWARD-BUCKET 01 FOR A SHIFT IN RATES IN ONE OR MORE BUCKETS.61
CONSTRUCT AN APPROPRIATE HEDGE FOR A POSITION ACROSS ITS ENTIRE RANGE OF FORWARD
BUCKET EXPOSURES. ........................................................................................................ 62
EXPLAIN HOW KEY RATE AND MULTI-FACTOR ANALYSIS MAY BE APPLIED IN ESTIMATING PORTFOLIO
VOLATILITY. ...................................................................................................................... 62
QUESTIONS & ANSWERS: .................................................................................................. 64
3
Tuckman, Chapter 1: Prices, Discount Factors, and Arbitrage

Define discount factor and use a discount function to compute present and future values.
Define the law of one price, explain it using an arbitrage argument, and describe how it
can be applied to bond pricing.
Identify the components of a U.S. Treasury coupon bond, and compare and contrast the
structure to Treasury STRIPS, including the difference between PSTRIPS and CSTRIPS.
Construct a replicating portfolio using multiple fixed-income securities to match the cash
flows of a single given fixed income security.
Identify arbitrage opportunities for fixed income securities with certain cash flows.
Differentiate between clean and dirty bond pricing and explain the implications of
accrued interest with respect to bond pricing.
Describe the common day-count conventions used in bond pricing.
Define discount factor and use a discount function to compute

present and future values.
The discount factor, d(t), for a term of (t) years, gives the present value of one unit of
currency ($1) to be received at the end of that term.
If d(.5)=.97557, the present value of $1.00 to be received in six months is 97.557 cents.
Assume A pays $105.00 in six months. Given the same discount factor of 0.97557,
$105.00 to be received in six months is worth 0.97557 x $105.00 = $102.43
Similarly, $1.00 received today has a future value of $1.025 in six months:
$1 $1
$1.025 in six months
d(.5) 0.97557
A key advantage of a discount factor is the discount factor already incorporates the compound
frequency: we dont need to deliberate the issue of compound frequency with discount factors
(hence the saying discount factors always tell the truth)
The discount function is simply the series of discount factors that correspond to a series of
times to maturity (t). For example, a discount function is the series of discount factors: d(0.5),
d(1.0), d(1.5), d(2.0).
4
Consider a 7 7/8 bond due in six months (T = 0.5) with a market price of $101.40. We can
extract the discount factor, d(0.5), and the implied spot rate:
$101.40 d (0.5) $100 $100 7.875%

2
1

1 2(0.5)
r(t ) 2 1 5.005%
d (0.5)

Face (par) value $100.00

Years to Maturity 0.5
Bond price (PV) $101.40
Coupon rate 7.875%
Discount factor 0.97559
Spot rates 5.005%
FV Cash flows
Years 0.5 $103.94
DF 0.9756
Here is a set of bonds with maturities at 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 years:
Par value $100.00

Yrs. to Maturity 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Bond price (PV) $101.40 $108.98 $102.16 $102.57 $100.84
Coupon rate 7.875% 14.250% 6.375% 6.250% 5.250%
Discount F() 0.97557 0.95247 0.93045 0.90796 0.88630
Spot rates 5.008% 4.929% 4.864% 4.886% 4.887%
Forward rates 4.851% 4.734% 4.953% 4.888%
FV Cash flows
Years 0.5 $103.94 $7.13 $3.19 $3.13 $2.63
DF 0.9756 0.9756 0.9756 0.9756 0.9756
Years 1.0 $107.13 $3.19 $3.13 $2.63

DF 0.9525 0.9525 0.9525 0.9525
Years 1.5 $103.19 $3.13 $2.63

DF 0.9304 0.9304 0.9304
Years 2.0 $103.13 $2.63

DF 0.9080 0.9080
Years 2.5 $102.63

DF 0.8863
5
Define the law of one price, explain it using an arbitrage argument,

and describe how it can be applied to bond pricing.
Law of one price: absent confounding factors (e.g., liquidity, special financing rates, taxes,
credit risk), two securities with exactly the same cash flows should sell for the same price.
The value of $1 dollar to be received in T (e.g., six months) does not depend on where dollar
comes from.
Fixing a set of cash flows to be received on any set of dates, an investor should not care about
how those cash flows were assembled from traded securities.
Identify the components of a U.S. Treasury coupon bond, and

compare and contrast the structure to Treasury STRIPS, including the
difference between P STRIPS and C STRIPS.
An investor typically pays for a Treasury bond on the business day following his/her purchase.
The seller typically must deliver the bond on the following business day. Delivery or settlement
one day after a transaction is known as T+l settle. Prices are expressed as a percent of face
value and the numbers after the hyphens denote 32nds, often called ticks.
Unlike coupon bonds, which make payments every six months, zero coupon bonds do not pay
until maturity. Zero coupon bonds issued by the U.S. Treasury are called STRIPS. STRIPS are
created when someone delivers a particular bond to the Treasury and asks for it to be stripped
into its principal and coupon components:
The coupon or interest STRIPS are called C-STRIPS (a.k.a., TINTs or INTs)
Principal STRIPS are called P-STRIPS (a.k.a., TP or P)
For example, here is an illustration of the stripping of $10,000 face value a 5 bond
maturing in 2.5 years.
6
The stripping creates five C-STRIPS and one P-STRIP:
Par $10,000
coupon 5.75%
yield 5.75%
Cash Flow Price Price

6 mos coupon Face C-STRIP P-STRIP
0.5 $287.5 $279.5
1.0 $287.5 $271.7
1.5 $287.5 $264.1
2.0 $287.5 $256.7
2.5 $287.5 $10,000.0 $249.5 $8,678.6
$10,000.0
The Treasury creates and retires STRIPS. For example, an investor can deliver the set of
STRIPS and ask the Treasury to reconstitute the face amount. C-STRIPS are fungible (i.e.,
when reconstituting a bond, any C-STRIPS maturing on a particular coupon payment date may
be used as that bonds coupon payment) but P-STRIPS are not: P-STRIPS are identified with
particular bonds so they inherit the cheapness/richness of the bonds from which they are
derived.
Investors like zero coupon bonds (i.e., STRIPS) for at least two reasons.
They can be combined or re-constructed into any required sequence of cash flows;
They are more sensitive to interest rates (interest-rate sensitive) than coupon-bearing
bonds (all other things being equal).
Advantages of STRIPS
Disadvantages of STRIPS
(why investors like them)
They can be combined or re-constructed

Can be illiquid
into any required sequence of cash flows
More interest-rate sensitive) than coupon Short-term (long-term) C-
bearing bonds (all other things being STRIPS often trade rich
equal). (cheap)
7
Construct a replicating portfolio using multiple fixed-income

securities in order to match the cash flows of a single given fixed
income security.
The law of one price can be used to infer cash flows.
For example (GARP Sample Question 18, 2010):
Question: The following table gives the prices of two out of three US Treasury notes for
settlement on August 30, 2008. All three notes will mature exactly one year later on August 30,
2009. Assume annual coupon payments and that all three bonds have the same coupon
payment date.
Coupon Price
2 7/8 $98.40
4 1/2 ???
6 1/4 $101.30
Question: assuming the law of one price, and given the two bond prices above, what is
(should be) the price of the 4 1/2 US Treasury note?
Answer: $99.80
Explanation: 2.875% * x + 6.25% *(1 - x) = 4.5% X = 52%. The portfolio that has cash flows
identical to the 4 1/2 bond consists of 52% of the 2 7/8 and 48% of the 6 1/4 bonds. As this
portfolio has cash flows identical to the 4 1/2 bond, precluding arbitrage, the price of the portfolio
should equal to 52% * 98.4 + 48% * 101.30 or 99.80
This is a popular but, for many people, non-intuitive question. For more discussion on this
application of the Law of One Price, please refer to the following forum threads:
Discussion on the above question at

http://www.bionicturtle.com/forum/threads/2010practice-exam-page12-question18.4468/
More discussion at http://www.bionicturtle.com/forum/threads/law-of-one-price.5799
Our (bionicturtle.coms) original variation for additional practice at
http://www.bionicturtle.com/forum/threads/p1-t4-10-time-value-of-money.4879/
Query about a variation with four (4) bonds at
http://www.bionicturtle.com/forum/threads/replicating-portfolio-bonds.7292/#post-26008
8
Identify arbitrage opportunities for fixed income securities with

certain cash flows.
The law of one price: absent confounding factors (e.g., liquidity, special financing rates, taxes,
and credit risk), two securities (or portfolios of securities) with exactly the same cash flows
should sell for the same price.
A violation of the law of one price implies the existence of an arbitrage opportunity.
Face (par) value $100.00

Yrs. to Maturity 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5
(A) (B) (C) (D)
Bond price (PV) $104.080 $110.938 $102.020 $114.375
Coupon rate 13.375% 10.750% 5.750% 11.125%
Discount function 0.97557 0.95247 0.93045 0.90796 0.88630 0.88630
Predicted Price 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5

$106.688
Bond (A) cheap $104.081 $104.081
$5.375 $5.375 $5.375 $105.375
Bond (B) cheap $111.041 $5.244 $5.120 $5.001 $95.677
$2.875 $2.875 $2.875 $2.875 $102.875
Bond (C) rich $102.007 $2.805 $2.738 $2.675 $2.610 $91.178
$5.563 $5.563 $5.563 $5.563 $105.563
Bond (D) cheap $114.511 $5.427 $5.298 $5.176 $5.051 $93.560
Differentiate between clean and dirty bond pricing and explain the
implications of accrued interest with respect to bond pricing.
The dirty price, also known as the full price, represents the present value of a bond, which
includes accrued interest. The clean price, also known as the quoted price, represents the
present value of the bond, less accrued interest.
If two traders agree to a bond transaction, the buyer gets to keep the full coupon payment at the
next coupon date, even though the seller may have held the bond for most of the accrual period.
In order for the seller to agree to the buyer receiving the entire coupon payment, she must be
compensated for the accrued interest foregone on the bond, which she would otherwise receive.
The reason traders negotiate based on the quoted, or clean price, rather than the dirty, or full
price, is exactly due to the accrued interest component. The dirty price will experience large
swings in the price as interest is accrued, and then a sudden drop as a coupon payment is
made. The quoted price on the other hand will be much more stable over time, gradually tending
to its par value at maturity.
9
Describe the common day-count conventions used in bond pricing.

As we already saw in Hulls reading in part 3, there are a number of day-count conventions
commonly used.
Three important conventions are:
Actual/Actual used for Government bonds

Actual/360 commonly used in money markets. Tuckman mentions this is also a
common convention for the floating leg of an interest rate swap, however, that is not an
actual convention, just a general tendency.
30/360 Typically used for corporate bonds and the fixed leg of an interest rate swap.
Rather than using the actual number of days, this convention defines every month to be
30 days.
It is important that you remember the key day-count conventions, as questions regarding many
financial instruments rely on you applying the correct day-count. This will typically appear as
part of a calculation on the FRM exam.
The value (price) of a bond is equal to its quoted price and accrued interest. That is PV = p
+AI. If the day-count convention is favorable or unfavorable to either party of a transaction, this
difference is made up in the quoted price such that the sum always equals the present value of
the cash flows.
10
Questions and Answers

1. Assume that a U.S. Treasury bill will pay $1,000 in one year and the security is default free
(there is absolutely no credit risk). The price of this bill today is given by P(0). Which of the
following statements, according to Tuckman, is most true about individual versus market
expressions of the theory of the time value of money?
a) Rational, well-informed individuals are each willing to pay a DIFFERENT price, P(0); and
therefore the market should exhibit various (DIFFERENT) fair prices for the security
b) Rational, well-informed individuals should arrive at the SAME willingness-to-pay price,
P(0); and therefore the market should reflect this (SAME) price upon which all
participants agree
c) Rational, well-informed individuals are each willing to pay a DIFFERENT price, P(0); but
the market should reflect only one (SAME) fair price
d) Rational, well-informed individuals should arrive at the SAME willingness-to-pay price,
P(0); but the market should reflect various (DIFFERENT) prices
2. A $10 million Treasury bond (note) with a 10-year maturity pays semi-annual coupons at a
coupon rate of 4.0% per annum. If the bond is fully "stripped" such that STRIPS are created,
each of the following is TRUE except:
a) The stripping creates 21 zero-coupon bonds

b) Each of the C-STRIPS and the P-STRIP implies an exact spot (a.k.a., zero) interest rate
c) The duration of the P-STRIP is greater than the duration of the original Treasury bond
d) The C-STRIPS each have durations near to zero
3. Which of the following would be the most likely reason for a C- or P-STRIP to "trade rich" or
"trade cheap?"
a) Arbitrageurs
b) Technical (non-fundamental) factors; e.g., liquidity, supply/demand
c) A shift in the spot rates which changes discount rate(s) abruptly
d) Individual investors have different views (preferences) with respect to the time value of
money
11
4. The first U.S. Treasury bond has a price of $99.98, matures in six months, and pays a semi-
annual coupon at a rate of 3.0% per annum. The second U.S. Treasury bond has a price of
$101.11, matures in one year, and pays a semi-annual coupon at a rate of 4.0% per annum.
What are, respectively, the six-month and one-year discount factors?
a) d(0.5) = 0.9790, d(1.0) = 0.9830

b) d(0.5) = 0.9850, d(1.0) = 0.9720
c) d(0.5) = 1.0020, d(1.0) = 0.9830
d) d(0.5) = 0.9650, d(1.0) = 1.0340
5. Your colleague Robert is constructing a discount function using the market prices of Treasury
STRIPS to infer the term structure of discount factors. However, he asks you to help him resolve
an apparently violation of the "law of one price:" at several maturities, he observes a significant
difference between the observed market price of a STRIP security and calculated price
calculated (aka, model price) derived by employing the discount factors. Which of the following
is the best explanation for market-versus-model price difference?
a) The Treasury STRIPS will have various coupon rates, such that the discount function
is non-trivial and model-dependent
b) The market prices reflect, at certain identical maturities, both C-STRIPS and on-the-
run P-STRIPS
c) The P-STRIPS are fungible but the C-STRIPS are not
d) This is a nonsensical hypothetical which is unlikely to occur in practice as arbitrage
renders the law of one price highly resistant to violations
12
Answers
1. C. Rational, well-informed individuals are each willing to pay a DIFFERENT price, P(0);
but the market should reflect only one (SAME) fair price
Please keep in mind this very narrowly refers to a risk-free asset: this is the condition that allows
us to say this is only about the "time value of money."
The "law of one price" is a theoretical function of the market, not different participants or
individuals: its violation creates arbitrage opportunities.
Please also keep in mind this is a theory about fundamentals; it does not preclude
technical factors from interfering.
Individuals are expected to express DIFFERENT preferences toward the time value of money.
Tuckman's point is that the market price reflects a SINGLE CONSENSUS:
"While the three people in the examples are willing to pay different amounts for $1,000 next
year, there exists only one market price for this $1,000. If that price turns out to be $950 then
the first person will pay $950 today to fund a $1,000 party in a year. The second person would
be indifferent between buying the $950 stereo system today and putting away $950 to purchase
the $1,000 stereo system next year. Finally, the third person would refuse to pay $950 for
$1,000 in a year because the business can transform $940 today into $1,000 over the year. In
fact, it is the collection of these individual decisions that determines the market price for $1,000
next year in the first place."
2. D. The C-STRIPS are not floating-rate notes, they are zero-coupon bonds
corresponding to the respective coupons.
So, in this case, the twenty C-STRIPS have Macaulay durations of: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, ..., 20.
In regard to (A), (B), and (C), each is TRUE about the STRIPS.
In regard to (A), the bonds twenty coupons (10 years * 2 coupons/year) create 20 C-
STRIPS plus the principal repayment creates a single P-STRIP.
3. B. Technical (non-fundamental) factors; e.g., liquidity, supply/demand

The essence of Tuckman's explanation for the difference between market and model (predicted)
prices is technical factors; i.e., factors not included in the fundamental pricing model.
In regard to (A), arbitrage tends to reduce the trading premium/discount.

In regard to (D), this is a valid but inferior answer because Tuckman already
incorporates varying individual views and cites the discount rates as a consensus view;
i.e., that individual preferences vary is already "built-into" the theory of the law of one
price. (of course, different preferences inform supply/demand, so this is indirectly
correct).
13
4. B. d(0.5) = 0.9850, d(1.0) = 0.9720

$99.98=d(0.5)*$101.50, so that d(0.5) = 99.98/101.50 = 0.9850
$101.11 = d(0.5)*$2.00 + d(1.0)*$102.00, so that d(1.0) = [101.11 - (0.9850 * 2.0)]/102.00 =
0.9720
5. B. The market prices reflect, at certain identical maturities, both C-STRIPS and on-the-
run P-STRIPS
Tuckman (ours selected and emphasis mine): "In this context it is crucial to note that C-
STRIPS are fungible while P-STRIPS are not. When reconstituting a bond, any C-STRIPS
maturing on a particular date may be applied toward the coupon payment of that bond on that
date. By contrast, only P-STRIPS that were stripped from a particular bond may be used to
reconstitute the principal payment of that bond. This feature of the STRIPS program implies that
P-STRIPS, and not C-STRIPS, inherit the cheapness or richness of the bonds from which they
came ...
... [Figure 1.2] shows that there are indeed significant pricing differences between P-STRIPS
and C-STRIPS that mature on the same date. This does not necessarily imply the existence of
arbitrage opportunities, as discussed at the end of the previous section. However, the results do
suggest that bonds have idiosyncratic pricing differences and that these differences are
inherited by their respective P-STRIPS. Of particular interest, for example, is the largest price
difference in the figure, the 2.16 price difference between the P-STRIPS and C-STRIPS
maturing on May 15, 2020. These P-STRIPS come from the most recently sold or on-the-
run 10-year note, an issue which traditionally trades rich to other bonds because of its
superior liquidity and financing characteristics.
.. To the extent that P-STRIPS prices inherit pricing idiosyncrasies of their respective bonds,
these computed prices should be better approximations to market prices than the prices
computed using C-STRIPS prices alone. And, in fact, this is the case. Comparing the absolute
values of the two error columns reveals that the approximation in column (6) is better than the
approximation in column (4) for every bond in the table. In conclusion, then, individual
Treasury bonds have idiosyncratic characteristics that are reflected in market prices.
Furthermore, since P-STRIPS are not fungible across bonds, their prices inherit the
idiosyncratic pricing of their respective bond issues."
14
Tuckman, Chapter 2: Spot, Forward and Par Rates

Calculate and describe the impact of different compounding frequencies on a bonds
value.
Calculate discount factors given interest rate swap rates.
Compute spot rates given discount factors.
Define and interpret the forward rate, and compute forward rates given spot rates.
Define par rate and describe the equation for the par rate of a bond.
Interpret the relationship between spot, forward and par rates.
Assess the impact of maturity on the price of a bond and the returns generated by
bonds.
Define the flattening and steepening of rate curves and construct a hypothetical
trade to reflect expectations that a curve will flatten or steepen.
Calculate and describe the impact of different compounding

frequencies on a bonds value.
Investing (x) at an annual rate of (r) compounded semiannually for (T) years produces a
terminal wealth (w) of:
2T
r
w x1
2
Discount factor
Let d(t) equal the discounted value of one unit of currency. Assuming the one unit of currency is
discounted for (t) years at the semiannual compound rate r(t), then the discount rate d(t) is given
by:
1
d(t ) 2t
r(t )
1
2
The relationship between continuous compounding and discrete compounding (semi-annual

compounding is discrete compounding with two periods per year) is given by:
mn
Rc n R
Ae A1 m
m
15
The continuous rate of return as function The discrete rate of return as a function
of the discrete rate of return (where m is of the continuous rate of return is given
the number of periods per year) is given by:
by:
R
Rc m ln 1 m Rm m(eRc m1 )
m
For example, each of rate below has the same effective annual rate (EAR) of 10.0%:
EAY, r 10.0000%
Initial wealth (A) $100.00
Number of years (n) 1.00
Equivalent
Compound Terminal Periodic Continuous
Frequency Value Return Return
1 $110.000 10.0000% 9.531%
2 $110.250 9.7618% 9.531%
4 $110.381 9.6455% 9.531%
12 $110.471 9.5690% 9.531%
360 $110.516 9.5323% 9.531%
Cont. $110.517 9.5310% 9.531%
Compute semiannual compounded rate of return for a CStrip
If the price of one unit of currency maturing in t years is given by d(t), the semiannual
compounded return, is given by:
1

1 2 t
r(t) 2 1
d(t)

The relationship between spot rates and maturity/term is called the term structure of spot rates.
When spot rates increase with maturity, the term structure is said to be upward sloping. When
spot rates decrease with maturity, the term structure is said to be downward sloping or inverted.
If a 10-year C-STRIP is quoted at 58.779, the semi-annual compounded rate of return is given
by:
1

100 20
r(t) 2 1 5.385%
58.779

16
Calculate discount factors given interest rate swap rates.

To illustrate, Tuckmans given swap rates are displayed below (in yellow) for maturities
out to 2.5 years.
Similar to bootstrapping, we need to start with the six-month swap rate and proceed out the
maturity curve:
The six-month discount factor, d(0.5) = 100/ [100*(1+0.705%/2)] = 0.9965. This

translates into back into (naturally) a six-month spot rate of 0.705%
The one-year discount factor, d(1.0) = [100 ($0.44 * 0.9965)] / [100*(1+0.875%/2)] =
0.9913, which translates into a one-year spot rate of 0.875%. Note that $0.44 is the six-
months coupon cash flow = $100*0.875%/2.
17
Compute spot rates given discount factors.

Given a t-period discount factor d(t), the semiannual compounded return is given by:
1

1 2t
r(t) 2 1
d(t)

The relationship between spot rates and maturity/term is called the term structure of spot rates.
When spot rates increase with maturity, the term structure is said to be upward sloping. When
spot rates decrease with maturity, the term structure is said to be downward sloping or inverted.
Compute semiannual compounded rate of return for a CStrip
10-year C-STRIP quoted at 58.779
1

100 20
r(t) 2 1 5.385%
58.779

18
Define and interpret the forward rate, and compute forward rates
given spot rates.
A spot rate is given by S(T). For example, we can indicate a one-year spot rate with S(1). (Note:
it is also common to use ST). The forward rate can be given by f(t,T) where little t indicates
when the forward contract is created and big T indicates when the forward expires. For
example, f(0.5, 1.0) is a forward created in six months that expires in one year.
There is a natural relationship between forward rates and a series of spot rates. The one-year
spot rate must equal the six-month spot rate multiplied by the six-month forward rate:
2 1 1
S(1) S(0.5) f (0.5,1.0)
1 1 1
2 2 2
For example, assume the two-year spot-rate is 6% and the eighteen-month spot-rate is 5%.
What is the six-month forward rate, f(1.5,2.0)? We can solve for the by re-arranging:
2
S(2.0)
1
f (1.5,2.0)
1
2 1.03 4
1 1
3
1.045
2 S (1.5) 1.025
1
2
That produces a semi-annual forward rate. Dont forget to multiply by two. Therefore, the implied
forward rate f(1.5,2.0) is about 9%.
The equality is based on a no-arbitrage principle. Imagine you have a choice. Consider the case
of a one-year investment horizon. You can invest in one-year CD at the one-year spot rate,
S(1). You ought to be indifferent between this and, alternatively, investing in a six-month CD (at
the six-month spot rate) that automatically rolls-over into another six-month CD.
Today, the best you know about the future CD rate is the six-month forward rate, f(0.5,1.0). You
may say, but its better to have access to the investment in six months (liquidity). And youd be
right, except that a normal term structure would incorporate this by baking a bit of premium into
the longer term.
19
No-arbitrage indifference: investing at 2.0 year spot should have same expected return as
investing @ 1.5 year spot and roll over into 0.5 year forward
Calculate the price of a bond using discount factors, spot rates, or forward rates
Assume a 1-year treasury bond that pays a 6% semi-annual coupon.
6 month
Spot Discount Forward
Maturity rate (%) Factor Rate (%)
0.50 1.50 0.992556 1.50
1.00 2.00 0.980296 2.50
1.50 2.25 0.966995 2.75
2.00 2.50 0.951524 3.25
2.50 2.75 0.933997 3.75
Calculate the bond price using discount factors:
Price = ($3 0.992556) + ($103 0.980296) = $103.95
The discount factor is simply $1 discounted to its present value. For example, if you are
discounting a face value bond of $100, the present value (PV) is $100/[(1+r)T], which is $100
1/[(1+r)T]. The discount factor is just the second term, without the face value: 1/[(1+r)T].
Calculate the bond price using spot rates:
This is just a series of present value calculations:
$3 $103
Price = 1
2
$103.95
1 0.015 1 0.02

2 2
Dont forget that the final cash flow probably includes the principal. In this example, the final
cash flow includes a coupon ($3) plus the principal repayment ($100).
20
Calculate the bond price using forward rates:
We still start with the cash flows. But instead of spot rates, we discount will forward rates. The
key here is to keep your raise to powers consistent.
$3 $103
Price = 1
1 1
$103.95
1 0.015 1 0.015 1 0.025

2 2 2
If you would like a better understanding, on the member page you can access a simple
spreadsheet that compares these rates side-by-side (row by row) for a common bond. The
worksheet is copied below. Given spot rates as an input, you can study the calculation of the
discount factors and the forward. Note this bond has a yield (yield to maturity) of 2.72%; the
yield is the a single rate that that discounts all cash flows to the price so it is essentially a flat
line while the spot rate is a curve.
$100 Par, 6% Coupon YTM: 2.72%
Years to Maturity 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Cash flows $3.0 $3.0 $3.0 $3.0 $103.0
Spot rates 1.50% 2.00% 2.25% 2.50% 2.75%
Discount function 0.993 0.980 0.967 0.952 0.934
6 mo. forward 2.50% 2.75% 3.25% 3.75%
Discounted (spot) $2.98 $2.94 $2.90 $2.85 $96.20

Disc. (function) $2.98 $2.94 $2.90 $2.85 $96.20
Disc. (forward) $2.98 $2.94 $2.90 $2.85 $96.20
Bond Price (in all cases) = $107.88
21
Define par rate and describe the equation for the par rate of a bond.
The T-year, semiannual par rate is the rate, C(T), such that a fixed-rate asset with par value of
$100 that makes regular semi-annual coupon payments of C(T)/2*$100 discounts to a present
value equal to the par value of $100.
In Tuckmans example, where we extracted discount factors from swap rates, the swap rates
are the par rates. For example, the 2.5 year par rate is 1.445:
Interpret the relationship between spot, forward and par rates.

A spot rate is the rate on a spot loan, an agreement in which a lender gives money to
the borrower at the time of the agreement to be repaid at some single, specified time in
the future.
A forward rate is the rate on a forward loan, which is an agreement to lend money
at some time in the future to be repaid subsequently. There are many possible forward
rates: the rate on a loan given in six months for a subsequent term of 1.5 years; the rate
in five years for six months;
Consider 100 face or notional amount of a fixed-rate asset that makes regular
semiannual coupon or fixed-rate payments of and a terminal payment at year T of that
100. The T-year, semiannual par rate is the rate such that the present value of this
asset equals par or 100. But that is exactly the definition of swap rates.
Some relationships:
The six-month spot rate is identically equal to the corresponding forward rate: both are
rates on a six-month loan starting on the settlement date.
Spot rates are increasing with term while forward rates are greater than spot rates. This
is not a coincidence: spot rates are an average of forward rates.
While spot rates are increasing with term, par rates are near, but below, spot rates.
22
Assess the impact of maturity on the price of a bond and the returns
generated by bonds.
Impact of maturity on bond price
More generally, price increases with maturity whenever the coupon rate exceeds the forward
rate over the period of maturity extension. Price decreases as maturity increases whenever the
coupon rate is less than the relevant forward rate.
Exhibit from Tuckman comparing price to maturity:
Maturity Price Forward

0.5 $99.935 5.008%
1.0 $99.947 4.851%
1.5 $100.012 4.734%
2.0 $99.977 4.953%
2.5 $99.971 4.888%
Years to Maturity 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Bond price (PV) $101.40 $108.98 $102.16 $102.57 $100.84
Coupon rate 7.875% 14.250% 6.375% 6.250% 5.250%
Discount function 0.97557 0.95247 0.93045 0.90796 0.88630
Face (par) value $100.00 Coupon 4.875%

Time:
Cash Flows 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
Bond #1 $102.44
Bond #2 $2.44 $102.44
Bond #3 $2.44 $2.44 $102.44
Bond #4 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $102.44
Bond #5 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $2.44 $102.44
Present Values Price

Bond #1 $99.935 $99.935
Bond #2 $2.378 $97.569 $99.947
Bond #3 $2.378 $2.322 $95.313 $100.012
Bond #4 $2.378 $2.322 $2.268 $93.009 $99.977
Bond #5 $2.378 $2.322 $2.268 $2.213 $90.791 $99.971
23
Impact of maturity on returns
See below (replicated Tuckman). We start with the comparison of two scenarios. The first
scenario invests $10,000 and rolls over six-month investments; here we assume the six month
rates realized equal the initial forward rates. Under the second scenario, a 2.5 year bond is
purchased and the coupons are reinvested. They produce the same terminal value only under
the unlikely scenario that realized short-term rates match the forward rates built into the
bond price:
"Maturity and Bond Return"

Forward Rate: 5.008% 4.851% 4.734% 4.953% 4.888%
Invest: $10,000 10,250 10,499 10,748 11,014 $11,283
Invest: $10,000 Price $100.84 Coupon 5.25%

$9,916 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
$260.30 $266.62 $272.93 $279.69 $286.52
$260.30 $266.46 $273.06 $279.74
$260.30 $266.75 $273.27
$260.30 $266.67
$260.30
$9,916.33
$11,283
Investors who roll over short-term investments do better than investors in longer-term bonds
when the realized short-term rates exceed the forward rates built into bond prices. Investors in
bonds do better when the realized short-term rates fall below these forward rates.
Define the flattening and steepening of rate curves and construct

a hypothetical trade to reflect expectations that a curve will flatten or
steepen.
Market practitioners describe the rate curve as flattening when either:
Longer-term rates fall by more than shorter-term rates, or

Shorter term rates rise by more than longer-term rates
Similarly, market practitioners describe the rate curve as steepening when either:
Longer-term rates increase by more than shorter-term rates, or

Shorter term rates fall by more than longer-term rates
Hypothetical trade to be developed in version 2.0 of these notes
24

1. If the spot rate term structure is flat, what is true of the discount function (i.e., the set of
discount factors) as function of maturity?
a) Flat
b) Increasing with maturity
c) Decreasing with maturity
d) Insufficient information: we need the yield (YTM) to answer
2. The following discount function contains semi-annual discount factors out to two years: d(0.5)
= 0.9970, d(1.0) = 0.9911, d(1.5) = 0.9809, d(2.0) = 0.9706. What is the implied eighteen-month
(1.5 year) spot rate (aka, 1.5 year zero rate)?
a) 0.600%
b) 1.176%
c) 1.290%
d) 1.505%
3. The price of a six-month zero-coupon bond (bill) is $99.90 and the price of a one-year zero-
coupon bond is $98.56. What is the implied six-month forward rate, under semi-annual
compounding?
a) 1.30%
b) 2.95%
c) 2.73%
d) 3.08%
4. The six-month and one-year discount factors are, respectively, d(0.5) = 0.9920 and d(1.0) =
0.9760. What is the implied six-month forward rate, under semi-annual compounding?
a) 2.34%
b) 3.28%
c) 3.95%
d) 4.01%
5. The spot rate curve is flat for all maturities at 4.0% per annum. A $100 face value bond with a
three-year maturity pays an annual coupon of 6.0%. If we first price the bond under annual
compounding (i.e., 4.0% per annum discounted annually), but then re-price the bond under
continuous compounding (i.e., 4.0% per annum discounted continuously), what is the change in
bond price the results solely from the change to continuous discounting?
a) No change (the yield is unchanged)

b) Increase of $0.17 (i.e., from annual to continuous)
c) Decrease of $0.19
d) Decrease of $0.23
25
Answers
1. C. Decreasing with maturity

Greater maturity requires more discounting. For example if the spot rate term structure is flat at
5%, then semi-annual discount function is: d(0.5) = 0.9756, d(1.0) = 0.9518, d(1.5) = 0.9286 ...
In regard to (D), please note that a flat spot/zero term structure is the special case where the
yield must match; e.g., flat spot rates at 5% imply yield must also be 5%.
2. C. 1.290%
As r(t) = 2*[(1/d(t))^(1/2t) - 1], r(1.5) = 2*[(1/0.9809)^(1/3) - 1] = 1.2898%
3. C. 2.73%
(99.90/98.56-1)*2 = 2.728%
4. B. 3.28%
(0.9920/0.9760-1)*2 = 3.279%
5. D. Decrease of $0.23
Under annual compounding, bond price = $6/(1.04) + $6/(1.04)^2 + $106/(1.04^3) = 105.550
Under continuous compounding, bond price = $6*exp(-4%*1) + $6*exp(-4%*2) + $106*exp(-
4%*3) = $105.317
Price change = 105.317 - 105.550 = -$0.233
26
Tuckman, Chapter 3: Returns, Spreads and Yields
Distinguish between gross and net realized returns, and calculate the realized return for
a bond over a holding period including reinvestments.
Define and interpret the spread of a bond, and explain how a spread is derived from a
bond price and a term structure of rates.
Define, interpret, and apply a bonds yield-to-maturity (YTM) to bond pricing.
Compute a bond's YTM given a bond structure and price.
Calculate the price of an annuity and a perpetuity.
Explain the relationship between spot rates and YTM.
Define the coupon effect and explain the relationship between coupon rate, YTM, and
bond prices.
Explain the decomposition of P&L for a bond into separate factors including carry roll-
down, rate change and spread change effects.
Identify the most common assumptions in carry roll-down scenarios, including realized
forwards, unchanged term structure, and unchanged yields.
Distinguish between gross and net realized returns, and calculate the
realized return
Gross realized return
Pt 1 c Pt
Rt ,t 1
Pt
For example, a bond is purchased for $105.656 and settled (sold) for $105.00:
Gross Realized Return

Par $100.000
Coupon 4.50%
6/1/2010 Price $105.856

11/30/2010 Coupon $2.250
Price $105.000
Gross realized return 1.317%
27
Net realized return
Net realized return incorporates funding cost:
Pt 1 c BFunded Price
Rt ,t 1
PInitial Price, t
Tuckman notes the dilemma of selecting a denominator when the purchase is financed: the
initial net cost is zero. Nevertheless, when calculating realized returns on securities, even when
those securities are financed, it is conventional to divide the final value by the initial price of the
security.
We continue the example, but this time we finance the purchase (we borrow the initial price).
The borrowing rate happens to be 0.20% per annum, such that the loan payoff equals $105.856
* (1+0.20%/2) = $105.962:
Net Realized Return

Par $100.000
Coupon 4.50%
6/1/2010 Price -$105.856

Borrow $105.856
Borrow
rate 0.20%
11/30/2010 Coupon $2.250

Price $105.000
Pay
Loan -$105.962
Net realized return 1.217%
105 2.25 105.962

Rt ,t 1 1.217%
105.856
28
Define and interpret the spread of a bond, and explain how a spread is
derived from a bond price and a term structure of rates.
Spreads are important measures of relative value and their convergence or divergence is
an important component of return. The market price of any security can be thought of as its
value computed using some term structure of interest rates, denoted generically by , plus a
premium or discount, , relative to that term structure:
P P( )
We can variously define the term structure of interest rates; but assume we define the term
structure as a set of forward rates, f(1), f(2), . f(T). Then we can find a spread, s, that equates
the discounted cash flows to the price of the bond.
As Tuckman says, the market price is recovered by discounted a bonds cash flows using an
appropriate term structure [e.g., forward rate curve] plus a spread (s):
c c
P
1 f (1) s 1 f (1) s 1 f (2) s
1 c

1 f (1) s 1 f (2) s 1 f (T) s
For Example: Tuckmans 1.5-year bond
Using the forward curve, the discounted present value of the bond is $100.255. However, we
observe a market price of $100.190. We solve for the spread that, when added to the forward
rate curve, discounts the cash flows to the same observed price. Notice that the spread is the
same value, 0.0440%, added to each forward rate:
Par $100.00
Coupon 0.375%
Years to Maturity 0.5 1.0 1.5

Forward rates 0.1492% 0.5561% 1.0356%
Cash Flows 0.3750 0.3750 100.3750
Present Value 0.3747 0.3737 99.5068 $100.255
Spread 0.0440% 0.0440% 0.0440%

F(t) + Spread 0.1932% 0.6001% 1.0796%
Present Value 0.3746 0.3735 99.4414 $100.190
29
Define, interpret, and apply a bonds yield to maturity (YTM) to bond

pricing.
Yield-to-maturity (YTM), sometimes just yield, is the single rate that, when used to
discount a bonds cash flows, produces the bonds market price. Given an annual coupon
of c (and therefore a semi-annual coupon of c/2), a final principal payment of F, a market price
of P(T) with T years to maturity, the yield to maturity (YTM) is given by (y) is the following
equation:
2T c F
P (T ) 2
t 1 (1
y )t (1 y )2T
2 2
Note that there are 2T terms being added together through the summation sign since a T-year
bond makes 2T semiannual coupon payments. This sum equals the present value of all the
coupon payments, and the final term equals the present value of the principal payment.
30
Compute a bond's YTM given a bond structure and price.
When using the Texas Instruments BA II Plus calculator to price a plain vanilla bond-related
parameter, the thing to remember is that the bond is described with five parameters: N=number
of periods; I/Y = interest rate; PV = present value; PMT=payment and FV = future (or face)
value.
For most problems, you identify the four inputs four and solve (CPT) for the fifth. Typically, the
problem entails solving for the rate (I/Y) or the bond price (PV).
The five bond parameters are the following:
Button Description
N Number of payments
I/Y Interest rate (or YTM)
PV Present Value
PMT Payment
FV Future value
CPT Compute (Solve the calculation)
31
Example #1: Calculate YTM
For example, assume we want to compute the YTM of the following bond:
10 Year bond with a face value of $1,000just issued

4% coupon pays semiannually
Current price is $982
To solve, we enter the following as inputs into the calculator:
N = 20 (10 years x 2 semiannual periods per year)

PV = -$982
PMT = $20 (4% x $1,000 x 0.5 for semiannual period)
FV = $1,000 (face value)
Then we compute (CPT) the interest rate: CPT I/Y, which equals 2.11%.
CPT I/Y = 2.11% and (2.11 * 2) = 4.22% YTM. The yield to maturity is therefore 4.22%
Example #2: Calculate YTM
Now lets move forward in time 3 years, but we will assume that nothing else has changed
except for two things: the price is now $1,070; and the bond has only seven years left to
maturity:
N = 14 (7 years x 2 semiannual periods per year)

PV = -$1,070
PMT = $20 (4% x $1,000 x 0.5 for semiannual period)
FV = $1,000 (face value)
To solve, CPT I/Y = 1.44% and (1.44 * 2) = 2.88% YTM.
In this case, the YTM is 2.88%.

Remember you need to use both a positive and (+) and (-) as inputs. The easiest thing to do is
make the PV negative because you would spend money to buy the bond (i.e., cash outflow =
minus). In this case, you receive payments and the principal back (positive signs). To
summarize: PV = (-), PMT = (+), FV = (+).
32
Calculate the price of an annuity and a perpetuity.

An annuity with semiannual payments is a security that makes a payment c/2 every six
months for T years but never makes a final principal payment (i.e., FV=0). The price of
an annuity, A(T), is:
2T

c 1
A(T ) 1
y y
1 2
A perpetuity bond is a bond that pays coupons forever. The price of a perpetuity is simply
the coupon divided by the yield (i.e., the price of a perpetuity = c/y).
The valuation of a perpetuity bond is a classic idea in finance: we capitalize a constant

income stream by dividing by the discount rate (a.k.a., cap rate).
Explain the relationship between spot rates and YTM.

There are several spot rates and a single yield (YTM). The YTM is a summary of all the spot
rates that enter into the bond pricing equation. Consider three patterns:
A flat term structure of spot rates (i.e., all of the spot rates are equal): the yield must
equal the one-year spot rate level as well.
A term structure where spot rates are upward sloping over a two-year period: the two-
year bond yield is below the two-year spot rate.
A term structure where spot rates are downward sloping over a two-year period: the two-
year bond yield is above the two-year spot rate.
Yield (YTM) is a single factor and plots as a flat term structure
If a bonds YTM over a six-month period remains unchanged, then the annual total
return of the bond over that period equals its YTM.
10.0%
8.0%
Forward
6.0%
4.0% Spot
2.0%
0.0%
0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5
33
Define the coupon effect and explain the relationship between coupon
rate, YTM, and bond prices.
When the coupon rate equals the YTM (c = 100y), bond price equals face value, or par.
If the coupon rate exceeds the yield (c>100y), then the bond sells at a premium to par,
that is, for more than face value.
If the coupon rate is less than the yield (c<100y) then the bond sells at a discount to par,
that is, for less than face value.
Explain the decomposition of P&L for a bond into separate factors

including carry roll-down, rate change and spread change effects.
The bonds profit and loss (P&L) consists of both:
Price appreciation (or depreciation); a.k.a., capital gain or loss, plus

Cash-carry: explicit cash flows such as coupon payments and financing costs
The total profit and loss (P&L) can be decomposed into three components:
Carry-roll-down: the price change due to the passage of time where rates move as
expected but with no change in the spread
Rate change: The price effect of rates changing from the intermediate term structure to
the term structure that actually prevails at time (t+1)
The price appreciation due to a spread change is the price effect due to the bonds
individual spread changing from s(t) to s(t+1). The spread is, in fact, the focus or bet of
many trades.
34
Identify the most common assumptions in carry roll-down scenarios,

including realized forwards, unchanged term structure, and
unchanged yields.
The evaluation of a potential fixed-income trade is likely to include the estimated calculation of
the dollar return of the trade under and expected scenario. The expected scenario can include
several assumptions. The investor, according to Tuckman, is likely to ask, with repsect to the
carry-roll-down, What are good choices for no change scenarios? One common assumption is
that forward rates equal expectations of future rates and that, as time passes, these
forward rates are realized; e.g., todays six-month rate two years forward is the realized six-
month rate two years from today. A second assumption is that the entire term structure of
interest rates remains unchanged over time; e.g., todays six-month rate two years forward
will be the six-month rate two years forward a week from now, a month from now, a year from
now, etc. A third assumption is that bond yields remain unchanged.
Realized forward rates: The realized forward assumption implicitly assumes that there
is no risk premium built into forward rates.
If forward rates are realized (if this assumption is true), then the following two strategies
are equally profitable:
Investing in a long-term bond, versus
Rolling over short-term (single-period) bonds
The unchanged term structure implicitly assumes the opposite of the realized forward
rates assumption: If the term structure slopes upward on average and yet remains
unchanged on average, it must be that the upward-sloping shape is completely
explained by investors requiring a risk premium that increases with term.
The third carry-roll-down assumption is that a bonds yield remains unchanged. This
assumption is useful more as a means to interpret yield-to-maturity (YTM) as a measure
of return, than to assist in an explicit carry-roll-down calculation.
This assumption may be the least realistic (or most stringent): it says that for an investor
who holds a bond to maturity, the bond's return is the bonds initial yield (YTM) if the
yield does not change and if all coupons are reinvested at that same yield. Says
Tuckman, The assumptions that yield stays unchanged over the life of a bond and that
all coupons can be reinvested at that same yield are particularly flawed: the fact that
there is a term structure of interest rates implies that a bonds yield will change with
maturity and that single-period reinvestment rates should not equal bond yield.
35
Questions & Answers:

1. A three (3)-year bond with a current price of $105.90 pays a semi-annual coupon with a
coupon rate of 5.0% per annum. What is the bond's yield-to-maturity (YTM) on a bond-
equivalent basis?
a) 1.97%
b) 2.25%
c) 2.93%
d) 3.56%
2. For a June 1st settlement, an investor finances the entire purchase of a bond with a price of
$115.00 at a semiannually compounded borrowing rate of 0.60%. Six months later, on
November 30th, the 3 1/8 bond pays a $1.56250 coupon (i.e., $3.125/2 = $1.56250) and its
price has "pulled to par" by dropping to $114.00. Which is nearest to the six-month net realized
return?
a) -0.87%
b) -0.57%
c) +0.19%
d) +0.49%
3. Sarah won a lottery that gives her a choice between two payouts. Neglecting any liquidity or
counterparty risk, she simply wants to select the option with the higher present value. Her
choices are between an annuity and a perpetuity:
I. The annuity will pay her $1,000 every six months, six months from today, over the next
ten years; i.e., equivalent to a 2.0% semiannual coupon on $100,000 notional.
II. A perpetuity will pay her $500 every six months but forever
The yield curve happens to be conveniently flat at 8.0% at all maturities. The annuity does not
pay anything beyond the final $1,000 "coupon" which is why we might refer to a "notional" rather
than a "principal." Which of the following is correct?
a) The annuity has a higher present value regardless of the yield

b) The annuity has a higher present value at the current 8.0% yield but not necessarily at
any yield
c) The perpetuity has a higher present value regardless of the yield
d) The perpetuity has a higher present value at the current 8.0% yield but not necessarily at
any yield
36
4. If we observe an upward-sloping term structure of semi-annual forward rates, each of the

following is necessarily true EXCEPT for which is false?
a) a. If an assumption of realized forwards is accurate, there is no risk premium built into

forward rates
b) b. If an assumption of unchanged term structure is accurate, there must be a risk
premium built into forward rates
c) c. Under an assumption of realized forwards, the carry-roll-down, excluding the coupon
(i.e., excluding cash carry) must be negative
d) d. Under an assumption of unchanged yields, a bond price might move up or down over
the next six months; i.e., unclear with more information
5. An eight (8)-year bond with a current price of $975.00 pays an annual coupon of 6.0%. What
is the bond's yield-to-maturity (YTM)?
a) 5.88%
b) 6.41%
c) 6.89%
d) 7.14%
37
Answers:
1. C. 2.93%
N = 6,
PV = -105.91,
PMT = 2.5,
FV = 100,
CPT I/Y = 1.46392 * 2 = 2.92784%; i.e., bond-equivalent refers to semi-annual compound
frequency.
2. C. +0.19% net realized return (and 0.49% gross realized return)

[114 + 1.56250 - 115*(1.003)]/115 = 0.1891%, which is equal to the gross return minus the
financing cost:
(115+1.5625-115)/115 = 0.4891% gross realized return - 0.60%/2 borrowing rate = 0.1891%
3. B. The annuity has a higher present value at this 8.0% yield but not necessarily at any
yield The perpetuity PV = $1,000/0.08 = $12,500; or, equivalently, $500/0.04 = $12,500.
The annuity factor, A(T) = (1 - 1/1.04^20)/0.08 = 6.795163 such that PV = $2,000*6.795163 =
$13,590.33.
At 8.0% yield, the annuity has a higher PV, however, as the yield decreases the perpetuity gains
in relative value. For example, the annuity has an upper bound of $2,000 * 10 years = $20,000
as the yield (discount rate) approaches zero but the perpetuity has no such limit.
4. C. False when the coupon rate is low relative to the yield and the bond prices at a discount
such that pull-to-par effect is sufficiently positive; i.e., without more information on coupon rate,
carry-roll-down might be negative or positive.
In regard to (A), (B), and (D), each is TRUE
5. B. 6.41%
N = 8,
PV = -975,
PMT = 60,
FV = 1000,
CPT I/Y = 6.40913%
38
Tuckman, Chapter 4: OneFactor Risk Metrics and Hedges

Describe an interest rate factor and name common examples of interest rate factors.
Define and compute the DV01 of a fixed income security given a change in yield and the
resulting change in price.
Calculate the face amount of bonds required to hedge an option position given the DV01
of each.
Define, compute, and interpret the effective duration of a fixed income security given a
change in yield and the resulting change in price.
Compare and contrast DV01 and effective duration as measures of price sensitivity.
Define, compute, and interpret the convexity of a fixed income security given a change in
yield and the resulting change in price.
Explain the process of calculating the effective duration and convexity of a portfolio of
fixed income security.
Explain the impact of negative convexity on the hedging of fixed income securities.
Construct a barbell portfolio to match the cost and duration of a given bullet investment,
and explain the advantages and disadvantages of bullet versus barbell portfolios
Describe an interest rate factor and name common examples of

interest rate factors.
An interest rate factor is a random variable that impacts interest in some way. The
simplest formulations assume that there is only one factor driving all interest rates and that the
factor is itself an interest rate. The interest rate factor is typically:
Spot rate,
Forward rate, or
Yield (yield-to-maturity)
In Tuckman, the dollar value of 01 (DV01) tends to assume the interest rate factor is the yield
(yield-to-maturity) so it is really a yield-based DV01.
39
Define and compute the DV01 of a fixed income security given a

change in yield and the resulting change in price.
DV01 is an acronym for dollar value of a 01 (.01%). DV01 gives the change in the value of a
fixed income security for a one-basis point decline:
P
DV01 =
10,000 y
Importantly, the DV01 is related to modified duration:
Duration Mod Price Duration Macaulay Price

DV01 = =
10,000 10,000 1 y
k
DV01
Duration Mod = (10,000)
Price
In this way, we arrive at one of the more important single-factor sensitivity formulas (including
for the exam):
P DMod
DV 01 KEY
10,000 FORMUL
For example: DV01
Consider a zero-coupon bond with 30 years to maturity. Given a yield of 4% with continuous
compounding, the price is $30.12.
Now lets re-price the bond with a yield of 3.99% = 4.00% minus one basis point (1 bps). The
price difference is about $0.09. This is the DV01.
$80
Face $100 $70
Maturity 30.0 Price
$60
$50 Duration
Yield 4.0%
Duration (CC) 30 $40
Slope ~(903.58) $30
$20
Yield Price $10
4.00% $30.12
$-
3.99% $30.21
0% 5% 10%
DV01 $0.090 Yield
40
Another example: DV01
Dollar value of an 01 (DV01; aka, price value of a basis point)

5-year 30-year
Par $100.00 $100.00
Coupon 5.00% 5.00%
Maturity (yrs) 5.0 30.0
Initial Yield 5.00% 5.00%
Initial price $100.00 $100.00
Shock up + 1 bps
Yield 4.99% 4.99%
Price $100.0438 $100.1547
DV01 $0.0438 $0.1547
Shock down - 1 bps
Yield 5.01% 5.01%
Price $99.9563 $99.8456
DV01 $0.0437 $0.1544
41
Calculate the face amount of bonds required to hedge an option

position given the DV01 of each.
If DV01 is expressed in terms of a fixed face amount, hedging a position of F(A) face amount of
security A requires a position of F(B) face amount of security where:
FA DV 01 A
FB
DV 01 B
Call Option Option Bond
Stock (S) $100.00 Face x DV01 = Face x DV01
Strike (K) $100.00 $100,000,000 = $47,348,140
Volatility 40% x $0.0369 x $0.0779
Term (T) 5.0
Write Buy
Rate Price options Bonds
5.00% $3.050 Face $100,000,000 $47,348,140
5.01% $3.087 - 1 bps ($0.037) $0.078
DV01 $0.0369 ($36,900) $36,900
The hedge is based on the following equality (which simply serves to calibrate the face value of
both instruments such that a one basis point change produces and approximately equivalent
dollar value change):
DV01 Bonds DV01 Options

Face ValueBonds Face ValueOptions
100 100
Here is another example:
Call Option Option Bond

Stock (S) $100.00 Face x DV01 = Face x DV01
Strike (K) $100.00 $1,000,000 = $186,166
Volatility 40% x $0.017 x $0.090
Term (T) 5.0
Write Buy
Rate Price options Bonds
4.00% $41.190 Face $1,000,000 $186,166
3.99% $41.207 - 1 bps ($0.017) $0.090
DV01 $0.017 ($168) $168
42
Define, compute, and interpret the effective duration of a fixed income

security given a change in yield and the resulting change in price.
Dollar duration is the slope of the tangent line. Modified duration is dollar duration divided by
price. Effective duration is an approximation of modified duration (technically, it is the slope of
the secant near to the tangent line).
In a vanilla bond (i.e., without embedded options) we can typically use modified and effective
interchangeably. As such, duration (modified or effective) measures the percentage change in
the value (price) of a security for a unit change in the interest rate. Duration (D) is given by:
1 P
D
P y
If we multiply both sides of equation, then we get the following key equation:
P
Dy
P
The above equation says: the percentage change in the price is equal to the modified duration
multiplied by the change in the rate (the minus sign indicates they move in opposite directions;
i.e., a positive yield change corresponds to a negative price change).
When an easy analytical duration is not available, or when the bond contains embedded
options, we prefer effective duration which is given by the following:
price if yields decline - price if yields rise

Duration =
2 (initial price) (yield change in decimal)
V V
D=
2(V0 )(y)
A careful look at the effective duration above will reveal that it simply computes the slope of line
(rise/run), which is dollar duration, and divides by price. So the above is really: duration =
slope*1/P = dollar duration * 1/P, except it is an approximation that will vary slightly based on
the selected shock (e.g., 10 bps, 20 bps, 50 bps).
The text refers to the above formula as durationultimately you will read about three flavors
of duration: effective, modified, and Macaulay. The formula abovebecause it is general
could describe either effective or modified duration (but not Macaulay).
43
It is okay to refer to the formula above as either effective duration or simply duration.
Macaulay duration: Weighted average time until receipt of cash flows from a bond; e.g.,
duration of 10 years
Modified duration: price for 100 basis point (1%) change in yield
Effective duration: Modified plus recognizes that cash flows may change as a result of
yield changes (a.k.a., Effective duration
For example: Effective Duration (Tuckmans semi-annual)
Let us assume:
$1,000 par bond,

4.0% semi-annual coupon rate. The 4.0% is always a per annum rate, so this implies a
$1,000 *4.0%/2 = $20 each six month period.
10 years to maturity
Yield (YTM) is 6.0%
Par value $1,000.00

Years to Maturity 10
Coupon, % 4.0%
Yield 6.0%
Semiannual equivalents:
Coupon, % 2.0%
coupon, $ $20.00
Periods 20
Semiannual Yield 3.0%
Bond Price (PV) $851.23
P20bps P20bps
Deffective
Modified Duration
Shock, bps
2 P0 y
20

Shock, % P5.8% P0.20%
6.2%
Yield up 6.20%
Price (Shock up) 2(851.23)$837.85
0.2%
Yield down 5.80%
Price (Shock down) 864.86 $864.
837.8586
7.93 years
Duration 7.931
2(851.23) 0.2%
44
Compare and contrast DV01 and effective duration as measures of

price sensitivity.
Tuckman: Duration tends to be more convenient than DV01 in the investing context
However, in portfolio aggregation (e.g., hedging a long position with a short position), we need
to use dollar duration (or DV01)
Define, compute, and interpret the convexity of a fixed income

security given a change in yield and the resulting change in price.
Convexity also measures interest rate sensitivity. Mathematically, convexity is given by the
formula below where the term (d2P/dy2) is the second derivative of the price-rate function:
1 d 2P
C
P dy 2
Effective convexity is given by:
V V 2V0
convexity measure =
V0 (y)2
Where:
V0 is the initial price of the bond

V+ is the price of the bond if yields increase by y
V- is the price of the bond if yields decrease by y
y is a change in the yield (in decimal terms)
Applying the Convexity Measure
In order to estimate the percentage price change due to a bonds convexity (i.e., the percentage
price change not explained by duration), the convexity measure must by translated into a
convexity adjustment:
1
Convexity adjustment = convexity measure (y)2
2
Dollar Convexity (aka, Value Convexity)
Dollar convexity: second partial derivative of change in price with respect to the change in yield.
In this way, just as duration is -1/P*dP/dy, convexity is 1/P*d^2/dy^2.
45
For example: Convexity of Tuckmans 10-year bond
Consider a 10-year bond with a 5.0% semi-annual coupon. Note that, like duration, convexity
varies with the yield (i.e., neither duration nor convexity is invariant to the yield):
Tuckman's Table 5.3

Bond: 5s Treasury of February 15, 2011
Application @ 5% (only applies at 5%!)

Face 100 If rates change (bps) 25
Coupon 5.0% Duration term -1.9486%
Maturity Convexity term 0.0230%
10.0
% Change in Bond Price -1.93%
Effective 1st Deriv 2nd Deriv

Rate Bond (modified) (Dollar (Dollar
Level Price Duration Duration) Convexity) Convexity
(C)
3.99% $108.2615
4.00% $108.1757 7.92 -857.4290 8,164.29 75.47
4.01% $108.0901 -856.6126
4.99% $100.0780
5.00% $100.0000 7.79 -779.8264 7,362.87 73.63
5.01% $99.9221 -779.0901
5.99% $92.6322
6.00% $92.5613 7.67 -709.8187 6,644.55 71.79
6.01% $92.4903 -709.1542
Although the exhibit computes convexity at three different yields, we are focused only on the
yield at 5.0%:
The dollar duration = (100 100.0708)/0.01% = -779.83

The effective duration at 5.0% = ($100.0780 - $99.9221 )/(0.02%)*-1/100 = 7.79;
i.e., duration = dollar duration/price
Dollar convexity (second derivative) is the rate of change of the first derivative
= [-779.0901 - (-779.8264)] / (5.01% - 5.00%) = 7,362.87
Convexity (aka, convexity measure) = C = dollar convexity/price = 7,362.87 / 100
=73.63 at 5.0% yield
46
Now we can apply both duration and convexity in order to estimate the change in bond price for
a given yield shock:
We arbitrarily select +25 basis points

Price change estimated by duration = -duration* y = -7.779*25/10,000 = -1.9486%
The price change estimated by convexity = 0.5*C * (y)^2 = 0.5*73.63*(25/10,000)^2
= 0.0230% (this convexity adjustment is always positive due to the squaring!)
Therefore, if the yield increases by 25 bps, we estimate a change to the bond price of -
1.93% = -1.9486% + 0.0230%
Duration and Convexity
Duration and convexity combine to produce an approximation of the price change of the bond.
The price change is given by:
P
D y (Convexity Adjustment)
P
Note this is identical to the following equation because the Convexity Adjustment equals
[convexity measure x yield change^2]:
P 1
Dy convexity measure y 2
P 2
Duration is a first-order linear (partial derivative) approximation of the sensitivity of the price to
small changes in the yield it is therefore flawed because the price-yield curve is not linear.
Convexity is the second-order approximation that we use to explain the change in price that is
not explained by duration. The effect of convexity is additive for both yield increases and
decreases.
47
Another example: Effective Duration and Convexity
Let us assume:
$100 par bond,

3.0% semi-annual coupon rate
10 years to maturity
Yield (YTM) is 5.0%
Par value $100.00

Years to Maturity 10
Coupon, % 3.0%
Yield 5.0%
Bond Price (PV) $84.41
Modified Duration
Shock, bps 50
Shock, % 0.50%
Yield up 5.50%
Price (Shock up) $80.97
Yield down 4.50%
Price (Shock down) $88.03
Duration 8.362
Dollar value of an '01 (DV01)

Shock up + 1 bps
Yield 4.99%
Price $84.48
DV01 $0.07
Shock down - 1 bps
Yield 5.01%
Price $84.34
DV01 $0.07
DV01 another way:
(P x D)/10,000 $0.07
First, we compute the price of the bond: The price of the bond is about $84.41 because N=20,
I/Y=2.5, PMT=$1.5, FV=100 are the inputs that allow us to compute (CPT) a present value (PV)
of $84.41.
48
Next, we shock up by re-pricing the same bond with a 50 bps rate increase: the higher yield
produces a lower value (V-) of about $80.97 because the re-priced bond is given by N=20,
I/Y=2.75, PMT=$1.5, FV=100 and CPT PV $80.97 (note the 50 basis point shock implies a
5.5% annual yield, which is 2.75% semi-annually).
Then we shock down by re-pricing the bond with a 50 bps rate decrease: the lower yield
produces a higher value (V+) of about $88.03 because the re-priced bond is given by N=20,
I/Y=2.25, PMT=$1.5, FV=100 and CPT PV $88.03 (note the 50 basis point shock implies a
4.5% yield, which is 2.25% semi-annually).
We can now solve for the duration equation. The Duration is given by (88.03 - 80.97)
[(2)(84.41)(.005)] 8.36 (or 8.37 if you didnt round anything along the way):
V V 88.03 80.97
D= 8.36
2(V0 )(y) (2)(84.41)(0.005)
We solved for duration, now we need convexity. The Convexity Measure is given by [88.03 +
80.97 (2) (84.41)] [(2) (84.41) (0.005)2] 42.6 (or 40.6 if you didnt round along the way).
V V 2V0 80.91 88.03 (2)(84.41)

convexity measure = 42.6
2V0 (y)2 (2)(84.41)(.005)2
We have solved for the duration and the convexity measure. Now we apply these metrics to
answer the question, What is the percentage change in price for a given percentage change in
yield? We have been shocking by 50 basis points, and we could continue to use 50 basis
points. However, we can also simply use 100 basis points (1%) for the final sensitivity.
The Convexity Measure no meaning by itself. We need to translate the Convexity Measure into
a proper Convexity Adjustment. The convexity adjustment (CA) is given by (Convexity
Measure)(0.01)^2 = 0.00426 or 0.426% .
Notice that we deliberately included a (2) in the denominator, only because some authors
do this. If we instead applied the previous formula for convexity, we would get a Convexity
Measure given by [88.03 + 80.97 (2) (84.41)] [(84.41) (0.005)2] 81.3. Then plug this
Convexity Measure (81.3) into a Convexity Adjustment formula that is given by (1/2)(convexity
measure)(0.01)^2 which gets to the same result. There is no difference: if we include the (2)
in the denominator of the convexity measure then we do not include the (1/2) in the
convexity adjustment. The contribution of convexity is the same +0.4260%.
49
Finally, we combine duration and convexity. We could use any shock, but now we will shock
with 1% (100 basis points). The price impact due to the duration component is simply (D)(1%) or
0.0836. This the normal (linear) duration: our duration of 8.36 means that a 1% change in yield
implies an 8.36% change in price.
The percentage change in the price of the security can now be determined as a function of both
duration and convexity:
The % price change for a +1% yield (+100 bps) = (-8.36)(1%) + 0.426% = -7.9%.
The % price change for a -1% yield (-100 bps) = (-8.36)(-1%) + 0.426% = +8.79%
Notice we plugged in the Convexity Adjustment. Alternatively, we could have plugged the
Convexity Measure directly into the final equation:
% price for a +1% yield (+100 bps) = (-8.36)(1%)+(42.6)(1%)^2 -7.9%.

% price for a -1% yield (-100 bps) = (-8.36)(-1%)+(42.6)(1%)^2 +8.79%.
Interpret and apply convexity in investment and assetliability management
The greater the convexity, then the less reliable is duration because duration is linear. For highly
convex securities, duration is unsafe. Further, because the term (y2) is always positive,
positive convexity increases returns for any given movement in interest rates.
Assetliability managers can better hedge against interest rate changes by hedging both
duration and convexity (i.e., instead of only duration).
Compute the duration of a portfolio
The duration of a portfolio equals a weighted sum of individual durations where each securitys
weight is its value as a percentage of portfolio value:
Pi
D Di
P
Explain the process of calculate the effective duration and convexity

of a portfolio of fixed income security.
In regard to both modified (effective) duration and convexity, portfolio duration and convexity
equal the weighted sum of individual (component), respectively, durations and convexities
where each components (securitys) weight is its value as a percentage of portfolio value:
Pi Pi
D Di C Ci
P P
50
Explain the impact of negative convexity on the hedging of fixed

income securities.
A callable bond exhibits negative convexity at lower yields:
Non callable versus Callable bond

$160,000
$140,000
$120,000
$100,000
Price
$80,000
$60,000
$40,000
$20,000
$0
3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12%
Rate
This negative convexity could also characterize a mortgage-backed security (MBS). In a later
chapter on the negative convexity of an MBS, Tuckman makes three points about the
characteristics of a mortgage pass-through:
As youd expect, at low yields it shows negative convexity. At low yields, borrowers will exercise
their prepayment option by refinancing. (a popular test question asks if all bonds are positively
convex. Answer, yes, all plain vanilla bonds have positive convexity, but bonds with embedded
options can have negative convexity).
At low yields the price tends to rise above the par a bit. Thats because refinancing isnt
perfectly responsive and rational; it tends to lag.
At higher yields, the pre-payable pass-through shows a higher price. This ones a little tricky. It
is because prepayments are not triggered only by lower rates. They are also triggered by
housing turnover. Since there will be some prepayments are higher rates, that makes the pass-
through a bit more valuable at higher rates-investor like prepayments when rates rise!
The striking aspect of [callable bond with negative convexity] is the positive convexity of the
bond and the negative convexity of the callable bond combine to make the DV01 hedge quite
unstable away from 5%.
Care must be exercised when mixing securities of positive and negative convexity because the
resulting hedges or comparative return estimates are inherently unstable.
51

1. The modified duration is 10.46 years of a bond with a current price of $716.38. What is the
bond's DV01?
a) $0.40
b) $0.75
c) $1.25
d) Need more information (yield, maturity)
2. A 15-year zero-coupon bond has a price of $63.98 when the yield is 3.00%. At this 3.00%
yield, the bond's dollar duration is -952.0; if the yield increases by 10 basis points to 3.10% the
bond's dollar duration drops to -938.0. Recall that the dollar duration is the first derivative of the
price-rate function, dP/dy (modified duration is -1/P multiplied by this dollar duration). What is
the bond's convexity at 3.00%?
a) 28
b) 124
c) 219
d) 435
3. A market maker sells (writes) $100 million face value of call options on underlying bonds
when the interest rate is 4.0%. The price of the call options is $3.0 million and their (modified)
duration is 80.0 years. At the same 4.0% rate, as the underlying bonds pay a 4.0% coupon, the
price of the underlying happens to equal $100 par with a duration of 7.0 years. What is the
market maker's hedge transaction?
a) Short $12.9 million of underlying bond

b) Short $24.0 million of underlying bond
c) Long $24.0 million of underlying bond
d) Long $34.3 million of underlying bond
4. A fixed income manager owns a barbell portfolio with equal weights in two zero-coupon
bonds: 50% of its value in a two-year zero-coupon bond and 50% in a 12-year zero-coupon
bond. The manager is considered shifting the investment to a bullet portfolio with the same
value but instead 100% invested in a zero-coupon bond with seven years to maturity. Each of
the following is true about the portfolios EXCEPT (please assume semi-annual compounding):
a) At a yield of 4.0%, the bullet portfolio's Macaulay duration is 7.0 years

b) At all yields, the barbell's Macaulay duration is similar to bullet's Macaulay duration
c) At a yield of 4.0%, the barbell portfolio's convexity approximately 50 years^2
d) At a yield of 4.0%, the barbell portfolio's convexity is higher than the bullet's convexity
52
5. A bond portfolio manager makes the following two statements:
"We hedged our bond position (B), which has a duration of 6.5 years, with the hedge portfolio
(H), which also has a duration of 6.5 years. Therefore, if interest rates increase by 20 basis
points, the percentage decrease in the value of (B) will be equal to the percentage increase in
the value of (H)."
I. "We have a short position in a portfolio of plain-vanilla [ie., no embedded options]

coupon-bearing bonds, with portfolio duration of 5.0 years. Therefore, if yields increase
by 20 basis points, our gain will likely be less than 1.0%, but if yields decrease by 20
basis points, our loss will likely be greater than 1.0%"
Which of the above statement(s) is (are) true?
a) Neither is true
b) I. only
c) II. only
d) Both I. and II. are true
53
Answers
1. B. $0.75
DV01 = modified duration * Price = 10.46 * 716.38 / 10,000 = $0.74933
2. C. 219
C = [(952 - 938)/0.0010]/63.98 = 218.82; please note how near it is to 15 years ^ 2 = 225.
Per Tuckman, we can estimate the second derivative (dollar convexity) by dividing the change
in the first derivative by the change in the rate.
In this case, the dollar convexity is given by (952 - 938)/0.001 = 14,000.
Convexity (C) = d^2P/dy^2 * 1/P = dollar convexity * 1/P = 14,000/63.98 = 218.82
3. D. Long $34.3 million of underlying bond

The DV01 of the written call options, DV01 = P*D/10000 = 3 million*80/10000 = $24,000 or
$240 per 100 face.
To hedge, the market marker should buy P = DV01*10,000/D = 240 * 10,000 / 7 = $342,857 per
100 face or $34.285 million in the underlying bond.
4. C. False, while the convexity of the bullet is ~50 years^2, the convexity of the barbell
~75, such that (D) is true.
Under semi-annual compounding, convexity of a zero = T*(T+0.5)/(1+y/2)^2.
In this case, the convexity of the 2-year = 2*2.5/1.02^2 = 4.81; convexity of the 12-year =
12*12.5/1.02^2 = 144.18; convexity of the 7-year = 7*7.5/1.02^2 = 50.46.
Please note, in the case annual compounding, the convexities would be similar as
C=T*(T+1)/(1+y)^2
Convexity, like duration, is a weighted-average of portfolio components.
In the case of the barbell, portfolio convexity = 50%*4.81 + 50%*144.18 = 74.49.
In the case of the bullet, portfolio convexity = 100%*50.46 = 50.46.
5. C. II. only
I. is false because the convexities may be different.
II. is true due to the convexity. Duration is a linear approximation. If the duration is 5, the linear
estimate of a price change is 1.0% = 5*0.20%.
For a long position, due to the convexity, the actual loss (gain) on a 20 bps yield increase
(decrease) change will be less than (greater than) 1%.
For a short position, due to the convexity, the actual gain (loss) on a 20 bps yield increase
(decrease) change will be less than (greater than) 1%.
... similar to option gamma, ceteris paribus, convexity works "in favor of" the long and works
against the short.
54
Tuckman, Chapter 5: Multi-Factor Risk Metrics and Hedges

Describe and assess the major weakness attributable to single-factor approaches when
hedging portfolios or implementing asset liability techniques.
Define key rate exposures and know the characteristics of key rate exposure factors
including partial 01s and forward-bucket 01s.
Describe key-rate shift analysis.
Define, calculate, and interpret key rate 01 and key rate duration.
Describe the key rate exposure technique in multi-factor hedging applications and
summarize its advantages and disadvantages.
Calculate the key rate exposures for a given security, and compute the appropriate
hedging positions given a specific key rate exposure profile.
Describe the relationship between key rates, partial '01s and forward-bucket 01s, and
calculate the forward bucket 01 for a shift in rates in one or more buckets.
Construct an appropriate hedge for a position across its entire range of forward bucket
exposures.
Explain how key rate and multi-factor analysis may be applied in estimating portfolio
volatility.
Describe and assess the major weakness attributable to single-factor

approaches when hedging portfolios or implementing asset liability
techniques.
Weaknesses attributable to single-factor approaches
Up until now, we have worked with fixed income portfolios using duration and convexity to
assess the impact on our portfolio give, e.g. a change in yields. However, this approach
presupposes that we can think of the term-structure as being governed by a single factor. Now,
the problem with this is that it is observed that for different maturities we observe shifts that do
not always move by the same relative or absolute magnitude; indeed we can observe that 10-
year rates go down at the same time as 3-year rates go down.
This is what is known as curve risk. To better understand why one factor is not necessarily
ideal, we can analyze models of the term-structure of interest rates. Most models nowadays
have at least 3 factors, an intercept, a slope factor and a concavity factor. These 3 factors
combines explain more than 95% of movements in the term-structure of interest rates; however,
a single factor alone, such as DV01 performs much less favorably.
55
Hedging portfolios and matching assets and liabilities
Since we just saw that rates of different maturities can change in opposite direction, or with
different absolute or relative magnitudes, a natural implication of this is: what about our hedges,
or the matching of our assets and liabilities? Well, since we are exposed to curve-risk,
especially with one factor approaches such as DV01, it is clear that we have to reassess how
we think about hedging.
Define key rate exposures and know the characteristics of key rate
exposure factors including partial 01s and forward-bucket 01s.
When talking about key rate exposures three approaches that naturally come up are key-rate
shifts, partial 01s and forward-bucket 01s. Below we will explore each of these techniques in
more detail. However, the common theme of key rate exposures is that different maturity rates
do not change in tandem. So rather than matching the total duration, we disaggregate the
information about duration. That is, we look at the distribution of risk across maturities, and see
what combination of different maturity rates can constitute a good hedge for our portfolio.
Describe key-rate shift analysis.

Key-rate shifts make two simplifying assumptions:
1. Shifts in the key-rates are linear

2. The rate of a given maturity is affected solely by its closest key-rate. For example, a shift
in the 10-year rate is determined by the changes in the 5-year and 30-year rates. That is,
if the 5-year and 1-year rates were to stay constant, a change in the 1-year rate would
not change the 10-year rate.
Both of these assumptions are violated by theory and empirical evidence. However, it is
important to recognize that this by itself is not reason to abandon the key-rate shift approach.
We can safely say that the key-rate shift approach is not a theory, however, it is a model a
simplification of the world, and it performs quite well in practice.
So what is the key-rate shift technique? In its simplest form it consists of picking a few rates
along the term-structure that describes it well: that are representative of the curve. Typically,
liquid instruments are picked, which generally implies maturities of 2-year, 5-year, 10-year and
30-year rates as these are among the most heavily traded instruments.
The key point is that the rates we choose are normalized such that they are one basis point at
their maturity and decline linearly to 0 at the maturity of the closest key-rate. Going back to our
previous example, this would mean that the 10-year rate would decline linearly from 1 basis
point at the 10 year mark to 0 basis points at the 5-year, and 30-year mark (this forming a tent
shape). The sum of a shift in the key-rates is then defined to sum to 1 basis point, such that we
can disaggregate the total DV01 or duration change into our rate components.
56
Define, calculate, and interpret key rate 01 and key rate duration.
Value Key-rate '01 Key-rate Duration

Initial curve 26.22311
2-year shift 26.22411 -0.001 -0.38
5-year shift 26.22664 -0.0035 -1.35
10 year shift 26.25763 -0.0345 -13.16
30-year shift 26.10121 0.1219 46.49
Total 0.0829 31.60
The table above, taken from Tuckman Chapter 5, shows $100 face C-STRIPs due 2040 along
with key-rate duration and key-rate 01 calculations. The initial curve is the basis for our
calculations, and the 2, 5, 10 and 30-year is the present value after applying a one basis point
shift.
We can write the key-rate 01 w.r.t. to the key-rate such that the price change of a one-basis
point shift up is given as so,
1
01 =
10,000
Let us use this formula and give an example of the change in price of the $100 face C-STRIPs.
Applying the formula to the 5-year shift we get that
1 26.22664 26.22311
= 0.035,
10,000 0.01%
which we can see from the table does indeed correspond to the key-rate 01 for the 5-year shift.
Similarly, we can write the key-rate duration as so,
1
= .

Applying this formula to the same example as for 01 , we get
1 26.22664 26.22311
= 1.35,
26.22311 0.01%
which is equal to the key-rate duration calculated in the table.
So, what do these numbers mean? Looking at the table we can see that the numbers are
negative for key-rate01 and key-rate duration for all but the 30-year shift. This tells us that, in
terms of C-STRIPS, we have a long position in the 30-year par bond, and short positions, in the
lower maturity par bonds. Do note that the positions get smaller and smaller the closer the
maturity gets to the initial curve.
57
Describe the key rate exposure technique in multi-factor hedging

applications and summarize its advantages and disadvantages.
Advantages of key rate exposure techniques
Key rate durations are defined as the sensitivity of the portfolio value to the given key rates at
different points along the term structure. As we have seen and shall see, these duration
measures can be used in decomposing portfolio returns, identifying interest rate risk exposure,
designing active trading strategies, or implementing passive portfolio strategies such as portfolio
immunization and index replication.
Now, in terms of key-rate exposure specifically, the ability to improve on the unrealistic
duration/DV01 assumption of parallel yield curve shift is the primary advantage of key rates.
That is we can hedge a non-parallel change in the term-structure. Another advantage of the
key-rate exposure approach is that, despite using multiple rates to hedge there is no need to
calculate the covariance matrix, nor do we need to make any assumption regarding the
correlation, or co-dependence between rates.
In general, the greater the number of key rates we use, the better the quality of the resulting
hedge. Intuitively this makes sense: using five key rates and thus five securities to hedge a
portfolio can protect against a wider variety of yield curve changes than DV01-hedging alone.
Remembering that basis risk refers to the quality of the hedge, this effectively has the effect of
reducing our basis risk.
Disadvantages of key rate exposure techniques
However, taking our argument to its logical conclusion, does that imply that we should use as
many key-rate buckets as possible? As you might have guessed the answer to this is no. If
rates and our portfolio did not change over time, it could theoretically be true. However, in a
real-world setting the rates fluctuate, as does the value and composition of a typical portfolio.
Adjusting our hedge with a large amount of securities every time this happened would be
prohibitively expensive as well as impractical. Disadvantages thus include the added complexity
of managing multiple instruments, as well as the higher transaction costs incurred.
58
Calculate the key rate exposures for a given security, and compute
the appropriate hedging positions given a specific key rate exposure
profile.
This section we will see how we may utilize what we have learned about key-rate exposure to
construct a hedge.
Bond Position Hedge Alternate Hedge

.75s of 5/31/15 -5.19
2.125s of 5/31/18 72.446 -80.006 -80.008
3.5s of 5/15/23 -40 -0.487
0s of 5/15/43 -100
4.375s of 5/15/43 47.077 22.633 21.806
This example and the table above is taken from the assigned Tuckman reading, and following
his example, it is based on a trader who:
Shorts $100 million face of a 30-year STRIPS to a customer, buying roughly $47 million
face of the 30-year bond to hedge the interest rate risk that results
The trader facilitated a customer 5s-10s curve trade by shorting $40 million face of the
10-year note and buying roughly $72 million of the 5-year note.
Key-rate '01 per 100 face amount

Bond 2-year 5-year 10-year 30 year Sum
.75s of 5/31/15 0.199 0 0 0 0.199
2.125s of 5/31/18 0 0.48 0 0 0.48
3.5s of 5/15/23 0 -0.0001 0.87 0 0.8699
0s if 5/15/43 -0.001 -0.0035 -0.0345 0.1219 0.0829
4.375s of 5/15/43 0 0.0001 0.001 0.1749 0.176
Total position $1,000 $38,377 $198 $(39,578) $(3)
Hedge $(1,000) $(38,377) $(198) $39,578 $3
Alternate Hedge $31 $(38,379) $217 $38,131 $-
Total + Alt.
$1,031 $(2) $415 $(1,447) $(3)
Hedge
59
The hedger is long $72.4m of the five year and short $40m of the 10-year. Using the key-
.
rate01s, we see that x $40m = $72.4m. The trader is also long $47.077m of the 30-year
.
.
bonds, with a short of $100m of the 30-year STRIPS: x $100m = $47.077m.
.
The 5-year key-rate01 is given by:
. . . .
72.446 x 40 x 100 x + 47.077 x = 0.038361, which translates
to ($38,361 due to rounding) = $38,377 as can be seen in the table. The trader is DV01 neutral
(by construction). However, the trader has a 5s-30s steepener, and needs to hedge this to get a
flatter key-rate profile. The face amount of each of the key-rate01s hedging securities must be
set to zero such that we have the following system of equations:
0.0199
+0 +0 +0 + $1000 = 0,
100
0.048 0.0001 0.0001

+ + $38,377 = 0,
100 100 100
0.087 0.001
+ + $198 = 0,
100 100
0.1749
$39,578 = 0,
100
Solving for this yields $22.633m that indeed corresponds to the hedge amount for the 30-
year in the first of the tables above.
This seemed like a lot of work, so lets look at a short-cut method, which gives a fairly good
approximation. Looking at the second table, we see that the 01 of the 30-year is 0.1749 and the
amount to be hedge is -$39,578. The approximate face amount of the 30-year bond we need to
$
go long can be found by = $22,63m.
. %
60
Describe the relationship between key rates, partial '01s and forward-
bucket 01s, and calculate the forward-bucket 01 for a shift in rates in
one or more buckets.
Swaps have become the most popular interest rate benchmark. Interest rate risk is measured in
terms of swap curves by many market participants. When swaps are taken as the benchmark
for interest rates, risk along the curve is usually measured with Partial 01s or Partial PV01s
rather than with key-rate 01s.
Swap market participants fit a par swap rate curve every day, if not more frequently, from a set
of traded or observable par swap rates and shorter-term money market and futures rates.
Leveraging this curve-fitting machinery, sensitivities of a portfolio or trading book are measured
in terms of changes in the rates of the fitting securities. More specifically, the partial 01 with
respect to a particular fitted rate is defined as the change in the value of the portfolio
after a one-basis-point decline in that fitted rate and a refitting of the curve. All other fitted
rates are unchanged.
For example, if a curve fitting algorithm fits the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate
(LIBOR) rate and par rates at 2-, 5-, 10-, and 30-year maturities, then the two-year partial 01
would be the change in the value of a portfolio for a one-basis point decline in the two-year par
rate and a refitting of the curve, where the three-month LIBOR and the par 5-, 10-, and 30-year
rates are kept the same.
With key-rate shifts defined in terms of par yields, the key-rate profile of the 10-year bond, for
example, would be its DV01 for the 10-year shift and zero for all other shifts only if the 10-year
bond matured in exactly 10 years and were priced at exactly par.
By contrast, in the case of partial 01s, the shifts are defined precisely in terms of the
fitting securities. Therefore, by construction, all of the 01 of a fitting security is concentrated in
the partial 01 calculated by shifting its rate, making calculating hedges particularly easy.
Nevertheless, since there are typically many fitting securities, market practice is to trade enough
of the fitting securities so as to achieve an acceptable profile of partial 01s rather than trading
every single fitting security so as to zero-out all partial 01s.
The PV01 of a security is defined as the change in the value of the security if the rates of all
fitting securities decline by one basis point. Hence is conceptually equivalent to DV01, where
the underlying curve-fitting methodology defines rates at all terms given the changes in the rates
of the fitting securities. Furthermore, since the sum of all the partial 01 shifts is the shiftwith
one caveat (*)the partial 01s may be thought of as a decomposition of the PV01 into risks
along the curve.
(*) The technical caveat is that money market rates and swap rates are quoted under different
day-count conventions, namely, actual/360 for LIBOR-related rates and 30/360 for the fixed side
of swaps. So, if money market rates and swap rates are mixed when fitting swap curves, as
they usually are, changing each market rate by a basis point is not the same as changing all
actual/360 rates by a basis point or all 30/360 rates by a basis point. To ensure that the sum of
the partial 01s does equal the PV01, all rates could be converted into a single day-count
convention. But this normalization sacrifices the desirable property that the 01 of each fitting
security equals its 01 with respect to its own quoted rate.
61
Construct an appropriate hedge for a position across its entire range

of forward bucket exposures.
This AIM will be updated in the next version of these notes thank you for your patience.
Explain how key rate and multi-factor analysis may be applied in

estimating portfolio volatility.
Following a stylized example from the Tuckman reading, let us say we have a portfolio that has
a DV01 of $10,000 and we observe that interest rates have a volatility of 100bp per annum. This
implies that our portfolio has a volatility of $10,000x100 = $1million per annum. However, this
assumes that the volatility term-structure is governed by only 1 factor.
We have seen the term-structure of interest rates, however, we have not yet raised any
questions regarding volatility. However, just like there is a term-structure for interest rates, there
is also a term-structure for volatility. The volatility term-structure is typically downward sloping
when plotted against maturity. That is, the shorter the maturity of the par-rate, the more volatile
it tends to be. We typically look at the volatility term structure by promptness. That means, that,
e.g., every month when a rate expires, the next rate moves ahead in line and becomes the spot
rate, and the following rate becomes the prompt rate. An alternative to looking at the volatility
term-structure by promptness is to look at the volatility year-over-year.
Why do we call it, volatility term-structure by promptness when clearly the spot rate is ahead of
the prompt rate (the prompt rate is spot + t1)? This is partially due to the fact that during the last
month of trading, there are factors such as delivery, closing out of positions and so forth that
makes the spot month volatility look very different than the rest of the volatility term-structure.
Moreover, for some instruments typically consumption commodities there is very little actual
trading in the spot month.
Now lets look at how one might go about estimating volatilities for the key-rates:
1. Start off by estimating the volatility for each key-rate, as well as the correlation for each
pair of key-rates.
2. Proceed to compute the key-rate 01s of your portfolio.
3. Then, compute the variance and volatility of your portfolio.
62
Looking at an actual example might make this easier to understand how to execute in practice.
We make the following assumptions:
There are two key-rates and .

The key rates of the portfolio are 01 and 01 .
P gives the value of our portfolio.
By using the definition of the key rates, we have that the change in our portfolio value is given
by,
= 01 + 01
Then applying the usual formula for finding the variance of the portfolio, we get,
= 01 + 01 + 2 , 01 01 .
This approach can be applied in just the same manner with Partial PV01s and forward-
bucket01s. Do note however, that this example was not chose by accident: while the
methodology is the same, Partial PV01s and forward-bucket01s generally have more reference
rates than the key-rate approach. As a corollary, it would require the estimation of a greater
number of volatilities and a greater number of correlation pairs. Those approaches are therefore
highly unlikely to be tested on the exam than is this relatively simple case.
63
Questions & Answers:

1. An underlying exposure (position) has a five-year key-rate '01 of +$23,970. If this key rate
exposure can be hedged by trading five-year bond that itself has a 5-year KR01 of $0.0480 per
100 face amount, what is the hedge trade?
a) Buy ~ $499,375 in face amount

b) Buy ~ $49.94 million in face amount
c) Sell ~ $499,375 in face amount
d) Sell ~ $49.94 million in face amount
2. In regard to a key rate exposure profile where the key rate type is par yields, which of the
following statements is TRUE?
a) If trades neutralize all of the key rate exposures (KR01), then the yield-based DV01 will
be approximately neutralized
b) If trades neutralize the yield-based DV01, then each of the key rate exposures (KR01s)
will be approximately neutralized
c) A negative key rate exposure must be the result of a short position and cannot be the
result of a long position
d) If a coupon-bearing bond has a maturity of exactly five (5) years and prices exactly at
par, all of its KR01s (i.e., 2, 5, 10, and 30-year) will equal its yield-based DV01
3. When swaps are taken as the benchmark for interest rates, risk along the curve is usually
measured with Partial 01s, or Partial PV01s, rather than with key-rate 01s. Each of the
following is true about Partial '01s EXCEPT for?
a) Because the prices of money market and swap instruments are used to build a swap
curve, the number of securities used in the Partial '01 methodology is typically greater
than the number used in the key-rate framework
b) The PV01 of a security is defined as the change in the value of the security if the rates of
all fitting securities decline by one basis point. Consequently, PV01 is conceptually
equivalent to DV01, where the underlying curve-fitting methodology defines rates at all
terms given the changes in the rates of the fitting securities
c) An advantage of the Partial '01 method is a lack of need to refit the curve: upon the one
basis point shock, the calculation of the Partial '01 is independent of the swap curve
construction
d) Because the sum of all the partial 01 shifts is the PV01 shift, the partial 01s may be
thought of as a decomposition of the PV01 into risks along the curve.
64
4. A bond portfolio with a face value of $10.0 million is exposed to only two key rates:
2-year key rate: KR01[2 year] = 0.010 per 100 face amount, with daily volatility of 4.0
basis points
5-year key rate: KR01[5 year] = 0.020 per 100 face amount, with daily volatility of 9.0
basis points
Correlation between key rates, rho[2-year, 5-year] = 0.76
Face value of portfolio = $10.0 million
Which is nearest to the daily volatility of the portfolio, in dollar terms?
a) $2,530
b) $22,000
c) $85,600
d) $203,900
5. Assume two bond portfolios with identical yields of 5.0%. One is a bullet portfolio with
duration equal to 9; the other is a barbell portfolio with duration also equal to 9. How do their
convexities compare?
a) Barbell convexity is less than (<) bullets convexity

b) Barbell convexity is greater than (>) bullets convexity
c) Convexities are similar
d) Need more information
65
Answers:
1. D. Sell ~ $49.94 million in face amount = $23,970 / (0.0480 / 100) = $49,937,500
2. A. TRUE: If trades neutralize all of the key rate exposures (KR01), then the yield-based DV01
will be approximately neutralized (but not exactly)
In regard to (B), (C), and (D) each is clearly false.

In regard to (C), a long position in a bond with a negative KR01 produces a negative key
rate exposure.
In regard to (D), the five-year KR01 will equal the bond's yield-based DV01, but each of
the other rates will be zero.
3. C. False. Partial '01 explicitly refits such that the calculation is dependent on curve
construction methodology
Tuckman: "Swap market participants fit a par swap rate curve every day, if not more frequently,
from a set of traded or observable par swap rates and shorter-term money market and futures
rates. Leveraging this curve-fitting machinery, sensitivities of a portfolio or trading book are
measured in terms of changes in the rates of the fitting securities. More specifically, the partial
01 with respect to a particular fitted rate is defined as the change in the value of the portfolio
after a one-basis-point decline in that fitted rate and a refitting of the curve. All other fitted rates
are unchanged. So, for example, if a curve fitting algorithm fits the three-month London
Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) rate and par rates at 2-, 5-, 10-, and 30-year maturities, then
the two-year partial 01 would be the change in the value of a portfolio for a one-basis point
decline in the two-year par rate and a refitting of the curve, where the three-month LIBOR and
the par 5-, 10-, and 30-year rates are kept the same. Note how the details of calculating partial
01s are intertwined with the details of constructing the swap curve."
In regard to (A), (B) and (D), each is TRUE.
4. B. $22,000
The bond positions KR01s are:
2-year = 0.010 per 100 face * $10,000,000 / 100 = $1,000

5-year = 0.020 per 100 face * $10,000,000 / 100 = $2,000
Portfolio volatility = SQRT($1,000^2*4.0^2 + $2,000^2*9.0^2 + 2*$1,000*$2,000*4*9*0.760) =

$21,200
Note how this is a little less than the volatility under a perfect correlation, in which case we could
just add:
2-year KR01 of $1,000 * 4 bps = $4,000, plus

5-year KR01 of $2,000 * 9 bps = 18,000
Equals $22,000 under correlation of 1.0
5. B. Barbell convexity is greater than (>) bullets convexity

As convexity scales with roughly the square of maturity, the long-duration bond in the barbell
portfolio will disproportionately increase the convexity of the barbell.
66

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P1.T4. Valuation & Risk Models

Bruce Tuckman, Fixed Income Securities, 3rd Edition

Bionic Turtle FRM Study Notes

TUCKMAN, CHAPTER 1: PRICES, DISCOUNT FACTORS, AND ARBITRAGE ............ 4

Tuckman, Chapter 1: Prices, Discount Factors, and Arbitrage

Describe the common day-count conventions used in bond pricing.

Define discount factor and use a discount function to compute

$101.40 d (0.5) $100 $100 7.875%

Face (par) value $100.00

Par value $100.00

Years 1.0 $107.13 $3.19 $3.13 $2.63

Years 1.5 $103.19 $3.13 $2.63

Years 2.0 $103.13 $2.63

Years 2.5 $102.63

Define the law of one price, explain it using an arbitrage argument,

Identify the components of a U.S. Treasury coupon bond, and

The stripping creates five C-STRIPS and one P-STRIP:

Cash Flow Price Price

They can be combined or re-constructed

Construct a replicating portfolio using multiple fixed-income

For example (GARP Sample Question 18, 2010):

Discussion on the above question at

Identify arbitrage opportunities for fixed income securities with

Face (par) value $100.00

Predicted Price 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 2.5

Describe the common day-count conventions used in bond pricing.

Three important conventions are:

Actual/Actual used for Government bonds

Questions and Answers

a) The stripping creates 21 zero-coupon bonds

a) d(0.5) = 0.9790, d(1.0) = 0.9830

3. B. Technical (non-fundamental) factors; e.g., liquidity, supply/demand

In regard to (A), arbitrage tends to reduce the trading premium/discount.

4. B. d(0.5) = 0.9850, d(1.0) = 0.9720

Tuckman, Chapter 2: Spot, Forward and Par Rates

Calculate discount factors given interest rate swap rates.

Compute spot rates given discount factors.

Interpret the relationship between spot, forward and par rates.

Calculate and describe the impact of different compounding

The relationship between continuous compounding and discrete compounding (semi-annual

Compute semiannual compounded rate of return for a CStrip

Calculate discount factors given interest rate swap rates.

The six-month discount factor, d(0.5) = 100/ [100*(1+0.705%/2)] = 0.9965. This

Compute spot rates given discount factors.

Compute semiannual compounded rate of return for a CStrip

10-year C-STRIP quoted at 58.779

Assume a 1-year treasury bond that pays a 6% semi-annual coupon.

Calculate the bond price using discount factors:

Price = ($3 0.992556) + ($103 0.980296) = $103.95

Calculate the bond price using spot rates:

This is just a series of present value calculations:

Calculate the bond price using forward rates:

$100 Par, 6% Coupon YTM: 2.72%

Years to Maturity 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5

Discounted (spot) $2.98 $2.94 $2.90 $2.85 $96.20

Interpret the relationship between spot, forward and par rates.

Exhibit from Tuckman comparing price to maturity: