PIP Assessment Guide

A DWP guidance document for providers carrying out assessments for

Personal Independence Payment

Updated on 28 July 2015

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Foreword
This document has been produced by the Department for Work and Pensions
(DWP) to provide guidance for providers carrying out assessments for
Personal Independence Payment (PIP).

It is intended to supplement the contract documents agreed with providers as

part of the commercial process, providing guidance for health professionals
carrying out assessment activity and for those responsible for putting in place
and delivering processes to ensure the quality of assessments.

All Health Professionals (HPs) undertaking assessments on behalf of DWP

must be registered practitioners who have also met requirements around
training, experience and competence. This document must be read with the
understanding that as experienced practitioners and trained disability
analysts, HPs will have detailed knowledge of the principles and practice of
relevant diagnostic techniques and therefore such information is not contained
in this guidance.

In addition, the guidance is not a stand-alone document, and should form only
a part of the training and written documentation that HPs receive from
providers.

It must be remembered that some of the information may not be readily

understood by those who are not trained and experienced HPs. It also
focuses specifically on the role of HPs in the assessment and the quality of
their work. It is not intended to cover all the requirements placed on providers
as part of the PIP assessment contracts; their full business processes; or
work carried out by DWP to monitor and manage provider performance.

Office of the DWP Chief Medical Officer

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Contents
Foreword....................................................................................................................... 2
Contents........................................................................................................................ 3
1. Introduction........................................................................................................... 4
1.1 About Personal Independence Payment ................................................. 4
1.2. The Health Professional role ..................................................................... 8
1.3. The Case Manager role ............................................................................. 9
2. Carrying out PIP assessments ........................................................................ 11
2.1. The PIP assessment process.................................................................. 11
2.2. Initial reviews.............................................................................................. 14
2.3. Further Evidence ....................................................................................... 16
2.4. Terminal Illness .......................................................................................... 21
2.5. Paper-Based Review ................................................................................ 27
2.6. Face-to-Face Consultation ...................................................................... 32
2.7. Other issues related to face-to-face consultations ............................... 42
2.8. Completing assessment reports ............................................................. 48
2.9. Prognosis .................................................................................................... 54
2.10. Review dates.............................................................................................. 56
2.11. Identifying claimants with additional support needs ............................ 58
2.12. Requests for Supplementary Advice ...................................................... 61
2.13. Advice on substantially the same condition .......................................... 63
2.14. Consent and Confidentiality..................................................................... 66
3. The Assessment Criteria .................................................................................. 73
3.1. The assessment approach ...................................................................... 73
3.2. Applying the criteria .................................................................................. 75
3.3. Reliability .................................................................................................... 82
3.3 Daily Living Activities ................................................................................ 92
3.4 Mobility activities...................................................................................... 115
4. Health Professional Performance ................................................................. 122
4.1. Health Professional Competencies ...................................................... 122
4.2. Training of Health Professionals ........................................................... 124
4.3 Approval / Revocation of Health Professionals .................................. 126
4.4. Quality Audit ............................................................................................. 132
4.5. Quality Audit Criteria ............................................................................... 136
4.6. Rework ...................................................................................................... 138
4.7. Assessment quality feedback from Her Majestys Courts and Tribunal
Service .................................................................................................................. 140
4.8. Complaints................................................................................................ 141
5. Appendices....................................................................................................... 142
5.1 Fees for further evidence ....................................................................... 142
5.2. The principles of good report writing .................................................... 144
5.3. Sample Quality Audit Proforma ............................................................. 148
5.4. Audit Quality criteria definitions ............................................................. 150

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1. Introduction
1.1 About Personal Independence Payment
1.1.1. Personal Independence Payment (PIP) is a benefit for people with a
long-term health condition or impairment, whether physical, sensory,
mental, cognitive, intellectual, or any combination of these. It is paid
to make a contribution to the extra costs that disabled people may
face, to help them lead full, active and independent lives.

1.1.2. The benefit is not means tested and is non-taxable and non-
contributory. This means that entitlement to the benefit is not
dependent on a persons financial status or on whether they have
paid National Insurance contributions. PIP is not restricted to people
who are out of work. It can be paid to those who are in full or part-
time work as well.

1.1.3. PIP is replacing Disability Living Allowance (DLA), which has

become outdated and unsustainable. The introduction of PIP will
ensure the benefit is more fairly targeted at those who face the
greatest barriers, by introducing a simpler, fairer, more transparent
and more objective assessment, carried out by health professionals.

1.1.4. PIP was introduced in April 2013 for people aged 16 to 64 years
making a new claim. The roll-out of PIP to existing DLA claimants
commences on a rolling programme from mid 2015. The peak period
of reassessment is planned to start in October 2015 and the
intention is that by the end of 2018, all eligible DLA claimants aged
16-64 will have been invited to claim PIP. DLA claimants aged under
16 and over 65 will not be affected.

The structure of PIP

1.1.5. PIP has two components:

The Daily Living component intended to act as a

contribution to the extra costs disabled people face in their day-
to-day lives that do not relate to mobility; and
The Mobility component intended to act as a contribution to
the extra costs disabled people face in their day-to-day lives
related to mobility.

1.1.6. Both components are payable at either a standard rate or an

enhanced rate, depending on a claimants circumstances.

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The PIP claimant journey

1.1.7. Entitlement to PIP is determined by a DWP Decision Maker known

as a Case Manager who acts on behalf of the Secretary of State.

1.1.8. Claims to PIP are made by telephone, although paper forms will be
used where claimants find it difficult to claim via this route. Claims
will also be made through an e-channel expected in late 2015,
designed to eliminate the use of paper where possible. When an
individual makes a claim to PIP, DWP gathers basic information
about the claimant and their health condition or impairment. A Case
Manager then considers whether the claimant meets the basic
conditions for entitlement for example, age and residency
requirements.

1.1.9. If the basic entitlement conditions are met, DWP issues a claimant
questionnaire (How your disability affects you) to gather more
information about how the individuals health condition or impairment
affects their day-to-day life. This stage is skipped if the individual is
claiming under the Special Rules for terminal illness (SRTI), where

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 the case is instead referred directly to the assessment provider (AP)
and dealt with as a priority.

1.1.10. At this stage, claimants are encouraged to provide any supporting

evidence they already have that they feel should be considered
alongside their claim information for example, evidence from a
health or other professional involved in their care or treatment. See
paragraph 2.3.11 for further examples of supporting evidence.

1.1.11. Once the claimant questionnaire has been returned to DWP, the
case is referred to an AP along with any additional evidence
provided. The AP then conducts the assessment, gathering any
additional evidence necessary (see section 2 for more information
on the assessment), before providing an assessment report to DWP.

1.1.12. If the claimant questionnaire is not returned and the claimant has
been identified as having a mental or cognitive impairment, the claim
will be referred direct to the AP for assessment. See section 2.10 for
more information.

1.1.13. The Case Manager will review the assessment report and all other
evidence in the case, before making a decision about benefit
entitlement. In all cases the Case Manager will consider the
claimants own estimation of their needs in the claimant
questionnaire and any additional evidence available.

1.1.14. The Case Manager will inform the claimant about their entitlement to
the benefit in writing. If the claimant is not satisfied with the decision
reached, they can request a reconsideration. This will be conducted
by a different Case Manager.

1.1.15. If, following the reconsideration, the claimant is still not satisfied with
the decision, they can submit an appeal. A claimant cannot submit
an appeal without first requesting a reconsideration.

The PIP assessment

1.1.16. The assessment for PIP looks at an individuals ability to carry out a
series of key everyday activities. The assessment considers the
impact of a claimants health condition or impairment on their
functional ability rather than focusing on a particular diagnosis.
Benefit will not be paid on the basis of having a particular health
condition or impairment but on the impact of the health condition or
impairment on the claimants everyday life.

1.1.17. The activities explored during the PIP assessment are:

Daily Living (10 activities):

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 preparing food
taking nutrition
managing therapy or monitoring a health condition
washing and bathing
managing toilet needs or incontinence
dressing and undressing
communicating verbally
reading and understanding signs, symbols and words
engaging with other people face to face
making budgeting decisions

Mobility (2 activities):

planning and following journeys

moving around

1.1.18. Each activity contains a series of descriptors which define increasing

levels of difficulty carrying out the activity. A numeric score is
allocated to each descriptor. Claimants will be allocated a descriptor
(and score) for each activity during the assessment.

1.1.19. The total scores for all of the activities related to each component
are added together to determine entitlement for that component. The
entitlement threshold for each component is 8 points for the standard
rate and 12 points for the enhanced rate. See section 3 for more
information on the assessment criteria.

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1.2. The Health Professional role
1.2.1. The PIP assessor is a Health Professional (HP) with specialist
training in assessing the impact of disability on an individuals
functional ability. The role differs from the therapeutic role of
reaching a diagnosis and/or planning treatment. The HPs role is to
assess the functional effects of the claimants health condition or
impairment on their everyday lives in relation to the assessment
criteria. See sections 3.4 Daily Living Activities and 3.5 Mobility
Activities.

1.2.2. The key elements of the role of the HP in PIP are to:

Consider information in the claimant questionnaire and any

supporting evidence provided along with it
Determine whether a claim can be assessed on the basis of a
paper review and provide appropriate advice
Determine whether any additional evidence needs to be gathered
from health or other professionals supporting the claimant
Carry out face-to-face consultations as required
Having considered all the information and evidence of the case,
produce a report for DWP containing information on the
claimants circumstances and recommendations on the
assessment criteria that apply to the claimant.

1.2.3. The report to the Department should include:

A detailed history of the claimant, including information on any

health condition or impairment present, their history, functional
effects, current medication and treatment
Advice on the appropriate assessment descriptors for the
claimant, based on consideration of the evidence on file and (if
appropriate) the evidence that the HP has collected during the
face-to-face consultation
Justification of the advice explaining the evidence used to inform
the advice on descriptor choices
Advice on the likely prognosis of the case (see section 2.9)

Advice regarding whether if the claimant may need additional

support to comply with future claims processes.

1.2.4. The HP may also be asked to provide advice to the Case Manager
on a range of other aspects of a claim (see section 2.12).

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1.3. The Case Manager role
1.3.1. Case Managers are trained DWP staff who are familiar with the
legislation governing PIP, but who do not have a healthcare
background. The HP enables Case Managers to make fair and
accurate decisions by providing impartial, objective and justified
advice.

1.3.2. In the PIP process, the key role of Case Managers is to:

Make initial decisions on whether basic entitlement conditions are

met, disallowing cases that are not
Consider the claimant questionnaire, the advice report from the
HP and any supporting documentary evidence provided by the
claimant or gathered during the assessment process
Consider whether the advice from the HP on descriptor choices
reflects the evidence and identify when key evidence is missing
or has been overlooked, or any other inconsistency or anomaly in
the report
Make the decision on assessment descriptor choices and
whether the required period and prospective test are met, and
therefore on the claimants benefit entitlement
Make the decision on the length of a PIP award and the point at
which an award review will be scheduled in order to check the
claimants entitlement.
Provide personalised content to be included in the notification to
the claimant to inform them of the entitlement decision, including
giving a personalised free-text justification explaining the
descriptor choices and decision
Reconsider cases prior to appeal proceedings, including
contacting the claimant or their representative to discuss the
claim. It may be necessary to provide further explanation of the
decision outcome or seek additional information. Where
necessary Case Managers may ask the HP to obtain further
evidence to support their submission or rework the file.
Prepare responses to appeals to decisions.

1.3.3. Case Managers are not responsible for liaising directly with
providers. This will be done by the Quality Assurance Manager who
is knowledgeable in the end-to-end PIP claimant journey and the PIP
business process. Part of their responsibility will be to act on behalf
of the Case Manager to:

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 Liaise with the HP for additional advice either based on current
advice or using further evidence

Liaise with the HP where there is a discrepancy in descriptor

choice or evidence, potentially requesting rework such as
reconsidering evidence or requesting missing evidence

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2. Carrying out PIP
assessments
2.0.1. PIP assessment providers are responsible for carrying out the PIP
assessment. HPs advise DWP on the impact of the claimants health
condition or impairment, on their ability to carry out key everyday
activities and recommend which of the assessment criteria set out in
legislation they believe apply to that individual. The decision for
benefit entitlement rests with the Case Manager.
2.0.2. This section describes how to carry out the assessment. This
includes the different processes for terminal illness cases, paper-
based reviews and face-to-face consultations, including guidance on
when the different types of assessment should be used. This section
also covers other areas on which the HP may be asked to advise.

2.1. The PIP assessment process

Case received from DWP

2.1.1. If they pass the basic entitlement conditions (for example, age,
residence and presence), claimants will be issued with a How your
disability affects you form (referred to in this document as the
claimant questionnaire). This form asks the claimant to explain the
impact of their health condition or impairment on their ability to carry
out the daily living and mobility activities. A copy of the claimant
questionnaire can be found at

https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/how-your-disability-
affects-you

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2.1.2. Claimants will return their completed claimant questionnaire, and
any supporting evidence they may have (such as a letter or report
from their GP, Community Psychiatric Nurse or social worker), to the
Department. The questionnaire and any evidence will be scanned
and saved in the Document Repository System (DRS). The
documents will then be available to be viewed via the claimants
record in the PIP Assessment Tool (PIPAT) and/or PIP Computer
System (PIPCS)

2.1.3. Once this has been completed, the case will be referred in the usual
way via PIP Computer System to the appropriate AP for them to
complete on the PIP Assessment Tool or clerically as appropriate.

2.1.4. The PIP Assessment Tool allows the provider to provide advice to
DWP in an electronic format.

2.1.5. The following referrals will be sent to providers:

Claims made under Special Rules for Terminal illness (SRTI)

New claims
Claims that are being reviewed, e.g. reassessment of an existing
DLA claim or on a PIP claim where an agreed award review point
is reached or fresh evidence received (this list is not exhaustive)
Rework requests in relation to assessment reports (see section
4.6 on rework)
Advice on other issues (see section 2.12)

Initial review of case file

2.1.6. On receipt of referrals from DWP, providers should arrange for an

HP to conduct an initial review of the case file to determine whether:

Further evidence is needed

The claim can be assessed on the basis of the paper evidence
held at this point (a Paper-Based Review)
A face-to-face consultation will be required.

2.1.7. See section 2.2 for more information on the Initial Review.

Further evidence needed

2.1.8. Providers should seek additional evidence from professionals

involved in supporting claimants, where HPs feel that would help
inform their advice. See section 2.3 for more information on seeking
further evidence.

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Terminal Illness process

2.1.9. Cases identified as SRTI will be flagged as such and must be fast-
tracked and follow a different process to standard claims. The HP
should provide advice on whether the SRTI provisions are satisfied
and advise on the claimants mobility. See section 2.4 for more
information on the SRTI process.

Paper-based review

2.1.10. HPs should carry out assessments on the basis of a paper-based

review in cases where they believe there is sufficient evidence in the
claim file, including supporting evidence, to provide robust advice on
how the assessment criteria relate to the claimant. See section 2.5
for more information on paper-based reviews.

Face-to-face consultation

2.1.11. In the majority of cases, a face-to-face consultation is likely to be

necessary to accurately assess the claimants functional ability. This
gives the claimant the opportunity to explain to the HP how their
impairment or health condition affects them. It should enable the HP
to gather sufficient factual information about the claimant and the
functional effects of their disabling condition(s), in order to advise
DWP. See section 2.6 for more information on face-to-face
consultations.

Advice produced for DWP

2.1.12. The assessment process, whether involving a paper-based review of

the claim evidence or a face-to-face consultation, will result in a
report advising DWP on the claimants circumstances, the functional
impact of their health condition or impairment on their everyday life
and how the assessment criteria relate to the claimant. Reports
should be clear, fully reasoned and justified. See section 2.8 for
completing assessment reports and 5.2 for more information on
report writing.

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2.2. Initial reviews
2.2.1. On receipt of a referral from DWP, HPs should conduct an initial
review of the case file to determine the next steps in the assessment
process.

2.2.2. HPs should consider, as part of their initial review, whether the claim
is likely to be a SRTI case. Although claims where individuals have
claimed under the SRTI provisions will be flagged as such, some
claimants may be unaware of the SRTI provisions and make a claim
under the normal claim process, despite being terminally ill. Should
the HP discover a case that appears to fall under the SRTI
provisions, it should be processed under the fast-tracked SRTI
arrangements (see section 2.4 on SRTI below).

2.2.3. The HP should then scrutinise the evidence and complete either
clerical form PA1 where used or record the information in the PIP
Assessment Tool when they decide whether:

Additional evidence is required (see section 2.3 on further

evidence)
Advice can be given on the basis of a paper-based review of the
evidence (see section 2.5 on paper-based reviews)
A face-to-face consultation will be required (see section 2.6 on
face-to-face consultations).

2.2.4. The Department expects that face-to-face consultations are likely to

be required in the majority of cases to ensure full evidence based
advice to the Department. However, in a proportion of cases there
will be sufficient evidence available to advise on the case without the
need for a consultation.

2.2.5. The HP should ideally wait for the return of any further evidence
requested before deciding on whether a face-to-face consultation is
needed. However, this is not necessary if it is likely that a face-to-
face consultation will still be needed for example, if the claimant
has not returned a claimant questionnaire or where the HP considers
that further evidence is only likely to be of limited value.

2.2.6. APs may receive some referrals from the Department from
customers who have a mental health or behavioural condition,
learning difficulty, developmental disorder or memory problems (and
be flagged as having additional support needs) and have not
returned their claimant questionnaire. In these cases HPs will need
to consider the appropriate approach to completing the assessment.
See section 2.11 for further information.

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2.2.7. The HP should document the choice of further action taken during
the initial review and justify this, providing this to DWP as part of the
case documentation.

2.2.8. HPs should consider the needs of vulnerable customers. A

vulnerable customer is defined as someone who has difficulty in
dealing with procedural demands at the time when they need to
access a service. This includes life events and personal
circumstances such as a previous suicide attempt, domestic
violence, abuse or bereavement. If a claimant has been in contact
with DWP and threatens self-harm or suicide, information about the
incident will be included in PIPCS Medical Evidence screen
comments box. It should be noted that in the context of PIP, the
definition of vulnerability differs from that of additional support which
relates to a defined range of health conditions and is covered at
section 2.10.

2.2.9. The HP should complete a PA1 Review file note where used or the
relevant screen in PIP Assessment Tool explaining the action taken
on the case, how the decision was made on the type of assessment
and the evidence used.

2.2.10. If further evidence is requested and returned, a further PA1 where

used or the relevant screen in PIP Assessment Tool should be
completed to inform on the next steps after the review of the further
evidence.

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2.3. Further Evidence
2.3.1. The Department will send claimants a questionnaire to gather
information on how their health condition or impairment affects their
ability to carry out the daily living and mobility activities. This will be
returned to the Department and scanned into the Document
Repository System before the case is referred to the assessment
provider, although the questionnaire may not be provided when the
claimant has additional support needs i.e. where the claimant has
a mental health or behavioural condition, learning difficulty,
developmental disorder or memory problems and has not returned
the questionnaire.

2.3.2. The claimant questionnaire gathers basic information about the

claimants health conditions or impairments, including treatment. It
then focuses on each of the daily living and mobility activities in turn.
Claimants are asked a series of questions for each activity about
their ability to carry out the activity. The questions also include
whether the claimant needs to use an aid or appliance and whether
they are able to complete the activity safely, to an acceptable
standard, repeatedly and in a reasonable time period.

2.3.3. Claimants will be encouraged to submit alongside their claimant

questionnaire any additional evidence they may have that they think
is pertinent to their claim. This is not a requirement and some case
files may therefore contain no additional information other than the
claimant questionnaire (and in some cases will not even have that).

2.3.4. Claimants will receive guidance on documents that may be

particularly useful. They will only be encouraged to provide evidence
that they already have and not to delay their claim to seek evidence
or ask for evidence for which they might be charged such as a
letter from their GP.

2.3.5. HPs should consider all claims at initial review and, if they believe
that further evidence would help inform their advice to DWP or
negate the need for a face-to-face consultation, they should take
steps to obtain this. The consideration of whether further evidence
should be sought should take place before any decision to schedule
a face-to-face consultation is taken.

2.3.6. In the claimant questionnaire, claimants are encouraged to list the

professionals who support them and are best placed to advise on
their circumstances. HPs should consider which professionals
identified can provide useful evidence. They should not simply
request evidence from all professionals identified as standard.

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2.3.7. It will not always be necessary to request further evidence in every
case but the HP should always consider whether it is likely to add
value to the assessment process and the quality of their advice. This
will include both where they feel that further evidence will allow them
to offer robust advice without the need for a face-to-face consultation
and where they feel that a consultation is needed but that there
would still be value in gathering further evidence.

2.3.8. The circumstances where obtaining further evidence may be

appropriate include (but are not limited to):

Where HPs feel that further evidence will allow them to offer
robust advice without the need for a face-to-face consultation
for example, because the addition of key evidence will negate the
need for a consultation where they feel that a consultation may
be unhelpful because the claimant lacks insight into their
condition or a consultation may be stressful to the claimant
Where they consider that a consultation is likely to still be needed
but further evidence will improve the quality of the advice they
provide the Department for example, because the existing
evidence cannot be balanced or suggests unlikely outcomes or to
corroborate findings of other evidence.
Where, in reassessment cases, further evidence may confirm that
there has been no change in the claimants health condition or
disability.

2.3.9. On the return of further evidence, the case should, wherever

possible, be reviewed again by an HP to see whether this evidence
is sufficient to provide advice to the DWP on the impact of the
claimants health condition without a face-to-face consultation,
whether more evidence is required or whether a face-to-face
consultation should be arranged. If a face-to-face consultation has
already been arranged and, following receipt of further evidence, the
HP concludes that they can now advise on the basis of paper
evidence, the face-to-face consultation should be cancelled.

2.3.10. If a claimant brings further evidence to a face-to-face consultation,

the HP should take a copy of it and take it into account when
completing their assessment report. A copy of the evidence should
also be sent to the Case Manager with the completed report (see
2.7.26 for details of taking further evidence while undertaking a
home visit).

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Sources of further evidence

2.3.11. The HP should consider the most appropriate evidence for the case
under consideration. There is a variety of sources of further
evidence, including, but not limited to:

A factual report from a GP

A report from other health professionals involved in the
claimants care such as a Community Psychiatric Nurse (CPN)
A report from an NHS hospital
A report from a local authority funded clinic
Current repeat prescription lists
Care or treatment plans
Evidence from any other professional involved in supporting the
claimant, such as social workers, key workers, care co-
ordinators.
Telephone conversations with any such professionals.
Information from a disabled young persons school or Special
Educational Needs Co-ordinator (SENCO).
An occupational therapists report
A report from an ophthalmologist
Contacting the claimant by telephone for further information.

Seeking further evidence from professionals

2.3.12. The Department has three standard proforma for use in seeking
evidence in writing from (a) GPs; (b) hospitals and (c) other
professionals. These proforma are provided separately.

2.3.13. Where necessary, HPs may also seek evidence from professionals
by telephone. Such telephone calls should be made by approved
HPs not by clerical staff.

2.3.14. A written record should be taken of any telephone discussions

seeking further information and the content included in the
assessment report provided to the Department or via the PIP
Assessment Tool. The HP should inform the professional being
contacted that this record is being produced and that this may be
made available to the claimant and/or their representative.

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2.3.15. The HP should also clarify whether any information provided by the
professional is Harmful or Confidential (See paragraphs 2.8.23 and
2.14.36).

2.3.16. Claimants will be asked during the initial claim stage to give consent
to contact third parties. See section 2.14 for further information on
consent.

Seeking further information from the claimant

2.3.17. Where necessary, providers may seek further information from

claimants by telephone. Such telephone calls should be made by
approved HPs, not by clerical staff.

2.3.18. HPs should identify who they are and the purpose of the call. A
written record should be taken of any telephone discussions seeking
further information, using the claimants own words as precisely as
possible. This information should be included in the assessment
report provided to the Department or via the PIP Assessment Tool.
The HP should always ask if there is anything else that the claimant
wishes to say before concluding the call. The call should conclude
by reading back what has been documented and advising the
claimant that this information will be added as evidence to the file.

Paying for further evidence

2.3.19. The Department currently pays for two specific forms of evidence:
factual reports from GPs; and GP and Consultant completed
DS1500s.

2.3.20. Providers are responsible for making payments for GP Factual

Reports (GPFRs) where they have sought them, with DWP
reimbursing them the fees paid. DS1500s will be sought and paid for
by DWP.

2.3.21. More information on the fees payable for further evidence is included
in the Appendices at 5.1, including the circumstances when fees
may not be paid for example, due to the inadequacy of the reports.

Late return of Further Evidence

2.3.22. Where further evidence is received after the assessment has been
completed and returned to DWP, the evidence will be sent to the
Case Manager for consideration. If evidence is returned to the
provider in error, it should be forwarded to DWP for scanning.

2.3.23. If the evidence is received after the claimant has been scheduled for
a face-to-face consultation, the case should be reviewed and the

19
evidence scrutinised to decide whether advice can be given on the
basis of a paper-based review or a face-to-face consultation. If
advice can be given on the basis of a paper-based review, the
consultation should be cancelled.

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2.4. Terminal Illness
2.4.1. Individuals who identify themselves as terminally ill can seek to claim
PIP under the Special Rules for Terminal Illness (SRTI). Such
cases will be flagged to the provider at the point of referral. HPs will
be required to advise on whether the claimant satisfies the SRTI
provisions (see below), and provide advice with appropriate
justification to DWP.

2.4.2. The criteria for SRTI claims set out in legislation are that the
claimant: is suffering from a progressive disease and death in
consequence of that disease can reasonably be expected within six
months.

2.4.3. If the claimant meets the SRTI provisions, they automatically receive
the enhanced rate of the Daily Living component. The claimant does
not automatically receive the Mobility component and entitlement for
this component will need to be assessed. Information will be
available to the provider on the initial claim form.

2.4.4. Individuals claiming under the SRTI provisions do not need to satisfy
the three-month required period nor the nine-month prospective
period to qualify for either the Daily Living or Mobility Component.

Referral procedure

2.4.5. If the claimant states that they are terminally ill when applying for
PIP, they are advised to obtain form DS1500 from their GP,
consultant or specialist nurse. DWP will wait 7 working days for the
DS1500 to be returned before making a referral to the Provider.

2.4.6. The referral sent to the provider via the PIP Computer System will
include the initial claim details together with the DS1500 if it has
been submitted by the claimant. Some claimants will have sought a
DS1500 before contacting DWP.

2.4.7. SRTI referrals will not contain the claimant questionnaire How your
disability affects you due to the need to process claims quickly.
However, some relevant information about the claimants
circumstances will be gathered during the initial claim stage and
supplied to providers. This will include details of the claimants key
supporting health professional and basic information about their
mobility.

2.4.8. All SRTI claims will be clearly flagged. SRTI referrals must be
completed and returned to DWP within two working days.

21
2.4.9. Face-to-face consultations are not required where a claim has been
referred under the SRTI provisions.

HP advice in SRTI claims

2.4.10. In SRTI claims, HPs are required to advise on:

Whether they consider, on balance, the claimant is or is not

terminally ill under the prescribed definition
If so, which of the descriptors in the mobility activities set out in
the assessment criteria are likely to be relevant to the claimant
(see sections 2.8 and 3).
2.4.11. The HP must provide a summary justification to support the advice
and provide the reasons for the advice. Failure to provide this may
result in the advice being returned for clarification or rework. See
section 2.8 for further advice for the completion of the summary
justification.

2.4.12. If the claimant is already in receipt of PIP and the case has been
referred for SRTI as a change of circumstances, the HP must
include an indication of when the claimant first became terminally ill.
Failure to provide this information may result in the advice being
returned for rework.

2.4.13. Advice must be evidence based on the balance of probability. HPs

should remember that prognosis can be uncertain and if in their
opinion life expectancy is, on balance, likely to be less than six
months, they should advise accordingly.

2.4.14. The HP is required to advise DWP on the descriptors in the mobility

activities that are most appropriate to the claimant. Although the
claimant will have not completed the full claimant questionnaire,
there will be information in the initial claim and it should be possible
to give this advice in most cases in which the person is terminally ill.
The terminal illness itself, or the treatment being given, could impede
mobility due to malaise, weakness, fatigue or another factor. The
evidence must support the advice that the mobility needs indicated
by the descriptors recommended are, on balance, either currently
present or are likely to be present in the foreseeable future as a
result of treatment or of a deterioration of their health condition. For
example, if further evidence is required from the claimants own
health professional, the HP should consider asking for that persons
knowledge of any cognitive and/or physical restrictions that impact
on the claimants mobility.

22
2.4.15. The HP is required to advise whether the claimant has additional
support needs.

2.4.16. The relevant information required when offering advice on SRTI

claims is set out in the PIP Assessment Tool or clerical form PA2.
See section 2.8 regarding completing assessment reports.

DS1500

2.4.17. This form is completed by a health professional involved in the care

of a claimant who is suffering from an illness which is likely to result
in their death. The professional might be the claimants GP, a
hospital consultant or a specialist nurse.

2.4.18. The DS1500 does not offer a prognosis but gives factual information
about the claimants condition, any treatment received and any
further treatment planned.

Further evidence in SRTI claims

2.4.19. If there is insufficient information in the claim file to confirm terminal

illness and consent is clearly indicated on the file (see section 2.14
on Consent and Confidentiality), the HP should telephone the health
professional such as a GP or hospital specialist identified by the
claimant detailed in their initial claim. When making telephone
contact with a GP or other specialist, the HP should also endeavour
to determine whether the claimant is aware of their illness or
prognosis and consider whether the information they have obtained
may be potentially harmful (see paragraphs 2.8.23 - 2.8.27 on
Harmful Information).

2.4.20. If no DS1500 has been provided and there is no additional medical

evidence, a telephone call to the relevant clinician will always be
required. If a DS1500 or additional medical evidence has been
provided it may still be necessary to phone the relevant clinician if
further information is required in order to give advice.

2.4.21. If the HP is unable to contact a clinician then they should try to

contact another relevant clinician involved in the patients care. On
rare occasions, it may not be possible to contact the GP or other
relevant clinician to obtain advice. In such cases the HP may need to
seek advice from another person, for example (this list is not
exhaustive):

a third party (where noted on the claimants case) in order to

obtain the necessary evidence

The practice nurse

23
 The practice administrative staff (Note: information should only be
requested from administrative staff if all other sources of
evidence have been unsuccessful)

2.4.22. In all cases, the HP must ensure that they have consent to contact
the person they phone. It is particularly important to remember that
GPs and specialists are responsible for any information divulged by
the administrative staff so HPs must ensure that the person they
speak to has the authority to provide the information. The HP must
record the telephone conversation in their notes, indicating who has
given that person the authority to speak on their behalf.

2.4.23. Any telephone conversations with clinicians should be recorded and

include all relevant clinical information required by the HP to support
their advice. The information gathered forms part of the suite of
evidence and should be included in the assessment report provided
to the Department and discussed in the summary justification.

Contacting claimants in SRTI claims

2.4.24. Every effort should be made to provide advice in SRTI cases. If the
HP cannot obtain further evidence from the GP or other health
professional, the HP should by exception consider contacting the
claimant or the person claiming on their behalf. Where the claim has
been made by a third party, the HP should contact the third party,
rather than the claimant as the claimant may not be aware of their
prognosis. The claimant or their representative may be able to
provide updated information on where they are having their
treatment and who is treating them. This may be enough to enable
the HP to gather further medical evidence or advise whether the
claimant satisfies the criteria for SRTI. The claimant or their
representative may also be able to provide updated information on
treatment received or planned. HPs are expected to use their
professional knowledge, skills and judgement to determine what
questions are appropriate to ask about treatment.

2.4.25. Should the HP fail to obtain an unequivocal answer to whether the

claimant is terminally ill or their prognosis, their advice to the case
manager must be founded on the balance of medical probability,
which should if possible be evidence based. In exceptional
circumstances a written request for further evidence can be issued.

Referrals of claimants already in receipt of benefits for terminal illness

2.4.26. In SRTI referrals DWP will check for an Employment and Support
Allowance (ESA) claim under special rules. If the information is
available, the Case Manager will transcribe the decision and any

24
 justification, word for word, into the medical evidence screen of the
PIP Computer System.

2.4.27. The HP will be asked to consider the ESA evidence when providing
advice to the DWP.

2.4.28. Where it is felt that this is still insufficient, the HP would be asked to
contact the healthcare professional the claimant has identified on the
claim form, to obtain information in order to advise DWP.

Form DS1500 received without a claim form

2.4.29. The DS1500 should be sent to DWP not to providers. Any DS1500s
received direct by providers should not be considered. Unsolicited
DS1500s should be sent urgently to DWP, with an explanation as to
the reason why the provider is sending the form.

Claimant questionnaire or further evidence suggests SRTI applies in

standard claims

2.4.30. If evidence of a terminal illness meeting the prescribed conditions is

uncovered following receipt of the claimant questionnaire or
additional evidence in a non-SRTI claim, then advice should be
given to DWP that the claimant fulfils the criteria for SRTI and the
case should then be treated as an SRTI referral. The assessment
report must be completed and returned to DWP using the work
queue for SRTI within two working days from that point. The advice
should fully justify why the claim is being treated as a SRTI case.

2.4.31. Should an HP identify that a claimant is likely to meet the SRTI

conditions during a face-to-face consultation and the claimant is
aware of their condition, the HP should treat the case as a SRTI
referral. The HP should consider whether it would be more
appropriate to complete clerical form PA2 or the relevant screens in
the PIP Assessment Tool where in their opinion the claimant is
terminally ill under the prescribed conditions. They should also
provide advice for the mobility component based on the evidence
received with the referral and/or gathered at the face-to-face
consultation.

2.4.32. In a small number of cases, the individual may not be aware they are
terminally ill. In these cases, providers and the Department must
ensure the claimant is not inadvertently advised of their prognosis.
Before treating a standard claim as a SRTI claim, the HP should
take steps to discreetly gain an understanding of the level of
knowledge the claimant has about their own condition and
prognosis. For example, if the evidence of terminal illness comes
from the claimants GP, the HP should telephone the GP to confirm

25
 whether the claimant is aware. In the event that a claimant is not
aware of their prognosis, HPs may wish to advise the GP that a third
party can make a claim to PIP without their patient's knowledge but
until such time as a claim is expressly made under the SRTI rules, it
can only be treated as a standard claim. In these rare events the HP
should not treat the claim as an SRTI case and the claim should be
processed as a standard claim.

Note: more information on handling harmful information can be

found in section 2.8.

Author has misunderstood the purpose of the DS1500

2.4.33. Very occasionally, the HP will encounter a case where the contents
of the DS1500 reveal that the author has completely misunderstood
its purpose; for example, where there is no implication that the
claimant is suffering from a terminal illness. The HP should return
the assessment report to DWP with any supporting evidence, if
obtained, stating that the claimant is not terminally ill under the
prescribed definition and that the author has misunderstood the
purpose of the DS1500.

26
2.5. Paper-Based Review
2.5.1. It is critical that all advice offered by HPs in PIP assessments is fully
evidence based and HPs should only choose to advise on an
assessment without a face-to-face consultation where there is
evidence to enable them to advise on all aspects of the case.

Suggested method for approaching cases

2.5.2. The following guidance provides a structured framework that HPs

will want to consider when undertaking paper-based reviews

Review the claimant questionnaire (where available) and

supporting evidence (where available)
Request further evidence if it is likely to be helpful in providing
advice
Consider all the potential sources of information suggested by
the claimant and decide which source(s) are most appropriate
(see below)
Consider phoning the claimant if there is a need to clarify
specific issues
Consider asking for a face-to-face consultation only after options
to provide paper-based advice have been exhausted.
Further Evidence (FE)

2.5.3. Consider obtaining FE if there is a significant gap in the available

information, there is doubt about the level of function or if it is
required in order to provide robust advice

2.5.4. There does not need to be independent corroborating evidence in

every case. Where the available information is comprehensive,
clearly outlines the extent and nature of any functional problems
and, above all, is consistent with the claimed condition(s) without
raising doubt in the HPs mind on the level of function, then this
should be sufficient.

2.5.5. When requesting FE:

If clinical information is required, it is usually best obtained from

conventional medical sources such as the GP or hospital.

If functional information is required, conventional medical sources

are unlikely to provide sufficient detail, so consider obtaining it
from sources which will have knowledge of the claimants day to
day functioning, such as community support workers, for
example:

27
 o Community Mental Health Team (CMHT), psychologists,
psychiatric social workers for claimants with mental health
conditions

o Social workers, occupational therapists for those with

physical conditions

Make sure that all potential sources of further information,

highlighted by the claimant are given full consideration and
consulted where appropriate.

Contacting the claimant

2.5.6. Claimants should be contacted if the HP considers that they need to

clarify certain points, for example reliability or variability or to obtain
additional information from them, or to ask for additional sources of
information. The phone call should not be a telephone interview for
example it should not be used if there are numerous inconsistencies
in the claimant questionnaire. However, if there is information
missing or the HP is considering a face-to-face consultation in order
to clarify a small number of areas or activities, a phone call may
provide the additional necessary facts and allow for paper-based
advice.

Balance of probabilities

2.5.7. In some cases there may be sufficient information to advise on the

majority of activities, but which leaves small gaps that it has not
been possible to fill through obtaining FE or by contacting the
claimant. In such cases, where the available information is
consistent, the HP should consider whether they can use their own
expert clinical knowledge of the condition(s), its severity and known
impact in other areas to determine, on the balance of probabilities,
the likely impact in the remaining areas. If they feel confident doing
this and it would be in line with the consensus of medical opinion,
then a paper-based review may still be possible, referring to such in
the summary justification.

HPs advice

2.5.8. Apart from personal details and informal observations that can only
be obtained at a face-to-face consultation, the HP must complete the
paper-based review in line with the advice given in this guidance
from section 2.8 onwards. HPs are required to advise on:

28
 Which of the descriptors in the activities set out in the
assessment criteria are relevant to the claimant (see sections 2.8
and 3)
Whether the functional impact of the claimants health
condition(s) or impairments have been present for at least three
months and are likely to remain for at least nine months (see
section 2.9)
The appropriate time to review the case, or indeed whether the
case will require a review, and whether the functional restriction
identified in the report will be present at the point of any review
(see section 2.9)
Whether the claimant has a mental health or behavioural
condition, learning difficulty, developmental disorder or memory
problems and may need additional support to comply with future
claims processes (see section 2.11).

2.5.9. The HP must - where appropriate - provide an overall summary

justification or an individual justification for each descriptor choice to
support the advice and provide the reasons for the advice.

Cases that should not require a face-to-face consultation

2.5.10. In certain circumstances it should be possible to provide advice at a

paper based review. Although each case should be determined
individually, The following types of cases should not normally require
a face-to-face consultation:

The claimant questionnaire indicates a low level of disability, the

information is consistent, medically reasonable and there is
nothing to suggest under-reporting.

The health condition(s) is associated with a low level of

functional impairment, there is nothing to suggest under-
reporting and the claimed level of function is not supported by
further evidence. For example:

o Claimant with asthma who uses salbutamol PRN, no

preventer medication, under GP care only, no hospital
admissions. Even if they claim a high level of functional
impairment this is medically improbable. A face-to-face
consultation would not add much useful additional
information, bearing in mind that clinical examination is likely
to be unremarkable.

29
 The claimant questionnaire indicates a high level of disability, the
information is consistent, medically reasonable and there is nothing
to suggest over-reporting

The health condition(s) is severe and associated with a high level of

functional impairment which is consistently claimed. Examples
might include:

o Claimants with cardiorespiratory conditions such as severe

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) or those
awaiting a transplant.

o Claimants with severe musculoskeletal conditions such as

poorly controlled rheumatoid arthritis or severe osteoarthritis
awaiting major joint surgery.

o Claimants with severe neurological conditions such as motor

neurone disease, dementia, Parkinsons disease, a stroke
resulting in a significant impact on the claimants functional
ability - for example, those left with lasting neurological
deficit such as left sided hemi paresis (the inability to move
the left side of the body), etc.

Any case where there is sufficient detailed, consistent and

medically reasonable information on function.

Cases that are more than likely to require a face-to-face consultation

2.5.11. For cases where there is marked inconsistency, the claimed level of
disability is unexpected based on the available evidence, or it has
not been possible to gain sufficient FE or to advise based on the
balance of probability, face-to-face consultation may be required.
Although each case should be determined individually, the following
types of cases are examples which may require a face-to-face
consultation:

No claimant questionnaire has been provided and no other

information is available

There are numerous inconsistencies in the claimant questionnaire

that are unlikely to be clarified by additional evidence or a phone
call to the claimant

Despite best endeavours, FE has not been provided and is

necessary for robust advice

Formal examination findings and informal observations are required

to provide robust advice

30
 High level of functional impairment is claimed and the health
condition is usually associated with mild disability.

Low level functional impairment is claimed and the health condition

is usually associated with high disability

The claimant has a health condition that is known to run a variable

course over time but claims continual problems, for example low
back pain

There is insufficient evidence to provide advice despite trying all

appropriate avenues.

31
2.6. Face-to-Face Consultation
2.6.1. During the application process, a suite of evidence is gathered in
order to build a clear picture about the functional effects of the
claimants health condition or impairment on their day-to-day lives,
including information gathered from face-to-face consultations. This
enables the HP to complete a clear, fully reasoned and justified
report for the Case Manager. History taking during the face-to-face
consultation, whether through the clinical, functional, social or
occupational history is important to PIP as this will help towards
building a clear picture of the claimants day-to-day life.

2.6.2. The consultation process involves interviewing the claimant and,

where appropriate, any companion; making informal observations
throughout the interview and carrying out a focused examination
where relevant. The information gathered from this process will
enable the most appropriate activity descriptors to be chosen and
will provide the HP with the material required for factual justifications
of descriptor choices and other advice.

2.6.3. Face-to-face consultations may be carried out at a range of

locations, including an assessment centre, local healthcare centre or
at the claimant's own home.

2.6.4. This section contains guidance for HPs on how to carry out face-to-
face consultations, including giving a standard structure to
consultations. However, HPs should be prepared to adapt their
approach to the needs of the particular claimant, not taking a
prescriptive approach and ensuring that claimants are able to put
across the impact of their health condition or impairment in their own
words. It is important that claimants feel they have been listened to
and that the consultation feels like a genuinely two-way
conversation.

2.6.5. The relevant information required when offering advice on a face-to-

face consultation is set out in the clerical form PA4 or the relevant
screens in the PIP Assessment Tool. See section 2.8 regarding
completing assessment reports.

Before starting the consultation

2.6.6. Before starting the consultation, the HP should read the claimant
questionnaire and all other evidence on file which may include, but
may not be limited to:

Supporting information supplied by the claimant

Any further medical or other evidence supplied by the claimant

32
 Information from the claimant's GP or other relevant supporting
professional gathered by the provider
Information from earlier claims and assessments, if the claimant
is being reassessed for an existing entitlement to PIP.

2.6.7. When meeting the claimant, the HP should:

Introduce themselves to the claimant and their companion, if

accompanied
Explain the purpose of the assessment and what it entails the
HP should make clear to the claimant that the assessment is not
a medical which involves diagnosis and treatment. It should be
explained that the assessment focuses on the effects of their
health condition or impairment on their day-to-day life, looking at
what they can and cannot do in relation to the daily living and
mobility activities
NB: It is important that the HP ensures that valid verbal consent
is obtained and recorded where appropriate.

Interview skills

2.6.8. Throughout consultations, the HP should use clear language that the
claimant will readily understand. For sighted claimants, body
language should be positive for example, sitting to face the
claimant, maintaining good eye contact, nodding to indicate
understanding of what is being said and leaning forward toward the
claimant from time to time. Where the HP decides to record
information on any computer systems, the HP should ensure that
they look up frequently from the screen and continued to maintain
eye contact, thereby demonstrating that they are focusing on the
claimant and what they are saying. For blind and partially sighted
claimants, the HP should explain what they are doing at each stage
of the assessment.

2.6.9. The approach should be relaxed and unhurried, allowing the

claimant time and encouraging them to talk about themselves and
put across the impact of their health condition or disability in their
own words. The claimant and any companion should feel fully
involved in the process and feel that the consultation is a genuine
two-way process. Summarising back to the claimant what has been
said is useful to show active listening and to ensure that key pieces
of information have been correctly heard.

2.6.10. Different types of questions should be used where appropriate:

33
 Open questions which need more than a "yes" or "no" answer
(for example, "Tell me about..."; "What do you do when..."; "How
do you...") encourage the claimant to describe how their health
condition or impairment affects them
Closed questions which need a specific answer (for example,
"Can you..."; "How often...") are needed when establishing a
fact, such as how often medication is being taken
Clarifying questions invite the claimant to explain further some
aspect of what they have said (for example, "Let me make
sure I've understood this correctly...")
Extending questions allows the HP to develop the story the
claimant is giving (for example, "So what happens after).

Inconsistencies in the level of functional limitations

2.6.11. Throughout the consultation, HPs should be evaluating what they

are being told and checking whether the evidence is consistent.
Inconsistencies could result in claimants either over or under
emphasising the impact of their conditions and efforts should be
made to avoid both. For example, is the level of functional
impairment claimed in one activity compatible with that claimed in
another? If a claimant can handle a toothbrush, it is unlikely they
cannot handle kitchen cutlery. If a claimant cannot bend to put on
their shoes, it is unlikely that they are able to wash below the waist.
2.6.12. The HP should check the consistency of what is being said by using
different approaches, asking questions in different ways or coming
back to a previous point. When considering inconsistencies, HPs
should bear in mind that some claimants may have no insight into
their condition, for example claimants with cognitive or
developmental impairments.

History of conditions

2.6.13. The HP should record a succinct and relevant history of all the
health conditions or impairments that affect the claimant. The HP
should record when the condition began and - if there are any
changes, when the change occurred. If the diagnosis is unclear - for
example the claimant has low back pain probably of mechanical
origin but they are still being investigated to rule out prolapsed
intervertebral disc or other specific diagnosis - the HP should record
the condition as a symptom such as "low back pain of uncertain
origin", rather than trying to guess at the underlying pathology.

34
2.6.14. The HP should record treatment given, and how effective it has
been, and whether any further intervention, such as physiotherapy or
a surgical procedure, has been carried out or is planned. The HP
should also include what relevant investigations have been carried
out or planned for the future.

2.6.15. The HP should also include details of fluctuating conditions,

indicating how frequent the fluctuations are, how long exacerbations
last and, on balance, how many "good" days or weeks and how
many "bad" ones the claimant experiences over time.

2.6.16. Although the HP may consider that the claimants view of the impact
of their condition is unrealistic or inconsistent with other evidence,
the place to address this is later in the report, when justifying their
advice.

2.6.17. Where the claimants clinical history is accurately detailed in either

the claimant questionnaire or in supporting evidence, the HP may
reference where it is recorded instead of reproducing this information
in the assessment report.

2.6.18. All current medication should be recorded. Include over-the-

counter medication as well as prescribed drugs. For each
medication record the frequency, dosage and purpose (where
known) in full. Any relevant drug side effects which affect the
claimants functionality should be recorded here and an indication of
the effectiveness of any treatment provided. The HP should also
include any alterations to medication which may have occurred since
the questionnaire or supporting evidence was supplied.

2.6.19. The HP should record any other prescribed therapies such as

physiotherapy, making a note of who prescribed them, how often
they are carried out, and how effective they are.

2.6.20. Where the claimants current medication is accurately recorded in

either the claimant questionnaire or in supporting evidence, the HP
may reference where it is recorded instead of reproducing this
information in the assessment report.

Social and occupational history

2.6.21. The HP should record a concise and relevant social and

occupational history. What type of dwelling does the claimant live in
and do they live alone or with others? Can they access all areas of
their home and have they made any modifications? Social and
leisure activities undertaken by the claimant and any they have given

35
 up or modified due to their health condition or impairment should be
mentioned here.

Employment

2.6.22. If the claimant is in employment, it is important that this information

is explored and recorded as part of the evidence gathered in social
and occupational history.

2.6.23. The HP should record the occupation and the nature of the job i.e.
their activities on a daily/weekly basis, including any adjustments
made by their employer. They should also include information where
the claimant has given up work or changed their job due to the
functional limitations of their health condition or impairment.

2.6.24. The HP should be evaluating evidence and checking for

inconsistencies. For example, the claimant questionnaire states that
the claimant is unable to bend at the waist or raise their arms for
washing and dressing, however they work 4 hours a day at their
local supermarket and during their working day, they may bend and
raise their arms while stacking shelves or operating a till without pain
or discomfort. Here the claimants employment activities are not
consistent with claimed assistance needed with washing and
dressing.

Functional history including the typical day

2.6.25. HPs should record the functional effects of the claimants health
condition or impairment in relation to the daily living and mobility
activities.

2.6.26. Evidence gathered in the functional history is an integral part of the

assessment process as it should provide the Case Manager with a
clear picture of the claimants day-to-day life.

2.6.27. The typical day is a tool used to explore the claimants perception of
how they manage their daily living, and the nature and extent of the
functional limitations resulting from their health condition or
impairment. The HP should invite the claimant to talk through all the
activities they carry out on a normal day, from when they get up to
when they go to bed.

2.6.28. The functional history is the claimant's own perspective on how they
manage the daily living and mobility activities. What functional
limitations do they have as a result of their health condition or
impairment? It is not the HPs opinion of what the claimant should be
able to do. It should be recorded in the third person, and should
make it clear that this is the claimant's story. For example, "He gets

36
 up at ... and says he can wash and dress without any difficulty"; "She
states that she finds it difficult to lift heavy saucepans". Wherever
possible, the record should contain specific examples to illustrate
difficulty with activities. For example, "He finds buttons difficult and
tends to wear clothes that can be pulled over his head"; "She can
manage to feed herself but needs to have meat cut up for her".

2.6.29. The HP should explore all the PIP activity areas for daily living and
mobility, focusing on the activities most likely to be affected by the
claimant's condition. The HP should do this by using open-ended
questions to begin with (such as "tell me about ..."), and not just by
asking a series of closed questions (such as "can you wash yourself
without help?"). The HP should encourage the claimant to expand
their answer to explore how easy or difficult they find a task. Do they
need help to carry it out or are they completely unable to do it and
need someone else to do it for them? The HP should explore how
long it takes the claimant to carry out a task and whether they
experience any symptoms or side-effects such as pain, fatigue or
anxiety, either during or after the activity. If help is given from
another person, the HP should record the type of help, who gives it,
how often and for how long.

2.6.30. The HP should explore any variability or fluctuation in the claimant's

condition and functional ability by asking the claimant what they can
do on "good" days and "bad" days. How many "good" and "bad"
days do they have over a period of time? For some conditions
different time periods will need to be considered, such as the
potential impact of different times of the day. If a claimant is unable
to complete an activity or needs support to do so at a point in the
day when you would reasonably expect them to complete it, the
need should be treated as existing for the whole of the day, even if it
does not exist at other points in the day.

2.6.31. In general, HPs should record function over an average year for
conditions that fluctuate over months, per week for conditions that
fluctuate by the day, and by the day for conditions that vary over a
day. Information about variability is important in assessing the
functional effects of the claimants condition that apply on the
majority of days (bearing in mind that advice will need to consider
the impact of conditions over a year-long period). A "snapshot" view
of the claimant's condition on a particular day at a particular time is
not an adequate assessment.

Other relevant functional information

2.6.32. As well as covering all the PIP activity areas, the typical day should
also cover other activities such as housework, shopping and caring

37
 responsibilities for adults, children and pets. Although these are not
specifically considered in determining entitlement to benefit, they
give additional supporting information about functional ability. For
example, doing housework provides information about mobility,
manual dexterity and fatigability. A claimant who provides
information that they take the dog out for a walk every day would not
be compatible with the claimant questionnaire which says their
mobility is limited to house and garden. Shopping habits may provide
information about mobility and cognitive functioning. The claimants
ability to drive and whether they drive in their current day-to-day life,
may also demonstrate the claimants cognitive ability and manual
dexterity.

2.6.33. Similarly, asking about hobbies and pastimes provides useful

additional information. For example, doing crossword puzzles
requires visual acuity, manual dexterity, concentration and cognitive
ability. Asking about hobbies and pastimes allows the HP to check
the consistency of what the claimant is saying.

Informal observations

2.6.34. Informal observations are part of the suite of evidence used by Case
Managers to help them determine entitlement to benefit.

2.6.35. Informal observations are of paramount importance to the

consultation, as they can reveal abilities and limitations not
mentioned in the claimant questionnaire, supporting evidence or
during the history taking for the face-to-face consultation. They may
also show the discrepancies between the reported need and the
actual needs of the claimant.

2.6.36. The HP should be making informal observations and evaluating any

functional limitations described by the claimant from the start of the
consultation (where HPs may be able to observe the claimant's
appearance, manner, hearing ability, walking ability), during the
history taking, through to the conclusion of the consultation. The
claimant's mood, powers of concentration and ability to stand, sit,
move around freely and use their hands should be observed. They
may also be observed performing activities such as bending down to
retrieve objects such as a handbag on the floor beside them, or
reaching out for an object such as their medication. How does the
claimant remove their coat or shoes? Informal observations should
be recorded in the report, for example: "I observed the claimant...
and they appeared to have no difficulty with..."; "I saw the claimant
lean heavily on a walking stick to cover the distance to the consulting
room".

38
2.6.37. The HP should note any aids or appliances in evidence, such as a
walking aid, and the extent to which they are used during the
consultation. Aids are devices that help a performance of a function,
for example walking sticks or spectacles. Appliances are devices
that provide or replace a missing function, for example artificial
limbs, wheelchairs, or collecting devices for stomas.

2.6.38. The HPs informal observations will also help check the consistency
of evidence on the claimant's functional ability. For example, there is
an inconsistency of evidence if a claimant bends down to retrieve a
handbag from the floor but then later during formal assessment of
the spine, declines to bend at all on the grounds of pain, or if the
claimant states that they have no mobility problems but they appear
to struggle to walk to the consulting room. In deciding their advice,
the HP will need to weigh this inconsistency, and decide, with full
reasoning, which observation should apply.

Functional Examination

2.6.39. HPs may wish to examine areas of function relevant to the

claimants health condition or impairment. Such examinations should
be tailored to the individual claimant and will vary depending on the
nature of the disabling conditions present. Where there is clear and
current evidence of a claimants functional examination findings in a
particular area, HPs do not need to conduct an examination of that
area e.g. if the claimant has a certificate of visual impairment, there
will be no need to carry out an eye examination. Functional
examinations may cover one or more of:

Mental function assessment

Vision Testing
Cardiorespiratory system
Musculoskeletal system.
.
2.6.40. Before starting an examination, the HP must explain the procedure
to the claimant, and obtain explicit verbal consent to continue. The
HP must explain to the claimant that he/she is going to carry out a
functional examination but that it will be different from the clinical
examination they might get at their GP's surgery. This is because
the HP is not trying to make a diagnosis of their condition but is
interested in how their ability to carry out everyday tasks is affected
by it. The HP should note in the report that they have explained the
procedure to the claimant and obtained their consent to proceed.

39
 Obtaining consent may need to be repeated as the examination
progresses.

2.6.41. Any examination should be carried out in a professional and

sensitive manner, aiming to avoid causing the claimant any distress.
Active rather than passive movements should be assessed. The HP
should always stress to the claimant that they should not carry out a
movement or activity to the point where it causes them discomfort.

2.6.42. The HP will never disturb underwear; never ask the claimant to
remove their underwear; and never carry out intimate examinations
(breast, rectal or genital examinations).

2.6.43. Some examinations for example, of the lower limbs might be

carried out with the claimant reclining on an examination couch. If
this is not feasible for example, if the consultation is carried out in
the claimant's own home the HP should make a note of the
circumstances and carry out such assessment as he/she can while
the claimant is sitting or standing.

2.6.44. Clinical findings from a musculoskeletal examination should be

recorded in plain English e.g. able to place hands at the back of the
head, able to reach above the head to help the Case Manager
understand the details of the examination. However if findings are
expressed as a measurement, the HP should put this into context for
the Case manager by also describing the range with reference to the
normal range of movement e.g. he can turn his head to the right by
40 degrees, which is about half normal movement.

2.6.45. The mental function assessment should be tailored to individual

claimants and may include appearance and behaviour, speech,
mood, depersonalisation/derealisation, thought, perception, cognitive
function, insight and addictions.

2.6.46. If an area of function is examined, the HP must record all findings in

the assessment report, even if function is found to be normal.

2.6.47. If any element of function is not examined at the consultation, the HP

should record that this area was not examined and not simply leave
the section of the report form blank. It would be reasonable, for
example, not to examine a claimants musculoskeletal function
where they are claiming PIP purely because of a mental health
condition. Providing justification material can be helpful such as
"Claimant states she has no problems with speech, hearing, or
vision".

40
2.6.48. If the claimant is unaccompanied at a consultation, the HP should
consider whether a chaperone would be appropriate during any
examination. The presence and name of the chaperone should be
recorded in the report.

Concluding the face-to-face consultation

2.6.49. Prior to concluding face-to-face consultations, HPs should give

claimants an overview of the findings they have taken from the
consultation. Claimants should be invited to clarify any points, ask
any questions they have about the assessment procedure and if
there is anything else they would like to say before they leave. The
HP should answer any issues or concerns they express.

2.6.50. No opinion on entitlement to benefit should be given by the HP.

Claimants who ask should be reminded that it is for the Case
Manager to decide entitlement. The report and all other evidence
available will be used by the Case Manager who will contact the
claimant in due course.

2.6.51. Claimants who request a copy of their report should be advised that
HPs are not authorised to give them a copy at the time of the
consultation and that the claimant can request a copy of their report
from DWP.

2.6.52. HPs should be ready to terminate consultations at any point should

they become too stressful for the claimant.

41
2.7. Other issues related to face-to-face
consultations
Companions at consultations

2.7.1. Claimants should be encouraged to bring another person with them

to consultations where they would find this helpful for example, to
reassure them or to help them during the consultation. The person
chosen is at the discretion of the claimant and might be, but is not
limited to, a parent, family member, friend, carer or advocate.

2.7.2. Consultations should predominantly be between the HP and the

claimant. However, the companions may play an active role in
helping claimants answer questions where the claimant or HP
wishes them to do so. This may be particularly important where the
claimant has a mental, cognitive or intellectual impairment. In such
cases the claimant may not be able to give an accurate account of
their health condition or impairment, through a lack of insight or
unrealistic expectations of their own ability. In such cases it will be
essential to get an accurate account from the companion. However,
the involvement of companions should be at the discretion of the HP.
It is essential that the HPs advice is based on the claimants actual
circumstances and not the companions views on these. If the
presence of a companion becomes disruptive to the consultation, the
HP may ask them to leave. However, this should be avoided
wherever possible.

2.7.3. HPs should use their judgement about the presence of a third party
during any functional examination. Both the claimant and the HP
should agree to companions being in the room for an examination.
Companions should take no part in examinations unless the HP asks
them, for example, to help the claimant with their garments.

2.7.4. The presence of any companion at a consultation should be

recorded in the assessment report.

Audio recording of PIP consultations

2.7.5. The recording of consultations by providers is not currently part of

the specification for PIP assessments.

2.7.6. Claimants may use their own equipment to record their face-to-face
consultation, should they wish to, subject to any reasonable
conditions the Department chooses to impose on such recordings.
These reasonable conditions are:

42
 The claimant must inform the provider in advance that they
wish to record their consultation. This is to allow the provider to
ensure the HP scheduled to carry out the consultation is willing
to be recorded. If the HP is unwilling to be recorded, an
alternative appointment should be made with an HP who is
willing

The claimant must be able to provide a complete and

accurate copy of the recording to the HP at the end of the
consultation. Acceptable formats for such recordings are
restricted to CD and audio cassette only. Mobile phones and
laptops are not suitable mediums for recording consultations

The claimant must sign a form in which they agree that they
will provide a copy of the recording and not use the recording for
unlawful purposes.

2.7.7. Providers must publicise these conditions and ideally include them in
communications sent to claimants before they attend a face-to-face
consultation.

Suitable mediums for recording consultations

2.7.8. To record their consultations, claimants must use appropriate

equipment that can provide two copies of the recording in such a
way that the provider can be assured that the recording has not
been tampered with and is a reliable and accurate record of the
consultation. A copy must be given to the provider at the end of the
consultation. For this reason certain devices that have the capability
of editing, real-time streaming or video recording the session are not
approved; such as computing devices (not limited to PCs, tablets,
smart phones, MP3 players) or devices that are not capable of
providing a verifiable media copy that can be easily verified during
the assessment. Media types that are acceptable are standard CD
and audio tapes only.

2.7.9. Video recording of assessments is not permitted in order to ensure

the safety and privacy of staff and other customers.

Restrictions placed on claimants about the use of recordings

2.7.10. If it is only the claimants personal data that is being recorded then
there are no restrictions on the use the claimant can make of the
recording. However the DWP reserves the right to take appropriate
action where the recording is used for unlawful purposes, for
example, if it is altered and published for malicious reasons.

43
Covert recording of consultations

2.7.11. If the HP notices a claimant is covertly recording their consultation,

the restrictions relating to the recording of consultations should be
explained to the claimant. If the HP is content to be recorded, the
claimant is content to sign the agreement form and the claimants
equipment meets the specified requirements, the consultation can
continue. If this is not the case the claimant should be asked to stop
recording. If the claimant refuses, the consultation should be
terminated and the case should be returned to DWP using the return
assessment function with reason failure to participate. The Case
Manager will consider whether the claimant has good reason for
failing to participate in the consultation. If the only reason for failure
to participate is the claimant refused to stop recording their
consultation, it is likely the Case Manager will make a negative
determination.

Note taking during the consultation

2.7.12. Claimants and companions attending a consultation with the

claimant are entitled to take notes for their own purposes. The
claimant or companion may keep the notes and does not have to
provide a copy to the HP, although the HP may record that notes
were taken. The notes are for the claimant or companions own
purposes and are not an official record of the process. The same
approach will apply where the claimant needs notes of their
consultation to be taken as a reasonable adjustment, for example
using an electronic note taker.

Young people

2.7.13. HPs may need to adapt their approach when assessing young
people. Care should be taken, as always, to avoid creating stress or
anxiety for the claimant. HPs should be mindful that young people
are encouraged to be positive about their health condition or
impairment and to focus on what they can do, rather than what they
cannot. In addition, young people may have limited experience
undertaking many activities unsupervised in an independent
environment. HPs should ensure that this does not create an unfair
perception of the young persons abilities and the impact of their
health condition or impairment.

2.7.14. Young people may attend a face-to-face consultation with a parent.

In these cases, it may be particularly important to distinguish
between what a young person can or could do for them self and
what the parent does for them as part of their caring role. There may
be some activities that have been done for them all of their lives that

44
 a young person without a health condition or impairment of the same
age may do themselves. There may also be activities that could be
carried out by the young person but the parent continues to assume
responsibility. It should be emphasised whether the help given is
suitable to the role of parent or a carer.

DS1500 presented

2.7.15. If the claimant provides further evidence at a consultation in the form

of a DS1500, the HP should consider the evidence presented and
provide advice as to whether the claimant is terminally ill. Where the
HP considers the claimant terminally ill, they should consider
whether it would be appropriate to complete a report for Special
Rules for Terminal Illness, rather than a report for a face-to-face
consultation. If the claimant is not considered terminally ill, the HP
should continue with the consultation and complete a full
assessment report, advising on all aspects of the case.

Unexpected findings

2.7.16. Very rarely during the consultation, the HP may identify that the
claimant appears to have a significant undiagnosed medical
condition - for example an apparently unrecognised depressive
illness. If the HP identifies such a condition, they have a
responsibility as a health professional to take appropriate action, by
notifying a suitable person involved in the claimant's care. This will
usually be their General Practitioner.

2.7.17. The HP also has a duty to protect the confidentiality of the

information obtained during the consultation. Therefore consent to
inform the GP of the unexpected finding should be obtained from the
claimant. The HP should explain what information will be shared and
why. If the claimant agrees, the HP should complete and send the
relevant referral form to the claimants GP, and give the claimant a
copy.

2.7.18. The HP should ensure the referral form is sent to the claimants GP
within 24 hours. If the unexpected finding is of a life-threatening
nature, he/she should seek the claimant's consent to telephone the
GP and advise the claimant to see their GP as soon as they can.
Such a telephone call should be followed up with a written
notification to the GP. It is strongly recommended that the HP seek
the claimants consent to telephone their GP and inform them of the
finding as soon as possible in all cases.

2.7.19. If the claimant declines to give consent for the HP to contact their
GP, the HP should make a judgement as to whether the situation is

45
 sufficiently serious that it warrants breaking confidentiality by telling
the GP even without the claimant's consent. Both the General
Medical Council and the Nursing and Midwifery Council provide
guidance on medical ethics and when it is acceptable to break
medical confidentiality. If the HP acts within the guidelines, and is
able to justify his/her actions, they should have no need to fear being
sanctioned. Procedures to follow and sources of support and
guidance should be covered in HP training.

Home consultations

2.7.20. Consultations may potentially be carried out at a variety of locations

but some will need to be carried out at the claimants home.
Providers may also decide to carry out a home consultation for
business reasons or simply to give claimants choice. As a minimum
they should consider whether a home consultation is necessary
where a claimant indicates that they are unfit to travel to a
consultation in a location other than their home or where travel
would require high levels of support.

2.7.21. When considering a request for a home consultation, providers

should consider:

Does the claimant have a medical condition that precludes them

from travelling?
Has there been medical verification of the severity of the
condition that precludes them from attending a consultation?
Are there health and safety implications for a home consultation?
For example, the claimant or a person associated with them has
had unacceptable claimant behaviour identified.
Any accessibility issues related to the planned location of
consultations.

2.7.22. The request for a home consultation may come from a GP or other
healthcare professional involved in the claimants care. When
assessing such requests, providers should consider issues such as:

Whether the request is based on medical fact rather than opinion

e.g. My patient has severe agoraphobia and cannot leave the
house rather than I feel my patient would benefit from an
assessment at home or My patient tells me they are unable to
travel to an assessment centre
Does the request relate to the claimants medical condition rather
than social circumstances at home?

46
2.7.23. In each case the evidence should be reviewed. At times it may be
necessary to seek further clarification from the author of the report to
clarify the medical facts.

2.7.24. Information that may help support a home consultation request may
be:

Diagnosis suggesting significant disability that may make travel

extremely difficult e.g. incomplete quadriplegia
Evidence that the claimant receives home visits or telephone
consultations with their GP
Evidence that the claimant has home visits from the
psychiatrist/CMHT

Claimants who are likely to find travel extremely stressful as a

result of their physical or mental health condition

2.7.25. Providers may also consider whether other options may be

acceptable - for example if travelling on public transport is the issue,
could a taxi be considered?

Home consultations and further evidence

2.7.26. If, during a home consultation, the claimant provides further

evidence that they want to be considered, HPs should inform the
claimant that this will need to be taken away and used to inform
advice to the Department but will be returned back to them once
used.

2.7.27. If claimants refuse to allow the evidence to be removed from their

presence, the HP should take sufficient details of the evidence that
will allow them to use it when providing advice to the Department.
This should be recorded in the assessment report or via the PIP
Assessment Tool.

Uncooperative claimants

2.7.28. If the claimant is uncooperative during a face-to-face consultation,

the HP may terminate the consultation where they have gathered
sufficient evidence to complete the assessment report and provide
advice for the Case Manager. If the claimant is persistently
uncooperative for example, if they are under the influence of
alcohol or drugs the consultation should be terminated and the
case returned to the Department, along with an explanation of why
the consultation had to be terminated.
2.7.29. The provider should not send incomplete reports to the Department.

47
2.8. Completing assessment reports
2.8.1. Once HPs have completed assessment activity, they will need to
complete a report containing advice for the Department.

2.8.2. The assessment report with the HPs advice is sent electronically
through the PIP Assessment Tool or clerically, where appropriate
using the following clerical forms:

PA1 Review file note (where used)

PA2 Review report form (terminal illness)
PA3 Review report form (paper-based review)
PA4 Consultation report form
PA5 Supplementary advice note
PA6 Supplementary advice note (change of advice)
PA7 Harmful information note.

2.8.3. Copies of all the forms are provided separately.

2.8.4. The nature of the information required in reports varies depending

on the nature of the activity. Reports produced further to face-to-face
consultations require the most content, as HPs will need to record
the discussion, observed findings and conclusions from the
consultation.

2.8.5. Section 5.2 provides more information on the principles of giving

advice and effective report writing.

Choosing descriptors

2.8.6. The most important areas of advice in relation to benefit entitlement

are the assessment criteria themselves. For each activity area, the
HP should use evidence to choose the descriptor that is the one
which best reflects the claimant's ability to carry out an activity,
taking into account whether they need to use aids or appliances and
whether they need help from another person or an assistance dog.

2.8.7. Before selecting a descriptor, the HP must consider whether the

claimant can reliably complete the activity in the manner described in
the descriptor, taking into account where they can do so:

Safely
To an acceptable standard
Repeatedly

48
 In a reasonable time period.

2.8.8. The HP must also take into account that most health conditions or
impairments can fluctuate over time. The HP should consider ability
over a 12 month period as this helps to iron out fluctuations and
presents a more coherent picture. For some conditions different time
periods will need to be considered, such as the potential impact of
different times of the day. If a claimant is unable to complete an
activity or needs support to do so at a point in the day when you
would reasonably expect them to complete it, the need should be
treated as existing for the whole of the day, even if it does not exist
at other points in the day.

2.8.9. For a scoring descriptor to apply, the claimants health condition or

impairment must affect their ability to complete the activity on more
than 50 per cent of days in the 12 month period. Where one single
descriptor in an activity is likely to not be satisfied on more than 50
per cent of days, but a number of different scoring descriptors in that
activity together are likely to be satisfied on more than 50 per cent of
days, the descriptor likely to be satisfied for the highest proportion of
the time should be selected.

2.8.10. See section 3 for more comprehensive guidance on the assessment

criteria, including notes on interpretation of the descriptors, the
interpretation of issues of reliability and the assessment of
fluctuating conditions.

Evaluation and analysis of evidence

2.8.11. It is essential that the Case Manager is made aware of the evidence
the HP has used to complete the assessment report. The HP must
acknowledge that they have considered all the available evidence
when formulating their advice.

2.8.12. All evidence must be interpreted and clearly evaluated using medical
reasoning and considering the circumstances of the case and the
expected impact on the claimants daily living and/or mobility. When
weighing up the evidence, it is important to highlight any
contradictions and any evidence that does not sufficiently reflect the
claimants health condition or impairment or the effect on their daily
life.

2.8.13. The HPs advice and justification must provide a clear explanation as
to why more reliance has been placed on some evidence and not
others. The age of the evidence should also be considered in
deciding whether it is relevant to the claim. However, the HP should
bear in mind that for claimants with stable long-term conditions, the

49
 evidence available may be older. Evidence can include, but is not
limited to:

The PIP claimant questionnaire where the claimant sets out

their circumstances and the impact of their health condition or
impairment
Further evidence e.g. factual report from the GP, hospital
report, other health and social care professionals involved in the
claimants care
Face-to-face consultation the history, informal observations and
clinical findings
Statements from family and friends.

Summary justification

2.8.14. Report forms should contain where appropriate an overall "summary

justification" or an individual justification for each descriptor choice
providing a succinct summary for the Case Manager of the evidence
obtained and used in the HPs consideration and the reasons for
descriptor choice.

2.8.15. The advice must be able to stand up to challenge and the HP should
draw out key evidence in support of their choice of descriptors in the
report, drawing fact-based findings and/or well supported opinion
from all of the evidence.

2.8.16. If the HPs opinion on descriptor choice differs from information

provided by the claimant, the HP should refer to evidence to fully
justify their advice. Where relevant, HPs should justify descriptor
choices by reference to objective evidence in the file.

2.8.17. When the HP evaluates the opinion of a third party who provides
evidence for example, a carer or health professional the HP
should evaluate the strength of the opinion being expressed. The
HPs evaluation should include the level of expertise of the individual
offering the opinion; their direct knowledge of the claimants health
condition or impairment; and whether it is medically reasonable. The
HP should also consider whether the third party is acting impartially,
or as the claimant's advocate. Consideration should also be given to
whether, as a result of the claimants health condition or impairment,
the claimants companion or advocate may be better placed to
describe their needs. For example, some claimants with mental,
intellectual, cognitive or developmental impairments may lack insight
into their condition.

50
2.8.18. If there are discrepancies in the evidence about the claimants ability
to carry out an activity, the HP should draw attention to the
discrepancies when justifying his/her choice of descriptors, for
example He claims his right hand is too weak for him to be able to
grip anything. However, on examination I found no evidence of
muscle wasting or reduced strength in the right upper limb; and I
observed him gripping his walking stick when walking across the
room.

Variability

2.8.19. In some health conditions, the level of disability varies over time.
These conditions are characterised by periods of remission and
relapse or good days and bad, during which the level of functional
impairment can change e.g. multiple sclerosis or chronic fatigue
syndrome. When advising on descriptors and justifying advice, the
HP should consider the functional effects of the claimants health on
the majority of days.

2.8.20. Advice about variability should be clarified by looking at the effects of

the health condition or impairment on daily living and/or mobility on
good, bad and average days and not on how the claimant was on
the day of assessment. The HP must quantify the proportion of
good days to bad, for example if the claimant has epilepsy it is a
question of the type, frequency and after effects of the seizures. It is
essential to describe the claimants function as described both on
bad days and on good days for the Case Manager to understand
the claimants circumstances and the consequences of their health
condition or impairment. The advice should allow the Case Manager
to understand whether the described variability is in keeping with the
nature of the health condition or impairment applies for the majority
of days.

Requirements of a justified report

2.8.21. A properly justified report should contain the following:

A brief summary of the individuals health conditions or

impairment and their severity
A clear explanation of the reasons for the advice contained in the
report including areas such as, but not limited to:
o Referencing evidence used to support descriptor choice.
o Explanations where the HPs opinion differs from those of the
claimant, carers or other healthcare professionals.
o Clarification of any contradictions, including those arising

51
 from the claimants view of their needs
o Explanation of the HPs choice of evidence.
The evidence that underpins the advice and balances:
o History.
o Formal examination.
o Informal observations.
o The HPs knowledge of the disabling effects of the medical
conditions.
o Treatment that the claimant receives.
o Any other evidence available.

Who will see the report?

2.8.22. The consultation report is primarily for Case Managers but the
claimant has a right to see it and can request a copy from the DWP.
In the case of an appeal, the claimant, his/her representative and
members of the tribunal will see a copy of the report.

Harmful Information

2.8.23. In all cases and on all forms the HP completes when giving advice,
the HP should check their advice and the evidence upon which it is
based for any information which could be seriously harmful to the
claimants health if it were disclosed for example, a poor prognosis
that is unknown to the claimant or a diagnosis of a psychotic illness
in a claimant who lacks insight into their condition. This is known as
Harmful Information. In law, this is the only information that can be
withheld from a claimant.

2.8.24. No Harmful Information should be included in the assessment

reports to the Department and HPs will be expected to verify that this
is the case.

2.8.25. Should Harmful Information be present either contained in

supporting evidence or identified at a face-to-face consultation - this
should be recorded separately on the Harmful Information note
(PA7) or within the Harmful Information screens in the PIP
Assessment Tool and clearly marked as harmful. The HP should
indicate where any Harmful Information is contained in supporting
evidence for example: Part X of the GP Factual Report dated
XXXX contains harmful information.

2.8.26. Any further evidence that has been requested and received
subsequent to the initial claim should be reviewed to identify any

52
 information which could be harmful. The HP should indicate on the
PA7 or the relevant screen within the PIP Assessment Tool where
any Harmful Information is contained in supporting evidence

2.8.27. In relation to Terminal Illness claims:

When the claim pack has been completed and signed by the
claimant and submitted by them, and they have also submitted
the DS1500, information about terminal illness should not be
considered harmful
Where the claim has been made on behalf of the claimant by a
third party, the claimant may not be aware of any of the
information, and therefore the HP should consider all of the
evidence carefully to determine whether any information may
potentially be harmful
The GP or Hospital Consultant may flag up on the DS1500 that
the claimant is unaware of their diagnosis or prognosis. Such
information is likely to be considered harmful.

53
2.9. Prognosis
2.9.1. As part of the assessment for entitlement to PIP, HPs are asked to
give advice to Case Managers on the probable timescales over
which a health condition or impairment is likely to affect a claimants
function and if/when it would be sensible to review the claimants
circumstances. To formulate this opinion the HP should use their
knowledge and experience and the consensus of medical opinion,
taking into account the specific details relating to the case under
consideration.

2.9.2. Entitlement to PIP is dependent on the functional effects of a health

condition or impairment having been determined as likely to have
been present at the required level for at least three months and
being expected to last for at least a further nine months. These
periods are known respectively as the Qualifying Period and
Prospective Test. Case Managers will decide whether these
conditions are met but need advice from the HP on the duration of
any health condition(s) or impairment(s) to help inform this.

2.9.3. The Case Manager also needs advice to help inform decisions on
when claims should be reviewed, taking into account issues such as
the likely progression of the condition and whether it is likely to
improve, stay the same or worsen. For example, if the claimant has
corrective surgery planned for the near future which would be
expected to significantly impact their level of ability, a review at a
point following the surgery might be appropriate. Other conditions
are likely to deteriorate over time, so a review may be appropriate to
see whether the claimant is now entitled to a higher rate of PIP.
Other conditions might be unlikely to see significant changes in
impact, which might suggest a longer period between reviews.

Advising on prognosis

2.9.4. Advising on prognosis is not an exact science. However, the HP is

expected to offer advice in keeping with the balance of probability,
using their knowledge of health conditions or impairments; their
effects and likely course; the results of treatment and adaptation;
and the evidence provided in the case.

2.9.5. Advice must be current, logical, take into account recent advances in
medical care and in keeping with the consensus of medical opinion.

2.9.6. The advice should consider if improvement in the condition or its

functional effects can be expected as a result of factors such as, but
not limited to:

54
 Further treatment
Time
The natural progress of the underlying condition
Adjustments or adaptations.

2.9.7. The advice should consider if deterioration in the condition or its

functional effects can be expected as a result of factors such as, but
not limited to:

Time
The natural progress of the underlying medical condition.

2.9.8. The advice should take into consideration that even though in some
conditions there may be no expectation of improvement of the
underlying condition, it may be possible for the person to adapt given
sufficient time or with appropriate treatment and/or support, thereby
reducing the effects on functional ability. HPs should consider
whether there is evidence that such an adaptation or adjustment has
taken place.

2.9.9. If there is more than one relevant functional condition, the prognosis
should take account of the effects of all conditions and the added
impairment resulting from any interactions that may occur, and thus
based on the overall functional prognosis.

2.9.10. Each case should be considered on its own merits. The same health
condition may have different prognoses.

2.9.11. Age is not a medical cause of incapacity but it can be an indicator of

disease progression. The functional effects of a health condition or
impairment may be worse in an older person. For example, it might
be reasonably expected that a 25-year-old man who is otherwise
healthy but has lost his lower leg in an accident might adapt well to
the loss. However, a sixty year old with multiple other pathologies
who loses the lower leg because of complications due to diabetes is
more likely to struggle.

2.9.12. Prognosis advice must be fully explained and comprehensively

justified. Where the HPs opinion differs from other opinions on file
for example in further medical evidence or a previous HPs advice
then a full explanation of the reasons for the difference of opinion
should be given.

55
Completing the prognosis advice on the assessment report

2.9.13. After the Case Manager has decided on their chosen descriptors
and determined entitlement, they must select the most appropriate
award type and duration. The advice given by the HP on prognosis
will help the Case Manager decide on the type of award.

2.10. Review dates

2.10.1. The HP will be asked to provide advice on when it would be
appropriate to review the claimants functional ability in line with their
claim to PIP, i.e. where their functional ability may have increased or
decreased which may trigger a review of the level of their award.
The HP should use the text free box to clearly describe to the CM
why they have selected the relevant review point and the potential
change to the claimants level of functional ability that may lead to a
review being necessary. The HP should use the following guide
when considering review points:

No Review Required

2.10.2. It would be appropriate for the HP to select the no review required

option in the following circumstances:

Where the HP considers there to be no, or very low, functional

impairment present and where this is unlikely to change
Where the claimant has a level of functional ability which isnt
likely to change in the long-term
Where the HP considers that the claimant has a level of
functional ability that will likely improve to the point where there
is no/little functional limitation present within a 2 year period
e.g. after treatment surgery or medication. NB: the HP should
indicate the duration of such treatment and should state the
length of time after which there are likely to be no functional
limitations present. This will help the case manager assess the
duration of a potential fixed term award of benefit
Where the claimant has high levels of functional impairment
which are only likely to increase in such cases claimants are
likely to receive an enhanced award of benefit and so a review
of the level of award would be unlikely to change the award
amount.
2.10.3. The HP should clearly outline their reasons for selecting the no
review required option using the free text box this might include I
have seen little evidence to demonstrate the presence of functional
limitations as a result of the claimants health condition or

56
 impairment; or the claimants level of functional ability is stable and
is unlikely to change in the long term; or the claimant is due to
undergo surgery within the next 12 months, after which an 8 week
recovery period is anticipated. It is likely that the claimant will not
experience their current functional limitations post recovery period.

Specification of a Review Period

2.10.4. Where the HP considers that the claimants level of functional ability
will change (either increase or decrease), they should advise on an
appropriate review point for an assessment of the level of
entitlement to PIP, unless this change is within a 2 year period, in
which case the HP should advise that no review is required as per
the above guidance.

2.10.5. The following scenarios are examples of review periods which may
be appropriate, including no review necessary:

2 year review - the claimant is experiencing some reduction in

their functional ability owing to severe depression and anxiety.
They are undergoing treatment in the form of antidepressants
and therapy with support from a mental health nurse. There may
be some improvement in their mental health over the medium
term so a review at 2 years would be appropriate
3 year review -the claimant is experiencing limitations to their
functional ability owing to sciatica, which are unlikely to improve
in the short term but may do so in the longer term. The claimant
has had previous surgery which has not been completely
successful. They now attend a pain clinic and remain under
review by the spinal surgeons and may be considered for further
surgery in the future. Their symptoms are unlikely to improve in
the shorter term so a review at 3 years is appropriate
No review necessary - the claimant has had learning difficulties
since birth and their functional limitations are unlikely to change
in the long term and a review is not likely to be considered
necessary.
No review necessary - the claimant has a significant disability
due to osteoarthritis in the hip but has no other conditions which
cause functional limitations. The claimant is scheduled for hip
replacement surgery in 4 months time, after which it is likely they
will recover to the point where their functional ability is improved.

2.10.6. The HP is asked to confirm whether the functional restriction is likely

to be present at the recommended point of review.

57
2.10.7. Selecting the Yes box will indicate that the claimants functional
restriction is likely to still be present at the recommended point of
review, regardless of whether it is likely to improve, remain the same
or deteriorate. It indicates to the Case Manager that the case will
need to be reviewed to determine the correct level of any on-going
entitlement. In these cases, the Case Manager is likely to arrange for
a review before the end of the claim.

2.10.8. It is expected that the Yes box will be ticked in most cases.

2.10.9. The HP should select the No box if they consider it likely that the
claimants health condition is likely to improve or that they will
adapt to the point that there will be no or a very low level of
functional restriction for example, in the case of a broken limb
where a full recovery is likely in a relatively short period of time. In
these cases, the Case Manager is likely to make a fixed term award
of benefit.

2.10.10. The Not applicable box should be selected where the HP considers
that there is no health condition or impairment affecting function
present at the point of the consultation.

2.11. Identifying claimants with additional support

needs
2.11.1. It is recognised in PIP that claimants who have a mental health or
behavioural condition, learning difficulty, developmental disorder or
memory problems may not comply fully with the claims process due
to a lack of mental capacity or insight for example, not
understanding or caring about the consequences of not returning a
claim form. In PIP, these claimants are stated as having additional
support needs. Elements of the PIP claims process have been
adapted to provide further support for this group.

2.11.2. In relation to the assessment, claimants identified as having

additional support needs and who do not return the claimant
questionnaire will not automatically be disallowed the benefit but will
be referred to APs.

2.11.3. Many claimants with mental, intellectual or cognitive impairments will

have no problems returning the questionnaire. Others will have
support from a family member, carer, Community Psychiatric Nurse
or other person who will usually ensure that the questionnaire is
returned. However, this will not always be the case and this process
ensures that such claimants are not unfairly penalised because of
the impact of their impairment.

58
2.11.4. During the gathering of initial claim information, questions will be
asked by DWP in order to identify claimants who potentially have
additional support needs. This will be flagged on their case file on
the PIP Computer System. Providers need to consider the most
appropriate approach to completing the assessment, be that paper
based review or face-to-face consultation.

2.11.5. During all face-to-face consultations HPs should consider whether

claimants have a mental, intellectual or cognitive impairment that
would create additional support needs in relation to future activity.
They should do so even where the claimant has not been previously
flagged as having additional support needs. This is because the HP
should be able to make a more sensitive and specific assessment of
the presence or absence of additional support needs as a result of a
mental, intellectual or cognitive impairment, considering the
claimants mental capacity and insight. The HP should use their
knowledge, training and experience, along with any evidence
received or findings reached during a consultation such as whether
the claimant needed support from another person at the consultation
to inform their advice.

2.11.6. It is expected that the HP should identify if a claimant has additional

support needs even if the claimant themselves has not identified
such a need.

2.11.7. Examples of health conditions that may affect mental capacity and
potentially lead to additional support needs include (but are not
limited to):

Health conditions Examples

(note: these conditions may occur
in addition to or be exacerbated by
physical health conditions)
Mental health condition Severe Depression
Post Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD)
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD)
Psychosis
Schizophrenia
Personality disorders
Behavioural condition Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Conduct disorder
Learning difficulty Down syndrome
Fragile X syndrome
Developmental disorder Autistic Spectrum disorder

59
 Developmental delay
Speech or language disorders
Dementia or cognitive disorder Alzheimers
Dementia with Lewy bodies
Vascular dementia
Dementia associated with other conditions
such as Parkinsons disease
Brain injury after an accident

2.11.8. The HPs opinion on additional support needs should be indicated in

the advice given to DWP.

60
2.12. Requests for Supplementary Advice
2.12.1. Case Managers may make requests for supplementary advice at
any stage in the decision-making process. The supplementary
advice option will be used where the report overall is fit for purpose
but there is a need for some aspects to be clarified further.

2.12.2. If a report is not capable of comprehensively providing advice to the

Department (e.g. due to a lack of clarity, legibility, impartiality, or
there is inconsistency in the advice) then the report is not fit for
purpose and will be sent for rework rather than a request sent for
supplementary advice. For more information on rework see section
4.6.

2.12.3. Reasons for supplementary advice might be (but are not limited to):

Further evidence has been received from the claimant after

the assessment report has been returned to the
Department, and so further advice is required in light of this
Interpreting and explaining medical terminology the
claimant has provided in claim packs or that health
professionals have included in medical reports. This could
include advising on the nature of diagnoses, the use and
significance of medication, the interpretation of functional
examination findings, the significance of special
investigations and the nature of surgical or other
treatments
Giving non-prescriptive advice of a general nature on the
likely functional restrictions arising from a specific health
condition or impairment
Advice on whether a claim is being made for substantially
the same condition as a previous claim (see 2.13)
To inform a fraud investigation (such requests are likely to
be rare).

2.12.4. Supplementary advice may also be requested for a reconsideration

where the claimant challenges a decision made about entitlement to
PIP, or for the early revision of a decision as part of the appeals
process. The case manager will re-examine the facts of the case,
the law and any other issues which applied when the decision was
made. The purpose of the reconsideration is to try and resolve
disputes without the need for appeal. The HP may be asked for
advice on further evidence from the claimant and may request
further evidence before providing advice to DWP.

61
2.12.5. HPs should answer questions posed by the Case Manager but must
avoid giving any prescriptive advice that refers to possible benefit
entitlement, as final decisions rest with the Case Manager. Advice
should be clear, succinct, justified and in accordance with the
consensus of medical opinion.

2.12.6. Where consideration of Supplementary Advice requests results in

the HP changing their previous advice to the DWP, this should be
clearly flagged.

2.12.7. Requests for Supplementary Advice may be made to providers by

telephone and/or through the PIP Computer System and/or via PIP
Assessment Tool, depending upon the nature of the request.
Telephone requests can be resolved by a discussion. Requests for
advice through the PIP Computer System should be responded to
using clerical forms PA5 or PA6.

2.12.8. HPs should use clerical form PA5 to provide supplementary advice
that does not affect the descriptor choices or advices on prognosis in
the original report. For example, it maybe used to respond to a
request for clarification about medication or treatment that affects the
claimants health condition or impairment. The PA5 should also be
used where additional information does not change the original
advice.

2.12.9. If there are changes to the descriptor choice, the HP should

complete clerical form PA6 to highlight the evidence used to support
any changes and provide full justification for their choice. The PA6
may also be used for changes to advice that does not relate to
descriptor choice, e.g. prognosis.

2.12.10. Where the assessment was completed using the PIP Assessment
Tool, it will be necessary to create the appropriate supplementary
advice on the PIP Assessment Tool and once submitted a PA5/PA6
will be output to DWP.

62
2.13. Advice on substantially the same condition
2.13.1. One area that HPs may be asked to advise on is whether a claim for
PIP is being made for substantially the same condition as an earlier
claim.

2.13.2. Where the functional effects of a claimants health condition or

impairment reduce for example, as a result of remission their
entitlement to PIP may stop. Re-claims to PIP by individuals who
have developed a new condition or conditions which are
unconnected with the condition or conditions that gave rise to the
previous entitlement will be treated as an entirely new claim and
have to fulfil the Qualifying Period of three months.

2.13.3. Some conditions, however, can subsequently deteriorate leading to

a further entitlement to PIP for example, certain types of multiple
sclerosis have periods of remission and deterioration, while a person
with cancer may respond well to treatment and then relapse.

2.13.4. As such, the legislation allows for a linked claim where the claimant
is claiming for either:

Substantially the same condition or conditions for which the

previous award was made.
A new condition (i.e. a sequela) which developed as a result of a
condition for which the previous award was made

In such cases, if the claimant re-claims PIP as a result of a

deterioration in their condition, they do not need to satisfy the three-
month qualifying period for any component or components to which
they previously had been entitled provided they re-claim within two
years if of working age (16 to 64 years) or one year if they are aged
65 or over. All claimants need to satisfy the prospective test
regardless of previous entitlement.

2.13.5. In most cases it should be possible for Case Managers to identify

those cases where a claim has been made for substantially the
same physical or mental condition or range of conditions. However,
in cases of doubt HPs may be asked for advice, based on their
knowledge of the disabling effects of physical and mental conditions
and considering the evidence of the case.

2.13.6. Considerations that the HP should make include, but are not limited
to:

Whether the claimant has a condition which is likely to have

fluctuations in the functional effects over time

63
 Whether the claimant has a condition which is likely to have
sequelae which cause deterioration or fluctuation of function
Whether the condition is the same condition but with a different
diagnostic label - e.g. mitral valve disease / mitral stenosis
Whether the original diagnosis has been amended but the
underlying impairment and functional effects remains the same
e.g. bronchial asthma in the past but now suffering from
COPD which is substantially the same condition
Whether the same condition is present and responsible for the
functional effects but worsening has occurred due to a second
condition. For example, asthma control is poor because of
failure to take preventative medication regularly due to the
development of depression, resulting in mobility problems.

2.13.7. Case studies of such considerations are as follows:

Mr X has diabetes and depression with agoraphobia. His

diabetes was not well controlled and he had become depressed.
He was awarded the Daily Living component and Mobility
component at the standard rates. Once good diabetic control
was maintained his mental health condition improved so he was
not entitled to either component. 9 months later both lower limbs
were amputated following gangrene secondary to peripheral
neuropathy and he applied for PIP again. As it is probable that
the peripheral neuropathy was due to diabetes he did not have
to fulfil the 3 month qualifying period for either component as it
would be considered he was suffering from substantially the
same condition.
Mr Y has diabetes and depression. His diabetes was not well
controlled and he had become depressed. He was awarded the
Daily Living component at the standard rate. Once good diabetic
control was maintained his mental health condition improved so
he was not entitled to either component. 9 months later both
lower limbs were amputated following gangrene secondary to
peripheral neuropathy and he applied for PIP again. As it is
probable that the peripheral neuropathy was due to diabetes he
did not have to fulfil the 3 month qualifying period for the Daily
Living component as it would be considered he was suffering
from substantially the same condition. As he had not been
entitled to the Mobility component in the past he had to fulfil the
3 month qualifying period before becoming entitled to the
Mobility component
Mr Z has diabetes and depression with agoraphobia. His
diabetes was not well controlled and he had become depressed.

64
 He was awarded the Daily Living component at the standard
rate and the Mobility component at the standard rate. Once
diabetic control was maintained his mental health condition
improved so he was not entitled to either component. 9 months
later both lower limbs were amputated following a road traffic
accident and he applied for PIP again. As the disabling condition
was not substantially the same he had to fulfil the 3 month
qualifying period for both components
Miss B was diagnosed with Schizophrenia and fulfilled the PIP
criteria for standard rate Mobility component. Her condition
improved with treatment but 6 months later she re-claimed
benefit because of depression and paranoia. Low mood and
paranoid feelings were a significant feature of her schizophrenic
episode. As the disabling condition was substantially the same
she did not have to fulfil the 3 month qualifying period.

2.13.8. In Miss Bs case the link can be made as it is merely a different way
of expressing her mental health condition. However, care should be
taken to ensure that the advice given is appropriate for the individual
case as opposed to general advice. For example:

Miss T was diagnosed with Schizophrenia and fulfilled the PIP

criteria for standard rate Mobility component. Low mood and
paranoid feelings were a significant feature of her schizophrenic
episode. Her condition improved with treatment but 6 months
later she re-claimed benefit because her mobility was restricted
due to mitral valve disease. As the disabling condition was not
substantially the same she did have to fulfil the 3 month
qualifying period.

2.13.9. Miss Ts mental health condition is the same as Miss Bs, but the
root cause of her mobility problem was not the same.

65
2.14. Consent and Confidentiality
Consent

2.14.1. Consent is an integral part of claims for benefit but it cannot be

assumed that in an individual case consent has been given or that
consent previously given remains valid. Thus in every case, before
each instance that information is obtained or released, checks
should be made to ensure valid consent is held.

2.14.2. Consent may be written, verbal and in certain circumstances given

by a third party.

2.14.3. For consent to be lawful under the Data Protection Act 1998 (DPA) it
must be fully informed and freely given.

2.14.4. For consent to be fully informed and freely given the claimant
must know exactly why the information is needed, what is going to
be done with it, and with whom it might be shared. The claimant
must not be coerced into giving consent when he/she is unwilling to
give it e.g. it is inappropriate to say things such as unless you
agree to a report from your GP being obtained we cannot advise on
your claim. HPs may, however, flag that a DWP Case Manager will
make a decision on benefit entitlement based on the evidence
available in the case and it is important that they have access to the
best evidence.

2.14.5. In the case of information defined as sensitive in Schedule 3 of the

DPA, consent must be explicit. The categories of sensitive
information under DPA are:

Health or physical condition

Race/ethnic origin.
Sexual orientation.
Religious beliefs.
Trade union membership.
Any offence committed by them or any court proceedings
against them.

2.14.6. For consent to be explicit, in the case of sensitive information, the

claimant must be fully aware of the nature and content of the
information being processed.

2.14.7. Consent to contact third parties will be sought by DWP during the
initial claim information gather regardless of whether the claimant

66
 made a claim over the telephone or on a written claim form. The fact
that consent has been given (or not) will be made clear in the referral
from DWP. Providers should check that this has been provided.

2.14.8. Should there be no claimant consent provided at the initial claim

stage, it can be sought verbally by providers over the telephone.

Timescales for consent applying

2.14.9. All staff (HPs and administrative staff) should be made aware that it
is important to be confident that the consent is still valid. Depending
on how it is worded, consent - and in particular implicit consent -
may only cover a particular stage in the processing of a claim, and
thus fresh consent may need to be sought. If there is any doubt as to
whether the consent is still valid, fresh consent should be sought.

2.14.10. Consent can be withdrawn by claimants at any time in the claim.

2.14.11. In order to ensure that consent remains valid, the Department

advises that in any case where consent is over 2 years old, action
should be taken to confirm that it still reflects the claimants wishes.
The Department is exploring opportunities to gather refreshed
consent when PIP claims are subsequently reviewed.

2.14.12. It is good practice to check that there is valid consent every time
further evidence is sought.

Consent to a physical examination

2.14.13. Although it could be taken that, by attending a face-to-face

consultation, the claimant has given consent to a physical
examination; it should not be assumed that this is the case. At every
stage of the proceedings the claimant should be advised as to what
is going to happen and agree to it happening.

Appointees

2.14.14. Claimants who are unable to manage their own financial affairs can
have a person appointed to do this for them. Appointee action is only
taken where the claimant is incapable of managing their affairs. This
is usually because the claimant is mentally incapable but,
exceptionally, may also be appropriate when the claimant is
physically disabled e.g. if they have suffered a stroke which has
resulted in a significant impact on their functional ability. An officer
acting on behalf of the Secretary of State authorises an appointee to
act for the claimant in specified circumstances.

67
2.14.15. An appointee becomes fully responsible for acting on the claimants
behalf in all the claimants dealings with the DWP. This includes:

Claiming benefits, including completing and signing any claim,

and the consent to get further evidence.
Collecting/ receiving benefit payments.
Reporting changes in the claimants circumstances.
Reporting any changes in their own circumstances that the DWP
may require e.g. a change of name or address.

2.14.16. The fact that claimants have an appointee will be flagged by DWP in
the initial referral to providers.

2.14.17. Any paperwork supplied by a corporate appointee using a signature

stamp rather than a manuscript signature is not acceptable. The
paperwork would need to be returned for a manuscript signature. If a
person is acting for the corporate appointee then they should ideally
sign Joe Bloggs acting as the agent/representative of the corporate
appointee or similar. Where there are doubts, providers can check
matters relating to appointees with DWP.

Power of Attorney/Deputy

2.14.18. A Power of Attorney/deputy is a formal instrument by which one

person (a donor/the Court of Protection) empowers another (a
donee, who is the attorney/deputy) to act on his behalf either
generally or in specific circumstances.

2.14.19. The responsibilities of an attorney/deputy may include, but are not

limited to:

Making a claim to benefit, including completing and signing any

claim forms, and providing the consent to seek further medical
evidence
Collecting/receiving benefit payments
Reporting changes in the circumstances of the person they
represent. (Note: Power of Attorney (but not a deputyship) can
occur when the claimant retains full capacity and so is able to
manage their affairs. In these cases there is no duty on their
attorney to disclose a change in the claimants circumstances.
This is the case even where the attorney is receiving the benefit.
The onus to disclose remains with the claimant. This only
changes where the claimant loses mental capacity and cannot
be expected to report any changes and responsibility will fall to
the attorney).

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Proof of consent

2.14.20. Proof of consent given by claimants need not be routinely sent by

providers when requesting further evidence. The NHS accepts that
consent is an integral part of claims for benefit, and proof of consent
is not necessary before information is released by hospitals, trusts
and clinics funded by the NHS or local authorities. From time-to-time
hospitals are reminded of their obligations to provide information in
connection with claims for benefit and that proof of consent is not
necessary.

2.14.21. The position that proof of consent is not required is supported by the
General Medical Council, which advises that: you may accept an
assurance from an officer of a government department or agency or
a registered health professional acting on their behalf that the patient
or a person properly authorised to act on their behalf has
consented.

2.14.22. If GPs, consultants and doctors request proof of consent they should
be reminded of the General Medical Councils advice. If they still
require something in writing, the HP should email them a letter
assuring consent is held and quoting the GMC advice.

2.14.23. Occasionally an HP may be asked to provide evidence that consent

is held in the form of the claimants signature before the information
is forthcoming. Only in exceptional circumstances where the GP or
hospital has given a valid reason as to why they do not follow the
GMC and/or the NHS guidance should proof of consent be sent
when requesting further evidence.

2.14.24. In such cases the provider should contact the Department for
information.

2.14.25. In non-Terminal Illness (TI) cases it may be appropriate to obtain

further evidence from an alternative source should proof of consent
be an issue.

2.14.26. In TI cases, a telephone call to a different health professional should

be considered. If there is no suitable alternative the HP should
provide proof of consent. Once this has been provided, the HP
should call the healthcare professional involved in the claimants
care again. If the healthcare professional involved in the claimants
care remains unwilling to provide the information in TI cases, an
appropriate alternative person - e.g. their consultant - should be
telephoned.

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Consent in third party claims

2.14.27. The PIP Terminal Illness legislation creates special provision for a
third party to make a claim on behalf of a disabled person without
their knowledge.

2.14.28. Further information relating to the TI claim may be required and, due
to the tight timescales involved in TI claims, contact with the
claimants own health professionals may be required. When making
contact with that professional by telephone the HP must make it
clear if they do not hold consent from the disabled person to permit
disclosure of information about their condition and explain the
provision for third party claims under the Terminal Illness rules.

2.14.29. The HP should also ensure that the claimants health professional
understands that a written record will be made of any information
given during the telephone conversation and that this will be
available to the patient at a later date unless there is Harmful
Information.

2.14.30. It will be for the individual professional to determine whether they

wish to release information about the claimant to the HP. The HP
should not apply pressure to the professional to supply this
information.

Confidentiality

2.14.31. Personal information held by DWP is regarded as confidential.

Confidentiality is breeched when one person discloses information to
another in circumstances where it is reasonable to expect that the
information will be held in confidence. The duty of confidentiality
continues after the death of an individual to whom that duty is owed.

2.14.32. DWP takes confidentiality very seriously and all confidential

information should be held securely and in accordance with
legislation. With regard to requests for personal information,
providers should:

Only ask for what they need, and should not collect too much or
irrelevant information.
Protect it, storing both clerical and electronic information
securely.
Ensure that only staff who need to have access to the personal
data in order to undertake their work should have access.
Do not keep it longer than necessary.

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 Do not make personal information available for commercial use
without the claimants permission.

Telephone conversations

2.14.33. It is important that in all telephone contact with claimants or their

representatives, the correct person is being spoken to. For all
incoming calls the callers identity must be verified. If there is any
doubt, the telephone call should be terminated and, if necessary, the
claimant or their representative be contacted using the telephone
contact number on file.

2.14.34. Personal information should never be left on answering machines or

voice-mail facilities.

Confidential information

2.14.35. Any written information that is marked by a claimant or a third party

as confidential or in confidence cannot be used in a claim for PIP
as it cannot be further disclosed to a Case Manager.

2.14.36. If the claimant states that they want to tell the HP something in
confidence and that they do not want recorded in the HPs advice,
the HP should explain to them that they are unable to take such
information into account, as the Case Manager would have no
access to it.

Releasing information to the claimant

2.14.37. Other than information about their appointments with the HP or an

update on their current position in the assessment process, it is not
the role of the provider to release information to the claimant; and/or
their representative, Appointee or person who has Power of
Attorney/Deputy. Anyone making a request must be advised that
requests for information should be made to the DWP.

Solicitors & representatives and Third Party Requests

2.14.38. Solicitors and/or claimant representatives such as support agencies

may approach a provider with requests for copies of all information
held e.g. in personal injury compensation cases. Providers have
no role to play in releasing information to a third party, and the
person making the requests must be advised to contact the DWP.

Release of information to the claimants MP

2.14.39. It is usually accepted that if a claimant has authorised their MP to

write on their behalf they have consented to the MP seeing

71
information relating to their claim. This authorisation does not extend
to the claimants spouse or relatives so in these circumstances
consent from the claimant to communicate with the MP should be
sought by the MP themselves.

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3. The Assessment Criteria
3.0.1. This section outlines the assessment criteria for Personal
Independence Payment. It explains how the assessment is
structured, including how the activities and descriptors fit together to
determine entitlement to each of the two components. It also includes
the assessment criteria themselves and guidance for HPs on how to
apply them.

3.1. The assessment approach

3.1.1. Personal Independence Payment will provide a cash contribution
towards the additional costs faced by disabled people as a result of
needs arising from a health condition or impairment. The
Department considered whether it would be possible for the
Personal Independence Payment assessment to assess the actual
extra costs incurred by an individual. However, it was felt that doing
so would create a very complicated and lengthy assessment, which
would be both subjective and inconsistent, going against the aims of
the new benefit. The Department instead decided that the most
effective means of determining entitlement would be to consider a
proxy for the impact and additional costs arising from disability.

3.1.2. The PIP assessment therefore focuses on assessing an individuals

ability to participate, defining participation as involvement in life
situations. The criteria are focused on outcomes and the impact of a
health condition or impairment on an individuals ability to carry out a
range of activities which are fundamental to everyday life. It would
not be practical for the assessment to take account of the impact of
a health condition or impairment on all everyday activities, nor to
seek to include all possible areas where extra costs may be
generated. This would lead to over-complexity and be challenging
for consistency, administration and the time needed for
assessments. Instead the assessment considers a series of key
activities that cumulatively act as a proxy and so seeks to identify
those individuals who are likely to have the highest level of need.
There are ten daily living activities and two mobility activities.

3.1.3. Underpinning each activity are a number of descriptors, each

describing a varying level of ability to carry out the activity for
example, ranging from being able to carry out an activity unaided to
not being able to carry it out at all. Some activities have more
descriptors than others.

73
3.1.4. When assessing an individual, the descriptor most appropriate to the
individual within each activity will be chosen.

3.1.5. Each descriptor in the assessment criteria has a numeric point score
attached to it, reflecting both the level of ability it represents and the
overall importance of the activity. The total scores for all of the
activities related to each component are added together to
determine entitlement for that component. The entitlement threshold
for each component is 8 points for the standard rate and 12 points
for the enhanced rate.

74
3.2. Applying the criteria
3.2.1. The assessment will consider a claimants ability to undertake the
activities detailed below. Inability to undertake activities must be due
to the effects of a health condition or impairment and not simply a
matter of preference by the claimant.

3.2.2. A health condition or impairment may be physical, sensory, mental,

intellectual or cognitive, or any combination of these. The impact of
all impairment types can be taken into account across the activities,
where they affect a claimants ability to complete the activity and
achieve the stated outcome. For example, a claimant with a severe
depressive illness may physically be able to prepare food and feed
himself, but may lack the motivation to do so, to the extent of
needing prompting from another person to carry out the task.
However, some activities focus on specific elements of function. For
example, Moving around relates to the physical aspects of walking,
whilst Engaging with other people face to face relates to the mental,
cognitive or intellectual aspects of interacting with other people.

Descriptor choice

3.2.3. When assessing a claimant, the HP should consider all the evidence
of the case and the likely ability of the claimant over a year-long
period (see 3.2.9) before selecting the most appropriate descriptor to
the claimant relating to each of the assessment activities, taking into
account their level of ability, whether they need to use aids or
appliances and whether they need help from another person or an
assistance dog.

3.2.4. In choosing descriptors, the HP should use their knowledge of the

health condition or impairment as a measure of the level of disability
that would be expected from the claimant's condition. For example, it
is unlikely that mechanical low back pain is unremitting day after
day, because the natural history is of pain that varies from day to
day, and it would be appropriate to make this observation in the
report. However, it is insufficient for the HP to argue just from the
general principle when justifying descriptor choices; the evidence
has to relate to the specific claimant.

3.2.5. The fact that an individual can complete an activity is not sufficient
evidence of ability. HPs may find it helpful to consider:

Approach what the individual needs to do; how they carry out
the task; what assistance or aids are required; how long it takes;
and whether it is safe.

75
 Outcome whether the activity can be successfully completed
and the standard that is achieved.
Impact what the effects of reaching the outcome has on the
individual and, where relevant, others; and whether the
individual can repeat the activity within a reasonable period of
time and to the same standard (this clearly includes
consideration of symptoms such as pain, discomfort,
breathlessness, fatigue and anxiety).
Variability how an individuals approach and outcomes change
over time and the impact this has on them.

3.2.6. People are influenced by their perceptions and beliefs about their
condition; and this can affect the level of disability they experience.
Some individuals are able to cope to a large extent and may
perceive a much lower level of disability, while others may be far
more disabled than might be expected from their condition. The key
to choosing descriptors is to evaluate whether the history and the
claimant's behaviour are consistent, not just with the nature of the
disabling condition but also with the claimant's lifestyle.

3.2.7. HPs should not consider the point scores associated with descriptors
or whether these will confer entitlement to the benefit if chosen by
Case Managers. HPs should only consider whether the descriptor is
appropriate to the claimants circumstances.

Reliability

3.2.8. For a descriptor to be able to apply to a claimant, the claimant must

be able to reliably complete the activity as described in the
descriptor. More information on this can be found in section 3.3.

Time periods, fluctuations and descriptor choices

3.2.9. The impact of most health conditions and impairments can fluctuate
over time. Taking a view of ability over a longer period of time helps
to iron out fluctuations and presents a more coherent picture of
disabling effects. Therefore the descriptor choice should be based
on consideration of a 12 month period. This should correlate with
the Qualifying Period and Prospective Test for the benefit so the
HP should broadly consider the claimants likely ability in the three
months before the assessment and in the nine months after.

3.2.10. A scoring descriptor can apply to claimants in an activity where their

impairment(s) affects their ability to complete an activity, at some
stage of the day, on more than 50 per cent of days in the 12 month
period. The following rules apply:

76
 If one descriptor in an activity is likely to apply on more than 50
per cent of the days in the 12 month period i.e. the activity can
be completed in the way described on more than 50 per cent of
days then that descriptor should be chosen
If two or more descriptors in an activity are likely to apply on
more than 50 per cent of the days in the period, then the
descriptor chosen should be the one which is the highest scoring
Where one single descriptor in an activity is likely to not be
satisfied on more than 50 per cent of days, but a number of
different scoring descriptors in that activity cumulatively are
likely to be satisfied on more than 50 per cent of days, the
descriptor likely to be satisfied for the highest proportion of the
time should be selected. For example, if descriptor B is likely to
be satisfied on 40 per cent of days and descriptor C on 30 per
cent of days, descriptor B should be chosen. Where two or
more descriptors are satisfied for the same proportion of days,
the descriptor which is the highest scoring should be chosen.

3.2.11. If someone is awaiting treatment or further intervention it can be

difficult to accurately predict its level of success or whether it will
even occur. Descriptor choices should therefore be based on the
likely continuing impact of the health condition or impairment as if
any treatment or further intervention has not occurred.

3.2.12. The timing of the activity should be considered, and whether the
claimant can carry out the activity when they need to do it. For
example if taking medication in the morning (such as painkillers)
allows the individual to carry out activities reliably when they need to
throughout the day, although they would be unable to carry out the
activity for part of the day (i.e. before they take the painkillers), the
individual can still complete the activity reliably when required and
therefore should receive the appropriate descriptor.

Risk and Safety

3.2.13. When considering whether an activity can be undertaken safely it is

important to consider the risk of a serious adverse event occurring.
However, the risk that a serious adverse event may occur due to
impairments is insufficient the adverse event has to be likely to
occur.

Support from other people

3.2.14. The assessment takes into account where claimants need the
support of another person or persons to carry out an activity,

77
 including where that person has to carry out the activity for them in
its entirety. The criteria refer to various types of support:

Supervision is a need for the continuous presence of another

person for the purpose of ensuring the claimants safety to avoid
a serious adverse event from occurring. The risk must be likely
to occur in the absence of such supervision. To apply
supervision must be required for the full duration of the activity.
Prompting is support provided by another person by reminding
or encouraging a claimant to undertake or complete a task or
explaining it to them but not physically helping them. To apply,
this only needs to be required for part of the activity.
Assistance is support that requires the presence and physical
intervention of another person to help the claimant complete the
activity, including doing some, but not all of the activity in
question. To apply, this only needs to be required for part of the
activity.

3.2.15. A number of descriptors also refer to another person being required

to complete the activity in its entirety. These descriptors would apply
where the claimant is unable to undertake any of the activity for
themselves, even with help.

3.2.16. Activities 7 and 9 refer to Communication support and Social

support, which are defined in the notes to the activities.

3.2.17. The assessment does not look at the availability of help from another
person but rather at the underlying need. As such, claimants may be
awarded descriptors for needing help even if it is not currently
available to them for example, if they currently manage in a way
that is unreliable but could complete it reliably with some help.

Aids and appliances

3.2.18. The assessment considers a claimants reliance on aids and

appliances in order to be able to complete an activity safely, reliably,
repeatedly and in a timely manner, as set out in section 3.3 of this
guide. Owning or using an aid or appliance is not necessarily an
indicator that a claimant requires that aid or appliance in order to
complete an activity. The HP must assess whether there is a
genuine need for an aid or appliance and whether or not the
claimant could complete the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and
in a timely manner without the use of an aid or appliance.

3.2.19. In this context:

78
 Aids are devices that enable the claimant to perform a function,
for example, walking sticks or spectacles
Appliances are devices that provide or replace a missing
function, for example artificial limbs, catheters, wheelchairs and
collecting devices e.g. colostomy bags

Aids and appliances may also include mainstream items used by

people without an impairment, where because of their impairment
the claimant is completely reliant on them to complete the activity.

3.2.20. When considering whether a claimant needs to use an aid or

appliance, the HP should apply the following logic:

Can the claimant carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner without needing to rely on an aid or
appliance or help from another person? Here there should be
exploration of the difference between a claimants reliance on an
aid or appliance or help from another person, and a preference
to use an aid or appliance or to seek help from another person. If
they do not need to rely on the use of an aid or appliance or help
from another person In order to complete the activity then
Descriptor A will be appropriate. If the claimant needs to rely on
an aid or appliance then move to Descriptor B.

3.2.21. Under Descriptor B, consideration should be given to whether the

claimant can carry out the activity on the basis of their ability whilst
wearing or using any aid or appliance which they normally wear or
use, or could reasonably be expected to wear or use. If the claimant
is able to carry out the activity in these circumstances then
Descriptor B will be appropriate. If not, then consideration should be
given to whether the claimant must rely on prompting, supervision or
assistance in order to complete the activity, in which case a higher
descriptor may be more appropriate.

3.2.22. Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance which he

or she could reasonably be expected to use and which would enable
them to carry out the activity without prompting, supervision or
assistance, Descriptor B will also be appropriate - in other words -
they should not be awarded a higher descriptor if using an aid or
appliance would remove the need for prompting, supervision or
assistance.

3.2.23. It is reasonable to expect a claimant to use an aid or appliance in the

following circumstances:

The aid or appliance is widely available

79
 The aid or appliance is available at no or low cost

It is medically reasonable for them to use an aid or appliance

The claimant was given specific medical advice about managing

their condition, and it is reasonable for them to continue
following that advice

The claimant would be advised to use an aid or appliance if they

sought advice from a professional such as a GP or occupational
therapist

The claimant is able to use and store the aid or appliance.

3.2.24. Examples where Descriptor A should be selected:

The claimant has installed grab rails by the toilet to make it

easier for them to get off the toilet after sitting down. During the
face-to-face consultation it was observed that the claimant could
sit and stand repeatedly but with some stiffness and the HP
considers that the claimant could stand after using the toilet
without the rail. Even though it would be easier for the claimant
to use the rail it is not required to complete the activity

The claimant uses a dosette box for convenience, however there

is no evidence of any impairment which may affect the
claimant's memory. The HP considers, therefore, that the
claimant would still be able to manage their medication
independently even without the aid

3.2.25. Examples where Descriptor B should be selected:

Where the claimant relies on shoes without laces and uses a

shoe horn in order to put their shoes on due to not being able to
bend down to either put their shoes on or to tie shoe laces

Where the claimant is not able to lift themselves off the toilet
without the grab rail, without which they may need assistance.

3.2.26. The HP should make suitable comparisons across activities

regarding the level of functional ability present. For example, if a
claimant cannot chop vegetables without an aid due to weakness in
their hands then it would be expected that they would struggle to
undertake other activities requiring similar dexterity. Similarly if a
claimant drives a car but says they are unable to complete other
activities requiring similar dexterity, the HP should explore this with
the claimant.

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3.2.27. The HP should also consider the variability and fluctuation of a
claimants health condition and the effect on their needs. Where
there is variability, the HP should consider what the need is on the
majority of days. For example, if a claimant can usually prepare food
unaided, but occasionally needs to use an aid due to a particularly
acute period in their condition, they will not be assessed as needing
to use an aid as this is not needed most of the time.

3.2.28. Mobility Activity 1 refers specifically to orientation aids, which are

defined as specialist aids designed to assist disabled people in
following a route, for example long canes.

Assistance dogs

3.2.29. We recognise that guide, hearing and dual sensory dogs are not
aids but have attempted to ensure that the descriptors capture the
additional barriers and costs of needing such a dog where they are
required, to enable claimants to follow a route safely. Mobility Activity
1 therefore explicitly refers to the use of an assistance dog.
Assistance dogs are defined as dogs trained to help people with
sensory impairments.

Unaided

3.2.30. Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

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3.3. Reliability
3.3.1. Central to the application of all the activities within the PIP
assessment is a consideration of the manner in which they are
undertaken. If an individual cannot reliably complete an activity in the
way described in a descriptor then they should be considered unable
to complete it at that level and a higher descriptor selected. For
example a claimant may be able to complete an activity unaided, but
in a manner that is unsafe; they require supervision in order to do so
safely and therefore should be awarded the higher descriptor which
refers to supervision.

3.3.2. Considering reliability involves looking at whether the claimant can

complete the activity as described:

Safely in a manner unlikely to cause harm to themselves or to

another person, either during or after completion of the activity
To an acceptable standard
Repeatedly able to repeat the activity as often as is
reasonably required
In a reasonable time period no more than twice as long as the
maximum period that a non-disabled person would normally
take to complete that activity.

3.3.3. Judgement and experience will be required to determine whether

something is reasonable or acceptable. More information on
these issues is set out below.

3.3.4. This applies to every activity within the assessment.

Safely

3.3.5. Safely means in a manner unlikely to cause harm to themselves or

to another person, either during or after completion of the activity.

3.3.6. When considering whether an activity can be undertaken safely, it is

important to consider the risk of harm occurring. However, the risk
that harm may occur due to impairments is insufficient the harm
has to be likely to occur.

3.3.7. The risk of harm occurring also has to be higher than that for a non-
disabled person completing the same activity. For example, most
individuals will occasionally burn or scald themselves slightly while
cooking; you must consider whether the claimant is at a notably
greater risk of burning or scalding themselves as a result of their
health condition or impairment.

82
3.3.8. Harm includes damage to an individuals health. For example if
carrying out an activity could cause a substantial and sustained
worsening of a claimants condition, meaning it is not safe for them
to do it at all, the individual should not be considered able to
complete the activity safely at the level described in the descriptor.
Given the nature of the activities within the assessment this is likely
to be rare.

3.3.9. As made clear in legislation, harm is in relation to an individual or

another person and therefore does not include damage to property.
Damage to property may, however, be relevant to whether an
activity can be completed to an acceptable standard or repeatedly.

3.3.10. The regularity with which any risk occurs is also important, for
example if an individual has forgotten to take their medication at
times in the past but ordinarily manages to remember unaided there
is unlikely to be a risk to their safety.

3.3.11. Even if the impact of the risk is significant, it must still be likely to
occur. For example, everyone is at risk of injury if they fall but for
some the likelihood of falling is much higher, so the risk of injury
occurring is higher. For example a claimant with a balance problem
may have difficulties getting in and out of the bath safely without help
from another person because of the risk of falling. Another claimant
with a balance problem also at risk of falling may be able to use the
bath safely with the aid of a grab rail. You must consider whether the
risk of the adverse event is great enough to require continuous
supervision for the duration of the task.

3.3.12. The following situations highlight examples for each activity where
there may be a potential risk to the safety of the claimant or others.
This list is not exhaustive and further consideration would be
required as to the level of risk and whether mitigation, such as
suitable aids and appliances, would be possible. Any risks presented
by the claimant should be considered.

3.3.13. Preparing food

Fire as a result of not understanding how to use an electrical

appliance or gas hob correctly

Increased risk of cutting oneself or another person as a result of

a health condition or impairment

Burning or scalding oneself if, for example, an individual is likely

to drop a saucepan or spill the contents

83
 An actively suicidal person may require supervision to carry out
these activities or be unable to carry them out at all, due to the
risk of self harm posed by access to knives, naked flames and
hot implements and food. Such a person is likely to have a care
plan.

3.3.14. Taking nutrition

Choking

3.3.15. Managing therapy or monitoring a health condition

Accidental overdose for example due to cognitive or sensory

impairment
Deliberate overdose the risk of deliberately taking too much
medication with the intention to self harm. Risk of overdose
varies depending on the level of suicidal intent. Some people
may need someone else to keep their tablets and administer
them when required but require no other supervision to reduce
the risk of suicide. This level of supervision is addressed by
descriptor b in activity 3.
Taking too little medication, forgetting to take medication or not
taking the correct medication at the right time due to a health
condition or impairment.
Failure to carry out therapy which is likely to lead to a significant
deterioration of an individuals health condition as a result

3.3.16. Washing and bathing

Falling or slipping which causes injury to the claimant

3.3.17. Managing toilet needs or incontinence

Slipping or falling when getting on or off the toilet

Sickness or infection due to an inability to maintain personal

hygiene.

3.3.18. Dressing and undressing

Ordinarily there are no risks to this activity

3.3.19. Communicating verbally

There are no obvious risks to safety for this activity. It should be

noted that the risk of being unable to understand emergency
instructions is addressed by the activity itself

84
3.3.20. Reading and understanding signs, symbols and words

There are no obvious risks to safety for this activity. It should be

noted that the risk of being unable to read emergency signs is
addressed by the activity itself

3.3.21. Engaging with other people face to face

Becoming violent which presents a serious risk of harm to the

claimant and/or another person

3.3.22. Making budgeting decisions

There are no obvious risks to safety for this activity

3.3.23. Planning and following journeys

Injury as a result of being unaware of obstacles, for example

due to visual impairment

Lacking a perception of danger which may present a risk of

injury to themselves or others, for example as a result of running
into the road

Getting into an unsafe situation as a result of getting lost due to

a health condition or impairment and being unable to resolve
being lost.

3.3.24. Moving around

Falling.

To an acceptable standard

3.3.25. This term is not defined in legislation, which means it should have its
ordinary meaning, i.e. that activities should be carried out to a
standard that is acceptable.

When considering acceptability there is clearly a range, from

what is not perfect but is sufficient (good enough) at one end,
through what most people would normally expect to achieve, to
an extremely high standard at the top end. In order for it to be
acceptable, the standard which a claimant achieves must fall
within this range. An acceptable standard is one which is good
enough.

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Repeatedly

3.3.26. Repeatedly means as often as the activity being assessed is

reasonably required to be completed.

3.3.27. How often the claimant needs to complete each activity is not
specified. The HP should consider how often they would normally
expect each activity to be completed, for example you would
normally expect an individual to prepare food three times a day, but
to heat food only once a day. In most cases the HP should use this
norm as a benchmark when considering whether the claimant can
complete the activity repeatedly.

3.3.28. However, some individuals may need to complete an activity more

frequently as a result of their health condition or impairment. For
example an individual with colitis may need to go to the toilet more
frequently. In these cases the HP should consider whether it is
reasonable for the individual to complete the activity more frequently
as a result of their health condition or impairment, and if so what the
reasonable number of times is in their individual case. It should then
be considered whether or not the claimant is able to complete the
activity that number of times.

3.3.29. Where the act of completing the activity means the individual is
unable to repeat the activity again, within a period when they could
reasonably be expected to do so, they are likely to be considered as
not completing the activity repeatedly. For example, an individual
can prepare their breakfast, but the exertion of doing so leaves them
exhausted and they are unable to prepare their lunch as a result, but
by the evening they have recovered enough to prepare an evening
meal. Because, after preparing breakfast, you would reasonably
expect someone to be able to prepare a meal again by lunchtime, in
this example the individual cannot be considered able to complete
the activity repeatedly.

3.3.30. Consideration should also be given to whether an individual is able

to repeat a task on subsequent days. For example an individual may
be able to fulfil the Moving around criteria one day, but the exertion
of doing so means they are unable to do so the following day. When
considering repeatability over longer periods of days and weeks, the
HP should apply the rules governing fluctuating conditions (set out in
regulation 7 of the Social Security (Personal Independence
Payment) Regulations 2013) and consider whether which descriptor
applies on the majority of days in that period.

3.3.31. Symptoms such as pain, fatigue and breathlessness should be

considered when determining whether an activity can be carried out

86
 repeatedly. While these symptoms may not necessarily stop the
claimant carrying out the activity in the first instance, they may be an
indication that it cannot be done as often as is required.

3.3.32. The following situations highlight examples where an individual may

be considered unable to repeatedly complete a descriptor in the way
described due to the impact this would have:

A person who is able to stand and move 20 metres unaided, but

is unable to repeat it again that day cannot do it repeatedly as
you would reasonably expect people to move 20 metres more
than once a day
A person who is able to prepare a meal, but the exhaustion from
doing so means they cannot then repeat the activity at
subsequent meal times on the same day. This means they
cannot complete the activity repeatedly as it is reasonable to
expect people to prepare a meal more than once a day.

In a reasonable time period

3.3.33. Reasonable time period means no more than twice as long as the
maximum period that a non-disabled person would normally take to
complete that activity.

3.3.34. When looking at whether the individual can complete the activity in a
reasonable time period, consideration should be given to the
maximum period it is normally likely to take an individual without a
health condition or impairment to complete the activity. In order to
complete the activity within a reasonable time period, a claimant
must take no more than twice this amount of time.

3.3.35. For each activity there will clearly be a range of times from those
individuals who are very quick through to those who are much
slower. There will also be non-disabled individuals who take an
extremely long time to complete an activity; these should be
discounted as they would not be covered by the reference to
normally.

3.3.36. The following situations highlight examples where an individual may

be considered unable to complete a descriptor in a reasonable time
period due to their approach or the impact their health condition or
impairment has on them:

An individual who becomes breathless and exhausted whilst

washing and dressing, and needs two hours to complete these
tasks

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 An individual who is physically capable of preparing a meal, but
whose need for formalised ritual means they take all morning to
prepare breakfast

Someone who, as a result of their health condition, has

obsessive ideas around cleanliness and takes considerably
prolonged periods of time to complete activities due to repetitive
and extended hand washing.

Worked example 1

3.3.37. Mr X is able to stand and move unaided. He can comfortably walk up

to 150 metres at a normal pace. After 150 metres he starts to
become breathless and to experience some mild pain. He can
continue to walk but his pace slows. The pain and breathlessness
gradually increases and after 250 metres he needs to stop and rest
for about 5 minutes before starting to walk again. Mr X can
repeatedly walk 250 metres, with short 5-minute rests in between for
around an hour. After an hour of this, he needs a longer rest of about
an hour before walking again. It takes Mr X around three minutes to
walk 200 metres.

3.3.38. In the Moving Around activity, the HP should work their way through
the descriptors considering each aspect of reliability, to find the one
that best describes Mr Xs ability to complete the activity reliably.

A Can stand and then move more than 200 metres, either aided or
unaided.
B Can stand and then move more than 50 metres but no more than
200 metres, either aided or unaided.
C Can stand and then move unaided more than 20 metres but no
more than 50 metres.
D Can stand and then move using an aid or appliance more than 20
metres but no more than 50 metres.
E Can stand and then move more than 1 metre but no more than 20
metres, either aided or unaided.
F Cannot, either aided or unaided.
(i) stand; or
(ii) move more than 1 metre.

3.3.39. Based on the initial information, the HP should consider awarding

descriptor A but needs to consider whether Mr X can complete it
reliably:

Safely there is no evidence that this activity poses any risk to

Mr Xs safety. He has said he experiences some pain and

88
 breathlessness and, while this may be uncomfortable, he knows
when to stop and rest and there is no indication that this causes
him any harm.
To an acceptable standard this is not an issue in this
instance.
Repeatedly Mr X has to stop and rest for about 5 minutes
after walking 250 metres, before he can start walking again, but
he can repeat the activity for up to an hour multiple times in one
day. This is more frequently than would reasonably be expected
so Mr X can be said to complete the activity repeatedly
In a reasonable time period Mr X can walk the first 150
metres at a normal pace before he begins to slow, but it only
takes him three minutes to walk 200 metres. Although a little
slower than normal, this is a reasonable time period for
someone to walk 200 metres and therefore Mr X can complete
the activity in a reasonable time period.

3.3.40. The HP therefore concludes that Mr X can stand and then move
more than 200 metres and selects descriptor A.

Worked example 2

3.3.41. Mr Y is able to stand and move with a walking stick. He can walk up
to 50 metres at a slightly slowed pace with some discomfort. After
this distance he starts to experience increasing hip pain. He can
continue to walk, but his pace slows even further and after 100
metres he needs to stop and rest. This takes a lot out of him and for
a few hours after, he is unable to go more than a few steps without
experiencing further severe hip pain. It takes Mr Y between one and
two minutes to walk 50 metres the first time.

3.3.42. In the Moving Around activity, the HP should work their way through
the descriptors considering each aspect of reliability, to find the one
that best describes Mr Ys ability to complete the activity reliably.

A Can stand and then move more than 200 metres, either aided or
unaided.
B Can stand and then move more than 50 metres but no more than
200 metres, either aided or unaided.
C Can stand and then move unaided more than 20 metres but no
more than 50 metres.
D Can stand and then move using an aid or appliance more than 20
metres but no more than 50 metres.
E Can stand and then move more than 1 metre but no more than 20
metres, either aided or unaided.

89
F Cannot, either aided or unaided.
(i) stand; or
(ii) move more than 1 metre.

Safely there is no evidence that this activity poses any risk to

Mr Ys safety. He has said he experiences pain but he knows
when to stop and rest. There is no indication that this causes
him any harm
To an acceptable standard this is not an issue in this
instance
Repeatedly Mr Y has to stop and rest after walking 100
metres and experiences increasing discomfort after the first 50
metres. It is then several hours before he can walk this distance
again. As this is not as often as would reasonably be expected,
Mr Y cannot be said to complete the activity repeatedly. He can
repeatedly manage a few steps using his stick, which is less
than 20 but more than 1 metre, therefore descriptor E best
describes how he is able to repeatedly move around
In a reasonable time period Mr Y can walk the first 50
metres in a minute or two. Although slower than normal, this is a
reasonable time period for someone to walk this distance and
therefore he can complete the activity in a reasonable time
period.

3.3.43. The HP therefore concludes that Mr Y can stand and then move
more than 1 metre but no more than 20 metres, and selects
descriptor E.

Worked example 3

3.3.44. Ms Z can prepare and cook a simple meal. However she lacks a
perception of danger and occasionally cuts herself from mishandling
knives or burns herself on hot pans. She is also impatient and does
not cook food for as long as it should be cooked, as a result she
prepares food that is lukewarm and meat that is not cooked properly
for example, chicken that is pink in the middle. Her sister usually
has to be in the kitchen when she is cooking meals to make sure she
does so safely and to remind her to leave food to cook fully.

3.3.45. In the Preparing Food activity, the HP should work their way through
the descriptors considering each aspect of reliability, to find the one
that best describes Ms Zs ability to complete the activity reliably.

A Can prepare and cook a simple meal unaided.

B Needs to use an aid or appliance to either prepare or cook a simple

90
 meal.
C Cannot cook a simple meal using a conventional cooker but can do
so using a microwave.
D Needs prompting to either prepare or cook a simple meal.
E Needs supervision to either prepare or cook a simple meal.
F Needs assistance to either prepare or cook a simple meal.
G Cannot prepare and cook food and drink at all.

Safely Ms Z lacks a perception of danger and has previously

cut and burnt herself. The HP should therefore conclude that
descriptor A is not suitable for Ms Z as she cannot do so safely.
Descriptor B, descriptor C and descriptor D are also not suitable
as they do not remove the potential danger from using knives
and hot pans. Descriptor E reflects the support that Ms Z needs
in order to ensure her safety while cooking and is therefore the
most suitable descriptor regarding safety
To an acceptable standard Ms Z is impatient and does not
cook food for as long as it should be cooked. As a result the
food is lukewarm and meat is not cooked through. The HP must
consider whether that is an acceptable standard and in this case
would conclude it is not. The HP should therefore conclude that
descriptor A is not suitable because Ms Z is unable to do so to
an acceptable standard. Descriptor B and descriptor C are also
not suitable as they do not help Ms Z to complete the task to an
acceptable standard. Descriptor D best describes how Ms Z is
able to cook a meal to an acceptable standard and is therefore
the most suitable descriptor regarding the standard
Repeatedly this is satisfied as Ms Z is able to cook all of her
meals
In a reasonable time period this is satisfied as Ms Z has not
indicated it takes her an overly long time to cook her meals.

3.3.46. In this case there are two possible descriptors D and E. For a
descriptor to apply, all aspects of reliability must be satisfied. As
descriptor D does not describe a manner in which Ms Z is able to
carry out the activity safely, the HP should select descriptor E.

91
3.3 Daily Living Activities

Activity 1 Preparing food

This activity considers a claimants ability to prepare a simple, cooked meal for one
from fresh ingredients. It is not designed to assess a claimants culinary skills, but to
assess the impact of any impairment on their ability to perform the tasks required to
prepare and cook a simple meal. It assesses ability to open packaging, peel and
chop, serve food on to a plate and use a microwave oven or cooker hob to cook or
heat food. Carrying items around the kitchen is not included in this activity.

Notes:
This activity considers the claimants functional limitations in their ability to prepare
food and not the claimants lack of skill or the opportunity to learn. If an individual
cannot cook at all because they have never needed to learn, consider their ability to
carry out activities at or above waist height and their cognitive ability to use a stove
or microwave if shown how.

Preparing food means the activities required to make food ready for cooking and
eating, such as peeling and chopping.

Cooking food means heating food at or above waist height for example, using a
microwave oven or on a cooker hob. It does not consider the ability to bend down
for example, to access an oven.

Serving food means transferring food to a plate or bowl. It does not include
presentation, or involve carrying food to where it will be eaten.

Where the claimant is reliant on pre-chopped vegetables, you should consider

whether the claimant could peel and chop. If a person could peel and chop then, in
the absence of any other relevant functional restrictions, they can prepare a simple
meal unaided. If they could peel and chop with the use of an aid, they carry out
preparation with aids. If the person uses pre-chopped vegetables because they
couldnt peel and chop even with an aid, they need assistance to prepare a simple
meal.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

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Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

A Can prepare and cook a simple meal unaided.

Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person. 0
As well as claimants who can prepare and cook a simple meal
unaided, this descriptor also applies to claimants who do not prepare
or cook through choice; or due to a lack of cooking skills; or who
have some one else prepare their meals through choice rather than
necessity.

Needs to use an aid or appliance to be able to either prepare or cook a

B
simple meal.

2
In this activity, aids and appliances could include, for example,
prostheses, perching stool, lightweight pots and pans, easy grip
handles on utensils, single lever arm taps and spiked chopping
boards.

Cannot cook a simple meal using a conventional cooker but is able to do

C
so using a microwave.

May apply to someone with a condition that means they cannot

safely use a cooker hob, but could use a microwave oven instead -
for example, a cognitively impaired person who would be likely to 2
leave a gas cooker on.

Please note that this descriptor only refers to the cooking of a meal
using a microwave, not the preparation of it. Ensure the claimants
ability to prepare a meal is also taken in to account when
considering if this descriptor applies.

D Needs prompting to be able to either prepare or cook a simple meal. 2

93
 Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by
another person. For example: may apply to claimants who lack
motivation to prepare and cook a simple meal on the majority of
days due to a mental health condition, or who need to be reminded
how to prepare and cook food on the majority of days.

E Needs supervision or assistance to either prepare or cook a simple meal.

For example: may apply to claimants who need supervision to safely

heat or cook food using a microwave oven; or to claimants who
cannot safely prepare vegetables, even with an aid or appliance. In
cases of a risk of self-harm, there should be good evidence of the
risk to the individual through, for example, high level involvement of 4
community mental health services, care plan etc. This descriptor also
applies to claimants who are unable to determine whether food is
safe to eat for example, that meat is properly cooked due to
sensory or cognitive impairment.

Supervision due to significant risk of self-harm or suicide intent is

also captured by descriptor E.

F Cannot prepare and cook food.

This descriptor refers to the persons functional ability in relation to

8
any impairment and their cooking skills should not be taken in to
consideration for this descriptor. If a claimant cannot cook but their
functional ability indicates they could undertake tasks involved in
preparing and cooking food then this descriptor would not apply.

94
 Activity 2 Taking nutrition

This activity considers a persons ability to be nourished, either by cutting food into
pieces, conveying it to the mouth and chewing and swallowing; or through the use of
therapeutic sources.

The type of food and drink for nourishment is not a consideration for this activity,
but rather the claimants ability to nourish themselves.

The frequency of taking nutrition should only be considered if the claimant has an
eating disorder, supported by further medical evidence.

Notes:

A therapeutic source means parenteral or enteral tube feeding using a rate limiting
device, such as a delivery system or feed pump.

Spilling food can be considered, regular spillage requiring a change of clothes after
meals is not an acceptable standard of taking nutrition.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

A Can take nutrition unaided.

0
Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity
unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

95
 Needs
i. to use an aid or appliance to be able to take nutrition; or
B
ii. supervision to be able to take nutrition; or
iii. assistance to be able to cut up food.

A key consideration when assessing whether supervision is 2

required should be whether the claimant has a real risk of choking
when taking nutrition.

Please note it is not necessary for an individual to be able to cut up

tough meats, e.g. steak, in order to be able to take nutrition to an
acceptable standard.

C Needs a therapeutic source to be able to take nutrition.

2
For example: may apply to claimants who require enteral or
parenteral feeding but can carry it out unaided.

D Needs prompting to be able to take nutrition.

Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by another

person.

May apply to claimants who need to be reminded to eat (for 4

example, due to a cognitive impairment or severe depression), or
who need prompting about portion size. Prompting regarding
portion size should be directly linked to a diagnosed condition such
as Prader Willi Syndrome or Anorexia. In cases where obesity is a
factor through the claimants lifestyle choices then this descriptor
would not apply.

Needs assistance to be able to manage a therapeutic source to take

E
nutrition.
6
For example: may apply to claimants who require enteral or
parenteral feeding and require support to manage the equipment.

Cannot convey food and drink to their mouth and needs another person
F 10
to do so.

96
Activity 3 Managing therapy or monitoring a health condition

This activity considers a claimants ability to:

(i) appropriately take medications in a domestic setting that are prescribed

or recommended by a registered doctor, nurse or pharmacist;
(ii) monitor and detect changes in a health condition; and
(iii) manage therapeutic activities that are carried out in a domestic setting
that are prescribed or recommended by a registered doctor, nurse,
pharmacist or healthcare professional regulated by the Health
Professions Council.

The outcome of this activity is taking the medication or completing the

recommended therapy as prescribed / recommended, without which the
claimants health is likely to deteriorate.

Notes:

Managing medication means the ability to take prescribed medication in the

correct way and at the right time.

Monitoring a health condition or recognising significant changes means the

ability to detect changes in the condition and take corrective action, as
advised by a healthcare professional. Note that keeping an eye on how a
person is doing does not count as monitoring, unless the person is
monitoring a specific parameter under medical advice and is implementing
treatment modifications to prevent deterioration. Asking someone how they
are will not meet the criteria unless there is a medical reason for expecting a
change, a defined sign of deterioration and an advised action plan.

This activity takes into account the administration of medication or therapy

irrespective of who delivers it, and includes delivery by healthcare
professionals, such as district or community psychiatric nurses. It only
applies to medication/therapy delivered in the home environment i.e.
where the claimant lives (and may include care homes), that has been
prescribed/recommended by a registered healthcare professional or
pharmacist.

Examples of prescribed or recommended medication include tablets,

inhalers, creams, suppositories and enemas. Therapies could include
domiciliary dialysis, nebulisers and exercise regimes to prevent
complications, such as contractures. Whilst medications and therapies do
not necessarily have to be prescribed, there must be a consensus of
medical opinion that supports their use in treatment of the condition, hence
the necessity for it at least to be recommended by a registered healthcare
professional or pharmacist.

Descriptors C F needs supervision, prompting or assistance to be able to

manage therapy apply to the duration of the supervision, prompting or

97
assistance and not the duration of the therapy. For example if compression
bandaging is worn 24 hours a day for venous insufficiency, the time spent by
another person applying the bandaging is counted, not the time the
bandages are worn.

For the purpose of this activity, the majority of days test does not require the
individual to actually be receiving therapy on the majority of days in a year.
However, the descriptor would still need to accurately describe the claimants
circumstances on a majority of days i.e. on a majority of days the statement
about how much support an individual needs a week must be true. For
example, if a claimant needs assistance to undergo home dialysis for three
hours on Monday and Friday, they would not actually be receiving therapy on
the majority of days in a year. However, the statement that they need
assistance to be able to manage therapy that takes more than 3.5 but no
more than 7 hours a week would still apply, as it accurately describes the
level of support needed in a week.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs

should distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably,
repeatedly and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use

because it makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably,
repeatedly and in a timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the

former case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she

could reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the
activity without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or
appliance rather than a higher level of support.

Either

i. Does not receive medication or therapy or need to monitor

A
a health condition; or
ii. Can manage medication or therapy or monitor a health
condition unaided. 0

Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances;
or help from another person.

98
 Needs either
i. to use an aid or appliance to be able to manage
B medication; or
ii. supervision, prompting or assistance to be able to manage
medication or monitor a health condition.

This descriptor captures the supervision required by the

claimant taking their own medication in the home.
Supervision due to the risk of accidental or deliberate
overdose is also captured here.

For example: the claimant needs physical help opening

bottles or taking pills out of blister packs; help interpreting or
reading blood sugar for the correct dose of medication; 1
supervision to ensure the medication is taken properly;
prompting to remind the claimant to take medication at the
appropriate time(s).

Pill boxes, dosette boxes, blister packs, alarms and

reminders only apply to descriptor B if the claimant is unable
to manage their medication due to their health condition or
impairment and there is evidence to explain their use; or if
they are unable to read and an aid would help them to
manage medication independently.

Note that needles, glucose meters and inhalers are not aids.

Needs supervision, prompting or assistance to be able to manage

C
therapy that takes no more than 3.5 hours a week.
2
Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by
another person. For example, a claimant needs 15 minutes
of assistance with therapy each day Monday to Friday, or
reminding to manage therapy.

Needs supervision, prompting or assistance to be able to manage

D
therapy that takes more than 3.5 but no more than 7 hours a week. 4

Needs supervision, prompting or assistance to be able to manage

E
therapy that takes more than 7 but no more than 14 hours a week. 6

F Needs supervision, prompting or assistance to be able to manage

8
therapy that takes more than 14 hours a week.

99
Activity 4 Washing and bathing

This activity considers a claimants ability to wash and bathe.

Washing means cleaning ones whole body, including removing dirt and sweat.

Bathing means getting into and out of either a standard bath or shower. Shower
includes shower attachments for a bath.

For the purposes of this activity, wet-rooms are not a consideration either in the
context of a standard bathroom or as an aid or appliance.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

A Can wash and bathe unaided.

Applies to claimants who can wash and bath unaided, including

getting in to and out of a standard bath or shower.

To avoid doubt, a claimant does not have to be able to access both a

bath and a shower for this descriptor to apply. If they are able to 0
wash unaided using either a standard bath or a standard shower,
that is all that is required. Note: shower attachments for a bath are
included.

Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

100
B Needs to use an aid or appliance to be able to wash or bathe.

For example: a long-handled sponge, shower seat or bath rail. If a 2

claimant uses a shower attachment on a bath, this should be
considered as a standard bath or shower. A wet-room is not
considered an aid for this activity.

C Needs supervision or prompting to be able to wash or bathe.

Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by

another person. For example: may apply to claimants who lack
motivation or need to be reminded to wash, or require supervision 2
for safety reasons. When considering safety, the HP should assess
the likelihood of a risk to the claimant occurring. If the claimant can
wash or bathe the majority of the time without risk of injury, for
example because their health condition is under control through
medication, then this descriptor would not apply.

Needs assistance to be able to wash either their hair, or body below the
D
waist.
2
For example: may apply to claimants who are unable to make use of
aids and who cannot reach their lower limbs, or their hair.

E Needs assistance to be able to get in or out of a bath or shower.

3
This descriptor relates to physical assistance by another person and
should be applied to the use of a standard bath or shower.

Needs assistance to be able to wash their body between the shoulders

F
and waist.
4
Torso refers to any part of the body between the shoulders and
waist; front and back.

Cannot wash and bathe at all and needs another person to wash their
G 8
entire body.

101
Activity 5 Managing toilet needs or incontinence

This activity considers a claimants ability to get on and off the toilet, to clean
afterwards and to manage evacuation of the bladder and/or bowel, including the use
of collecting devices.

This activity does not consider the ability to manage clothing, climb stairs or mobilise
to the toilet.

Notes:

Managing incontinence means the ability to manage involuntary evacuation of the

bladder and/or bowel including self catheterisation, incontinence pads, using
collecting devices and cleaning oneself afterwards.

Claimants with indwelling (permanent) catheters or stoma are considered incontinent

for the purposes of this activity.

If the urinary tract is normal there will be little risk of incontinence no matter how long
it takes to mobilise to the toilet. If there is, however, a bladder problem and the
claimant will be incontinent before they reach the toilet, then a commode could be
considered as an aid for the bladder condition (toilet needs) not the mobility problem
(mobility needs). Urinary tract conditions that cause urgency of micturition will be
relevant, other urinary tract conditions may not be relevant.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

A Can manage toilet needs or incontinence unaided. 0

102
 Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity
unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

Descriptor A may be appropriate for claimants who use a commode

due to limited mobility (to the toilet) but can manage their toilet needs
or incontinence. If the urinary tract is normal there will be little risk of
incontinence no matter how long it takes to mobilise to the toilet. If
there is, for example, a bladder problem and the claimant will be
incontinent before they reach the toilet, then the commode is being
used as aid for the bladder condition (toilet needs) not the mobility
problem (mobility needs). Urinary tract conditions that cause urgency
of micturition will be relevant, other urinary tract conditions may not
be relevant.

Needs to use an aid or appliance to be able to manage toilet needs or

B
incontinence.

2
For example: the claimant is unable to use a standard toilet due to
their health condition or impairment. Suitable aids could include
commodes, raised toilet seats, bottom wipers, incontinence pads or a
stoma bag.

C Needs supervision or prompting to be able to manage toilet needs.

Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by 2

another person. For example: may apply to claimants who need to
be reminded to go to the toilet or need supervision to get on and off
the toilet safely.

D Needs assistance to be able to manage toilet needs.

This descriptor only refers to claimants who require assistance to get on

4
and off the toilet and/or to clean themselves afterwards, but not to
claimants who require assistance due to incontinence. Claimants
requiring assistance who are also incontinent are covered by descriptors
5E and 5F.

Needs assistance to be able to manage incontinence of either bladder or

E
bowel. 6

Needs assistance to be able to manage incontinence of both bladder and

F
bowel. 8

103
Activity 6 Dressing and undressing

This activity assesses a claimants ability to put on and take off culturally
appropriate, un-adapted clothing that is suitable for the situation. This may include
the need for fastenings, such as zips or buttons and considers the ability to put
on/take off socks and shoes.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

A Can dress and undress unaided.

0
Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity
unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

B Needs to use an aid or appliance to be able to dress or undress.

2
For example: modified buttons, zips, front fastening bras, trousers,
Velcro fastenings and shoe aids. For the purposes of assessing this
activity, chairs or beds are not considered aids.

Needs either
i. prompting to be able to dress, undress or determine appropriate
C 2
circumstances for remaining clothed; or
ii. prompting or assistance to be able to select appropriate clothing.

104
 Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by
another person. For example: may apply to claimants who need to
be encouraged to dress at appropriate times, e.g. when leaving the
house or receiving visitors. Includes a consideration of whether the
claimant can determine what is appropriate for the environment,
such as time of day and the weather.

D Needs assistance to be able to dress or undress their lower body.

2
Applies to claimants who cannot dress or undress their lower body,
even with the use of aids.

E Needs assistance to be able to dress or undress their upper body.

4
Applies to claimants who cannot dress or undress their upper body,
even with the use of aids.

F Cannot dress or undress at all.

8

105
 Activity 7 Communicating verbally

This activity considers a claimants ability to communicate verbally with regard to

expressive (conveying) communication and receptive (receiving and understanding)
communication in ones native language.

Clarity of the claimants speech should be considered. In some cases the other
participant in the conversation may have to concentrate slightly harder than normal,
for example after a certain type of stroke it can be hard to articulate some sounds in
speech. The speech sounds different to normal but is understandable. This is to an
acceptable standard in the meaning of the descriptor. If the claimant couldnt make
themselves understood and had to resort to hand gestures and writing notes this
would not be to an acceptable standard.

Notes:

Basic verbal information is information conveyed in a simple sentence. Examples of

a simple sentence: Can I help you?; I would like tea please; I came home
today; The time is 3 oclock.

Complex verbal information is information conveyed in either more than one

sentence or one complicated sentence, for example: I would like tea please, just a
splash of milk and no sugar, as I always have sweeteners with me for when I go
out.

Verbal information can include information that is interpreted from verbal into non-
verbal form or vice-versa for example, speech interpreted through sign language
or into written text.

Communication support means support from another person trained or experienced

in communicating with people with specific communication needs (for example, a
sign language interpreter); or someone directly experienced in communicating with
the claimant themselves (for example, a family member).

Individuals who cannot express or understand verbal information and would need
communication support to do so should receive the appropriate descriptor even if
they do not have access to this support. For example, a deaf person who cannot
communicate verbally and does not use sign language might need another person
to support them in another way such as by writing verbal information down even
if they do not routinely have such help.

The ability to lip read is not a consideration for this activity.

Note: The ability to remember and retain information is not within the scope of this
activity e.g. relevant to those with dementia or learning disabilities.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

106
 distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

A Can express and understand verbal information unaided.

0
Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity
unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

B Needs to use an aid or appliance to be able to speak or hear.

For example: may apply to claimants who require a hearing aid or an

2
electro larynx. If the claimant is not using a prescribed hearing aid,
ask why. If there is a good medical reason such as chronic ear
infection, function without the aid should be assessed. If there is not
a good reason, expected function with the aid should be assessed.

Needs communication support to be able to express or understand

C
complex verbal information.
4
For example: may apply to claimants who require a sign language
interpreter.

Needs communication support to be able to express or understand basic

D 8
verbal information.

107
 For example: may apply to claimants who require a sign language
interpreter.

Cannot express or understand verbal information at all even with

E
communication support. 12

108
 Activity 8 Reading and understanding signs, symbols and words

This activity considers the claimants capability to read and understand written or
printed information in the persons native language. To be considered able to read,
claimants must be able to see the information - accessing information via Braille is
not considered as reading for this activity.

If the claimant cannot read, this must be as a direct result of their health condition
or impairment e.g. visual impairment, cognitive impairment or learning difficulties.
Illiteracy or lack of familiarity with written English are not health conditions and
should not be considered.

Notes:

Basic information is signs, symbols or dates, e.g. a green exit sign on a door.

Complex information is more than one sentence of written or printed standard size
text e.g. Your home may be at risk if you do not keep up repayments on your
mortgage or any other debt secured on it. Subject to terms and conditions.

The ability to remember and retain information is not within the scope of this activity.

Consideration must be given to whether the claimant can read and understand
information both indoors and outdoors. In doing so consideration should also be
given to whether the claimant uses or could reasonably be expected to use aids or
appliances, such as a blue screen to read text when indoors and a portable
magnifying glass to do so when outdoors. If despite aids the claimant cannot read
both indoors and outdoors, another descriptor may apply.

When considering whether a claimant requires an aid or appliance, HPs should

distinguish between:

an aid or appliance that a claimant must use or could reasonably be

expected to use, in order to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly
and in a timely manner; and

an aid or appliance that a claimant may be using or wish to use because it

makes it easier to carry out the activity safely, reliably, repeatedly and in a
timely manner.

Descriptor advice in favour of an aid or appliance should only be given in the former
case. An aid or appliance is not required in the latter.

Where a claimant chooses not to use an aid or appliance that he or she could
reasonably be expected to use and would enable them to carry out the activity
without assistance, they should be assessed as needing an aid or appliance rather
than a higher level of support.

109
 Can read and understand basic and complex written information either
A
unaided or using spectacles or contact lenses.

0
Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity
unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

Needs to use an aid or appliance, other than spectacles or contact

B lenses, to be able to read or understand either basic or complex written
information.
2

For example: may apply to claimants who require vision aids.

Needs prompting to be able to read or understand complex written

C
information.

2
Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by another
person. For example: may apply to claimants who require another
person to explain complex written information due to a cognitive
impairment.

Needs prompting to be able to read or understand basic written

D
information.

4
Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by another
person. For example: may apply to claimants who require another
person to remind them of the meaning of basic information due to a
cognitive impairment.

E Cannot read or understand signs, symbols or words at all.

8
For example: may apply to claimants who require another person to
read everything for them due to a learning disability or severe visual
impairment.

110
 Activity 9 Engaging with other people face to face

This activity considers a claimants ability to engage with other people, which means
to interact face-to-face in a contextually and socially appropriate manner, understand
body language and establish relationships.

Notes:

An inability to engage face-to-face must be due to the impact of impairment and not
simply a matter of preference by the claimant.

Social support means support from a person trained or experienced in assisting

people to engage in social situations, or someone directly experienced in
supporting the claimant themselves (for example a family member), who can
compensate for limited ability to understand and respond to body language, other
social cues and assist social integration.

Behaviour which would result in a substantial risk of harm to the claimant or another
person must be as a result of an underlying health condition and the claimants
inability to control their behaviour.

When considering whether claimants can engage with others, consideration should
be given to whether they can engage with people generally, not just those people
they know well.

Vulnerability to the actions of others is considered in this activity. For example,

someone with Downs Syndrome or Autism may be less risk aware and vulnerable
to manipulation or abuse.

A Can engage with other people unaided.

Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity 0

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

B Needs prompting to be able to engage with other people.

Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by 2

another person. For example: may apply to people who need
encouragement to engage with others in the presence of a third
party.

C Needs social support to be able to engage with other people.

4

111
 For example: may apply to people who can only engage with others
with active and skilled support on the majority of days, or who are left
vulnerable due to their level of risk-awareness as a result of their
condition.

Cannot engage with other people due to such engagement causing

either
D i. overwhelming psychological distress to the claimant; or
ii. the claimant to exhibit behaviour which would result in a
substantial risk of harm to the claimant or another person.

8
Overwhelming psychological distress means distress related to an
enduring mental health condition or intellectual or cognitive
impairment which results in a severe anxiety state in which the
symptoms are so severe that the person is unable to function. This
may occur in conditions such as generalised anxiety disorder, panic
disorder, dementia or agoraphobia.

112
 Activity 10 Making budgeting decisions

The aim of this activity is to assess whether the claimant is able to make budgeting
decisions, either simple or complex.

Notes:
Complex budgeting decisions are those that are involved in calculating household
and personal budgets, managing and paying bills and planning future purchases.

Simple budgeting decisions are those that are involved in activities such as
calculating the cost of goods and change required following purchases.

Assistance in this activity refers to another person carrying out elements, although
not all, of the decision making process for the claimant.

A Can manage complex budgeting decisions unaided.

0
Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity
unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

Needs prompting or assistance to be able to make complex budgeting

B
decisions.

This descriptor applies to people who need assistance with

managing their household bills or planning future purchases. A level
of vulnerability due to a cognitive or developmental impairment which
leaves the person vulnerable as a result of not understanding
everyday financial matters should also be considered.

This activity also applies to people who need prompting, e.g. those
2
who need to be encouraged or reminded to make complex budgeting
decisions.

Where bad budgeting decisions are made, consideration must be

given to whether this is as a result of a health condition or
impairment.

Similarly, some individuals may lack motivation to carry out this

activity and consideration must be given to whether this is as a result
of a health condition or impairment and whether the individual would
carry out the activity if they really had to, for example if they were to
receive a final notice to pay a bill.

113
 Needs prompting or assistance to be able to make simple budgeting
C
decisions.

4
Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by
another person. For example: may apply to claimants who need to
be encouraged or reminded to make simple financial decisions or
who need assistance to manage simple budgeting independently.

D Cannot make any budgeting decisions at all.

6

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3.4 Mobility activities

Activity 11 Planning and following journeys

This activity considers a claimants ability to plan and follow the route of a journey.
As with all the other activities, a claimant is to be assessed as satisfying a
descriptor only if the reliability criteria are also considered. The claimant must be
able to undertake the activity:

safely (in a manner unlikely to cause harm to the claimant or to another,

either during or after completion of the activity);
to an acceptable standard;
repeatedly (as often as the activity being assessed is reasonably
required to be completed); and
within a reasonable time period (no more than twice as long as the
maximum period that a person without a physical or mental condition
which limits that persons ability to carry out the activity in question
would normally take to complete that activity).

Notes:
This activity was designed to assess the barriers claimants may face that are
associated with mental, cognitive or sensory ability.

Journey means a local journey, whether familiar or unfamiliar.

Environmental factors may be considered if they prevent the claimant from reliably
completing a journey, for example being unable to cope with crowds or loud noises.

NB: in legislation, this activity is referred to as Mobility Activity 1.

A Can plan and follow the route of a journey unaided.

Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
from another person.

Can the claimant go out to make any single journey, without 0

prompting most days? If so, mobility 1A is likely to apply.

For example, consider a claimant who manages to walk 5 minutes by

herself to collect her child from school each weekday, despite her
anxiety. She doesnt need any support or assistance to do this, but
does not leave the house on any other occasion without someone
else with her. She is able to make a single journey 5 days a week
without prompting, so would satisfy mobility 1a.

115
 Needs prompting to be able to undertake any journey to avoid
B overwhelming psychological distress to the claimant.

This descriptor applies to claimants where leaving the home and

undertaking any journey causes overwhelming psychological distress
and where they need prompting on the majority of days to be able to
go out.

Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by another

person. Prompting can take place either before or during a journey.

Any journey means any single journey on the majority of days.

Overwhelming psychological distress means distress related to an

enduring mental health condition or intellectual or cognitive
impairment which results in a severe anxiety state in which the
symptoms are so severe that the person is unable to function. This
may occur in conditions such as generalised anxiety disorder, panic
disorder, dementia or agoraphobia. In cases of agoraphobia, going
out provokes anxiety but may still be possible with prompting. If
agoraphobia is severe and the claimant is unable to go out even with
support on the majority of days, descriptor E may be more
appropriate.

A claimant who is actively suicidal or who is at substantial risk of

4
exhibiting violent behaviour and who needs prompting not to harm
themselves or others when undertaking a journey would meet this
descriptor. In cases such as this, there must be good evidence that
the person is a high suicide risk by, for example, a high level
involvement of community mental health services, care plan
approach etc. In cases of violent behaviour there must be good
evidence that they are unable to control their behaviour and that
being prompted by another person reduces a substantial risk of the
person committing a violent act.

Does the claimant need prompting to be able to make any single

journey on most days? In other words, if they get support from
someone else, can they successfully make a journey on most days?
If so, descriptor B is likely to apply.

For example, a claimant who goes out to his local shop four days
each week but needs to have his wife with him to be able to cope
with this journey. He will sometimes try to go to his weekly
physiotherapy appointment alone if his wife is working, but this
causes him significant anxiety and he has only managed to cope with
this once in the last month; he cancelled the other appointments
rather than make the trip alone. He can go out on most days but
requires prompting / support to be able to do so. He is only able to go
out alone on occasion and very infrequently. He would therefore
satisfy mobility 1B.

116
 If, however, a claimant can undertake any single journey on the
majority of days in the required period without prompting, for
example, regular visits to the local shop to collect the daily paper, or
regularly collect their children from school without support then they
will not satisfy this descriptor, even if they are unable to undertake
other journeys without prompting during the required period. The HP
should ask clarifying questions of claimants who state they can
undertake some journeys but not others without prompting to
ascertain the reasons why and to obtain corroborating evidence
where necessary. The HP should also explore what the claimant is
able to do rather than what they do do. For example, a claimant
who goes out twice a week is this through choice, or because they
need prompting due to overwhelming psychological distress? If it is
the former then this descriptor will not apply.

C Cannot plan the route of a journey.

Applies to claimants with cognitive or developmental impairments,

who cannot formulate a plan for their journey using simple materials, 8
such as bus route maps, phone apps or timetables, but who can
follow a journey planned by someone else for example take a bus
journey on their own. Such a person is likely to be able to ask for help
with their route if the bus is diverted.

Cannot follow the route of an unfamiliar journey without another person,

D
assistance dog or orientation aid.

This descriptor is most likely to Apply to claimants with cognitive,

sensory or developmental impairments who cannot, due to their
impairment, work out where to go, follow directions or deal with
unexpected changes in their journey when it is unfamiliar.

To follow is the visual, cognitive and intellectual ability to reliably

navigate a route. The ability to walk itself is assessed in activity 12.
10
Cognitive impairment encompasses orientation (understanding of
where, when and who the person is), attention, concentration and
memory.

A person should only be considered able to follow an unfamiliar

journey if they would be capable of using public transport the
assessment of which should focus on ability rather than choice.

Any accompanying person should be actively navigating for the

descriptor to apply. If the accompanying person is present for any
other purpose then this descriptor will not apply.

117
 Small disruptions and unexpected changes, such as road works and
changed bus-stops are commonplace when following journeys and
consideration should be given to whether the claimant would be able
to carry out the activity if such commonplace disruptions were to
occur. Consideration should also be given to whether the claimant is
likely to get lost. Clearly many people will get a little lost in unfamiliar
locations and that is expected, but most are able to recover and
eventually reach their target location. An individual who would get
excessively lost, or be unable to recover from getting lost would be
unable to complete the activity to an acceptable standard.

Safety should be considered in respect of risks that relate to the

ability to navigate, for example, visual impairment and substantial risk
from traffic when crossing a road. If the risk identified is due to
something else, such as behaviour, this descriptor is unlikely to
apply.

Cannot undertake any journey because it would cause overwhelming

E
psychological distress to the claimant.

Applies to claimants who cannot undertake any journey on the

majority of days, even with prompting or assistance, owing to
overwhelming psychological distress.

Prompting means reminding, encouraging or explaining by another

person. Prompting can take place either before or during a journey.

Any journey means any single journey on the majority of days.

Overwhelming psychological distress means distress related to an

enduring mental health condition or intellectual or cognitive
impairment which results in a severe anxiety state in which the 10
symptoms are so severe that the person is unable to function.

This descriptor is likely to apply to claimants with severe mental

health conditions (typically severe agoraphobia or panic disorder) or
cognitive impairments (typically a person with dementia who may
become very agitated and distressed when leaving home, to the
extent that journeys outside the home can no longer be made either
at all, or on the majority of days).

If the claimant cannot go out even with prompting on most days so

despite encouragement or support, they still fail to make any journey
on most days then this descriptor will apply.

For example, a claimant who only manages to go out once a week to

the 24hour supermarket at 2am. They choose this time because it is
quiet and they do not usually see anyone they know there. The rest

118
 of the week they remain at home due to their agoraphobia and
anxiety. They have friends and family visit them at home, but even
with encouragement and offers of support, the claimant is too
anxious to go out at any other time during the week. Therefore, on
the majority of days, they cannot make any journey even with
prompting.

Cannot follow the route of a familiar journey without another person, an

F
assistance dog or an orientation aid.

This descriptor is most likely to apply to claimants with cognitive,

sensory or developmental impairments, who cannot , due to their
impairment, work out where to go, follow directions or deal with
unexpected changes in their journey, even when the journey is
familiar.

To follow is the visual, cognitive and intellectual ability to reliably

navigate a route. The ability to walk itself is assessed in activity 12.

Cognitive impairment encompasses orientation (understanding of

where, when and who the person is), attention, concentration and
memory.

Any accompanying person should be actively navigating for the

descriptor to apply. If the accompanying person is present for any
other purpose then this descriptor will not apply.
12
Small disruptions and unexpected changes, such as road works and
changed bus-stops are commonplace when following journeys and
consideration should be given to whether the claimant would be able
to carry out the activity as described if such common place
disruptions occur. Consideration should also be given to whether the
claimant is likely to get lost. Clearly many people will get a little lost
in unfamiliar locations and that is expected, but most are able to
recover and eventually reach their target location. An individual who
would get excessively lost, or be unable to recover from getting lost
would be unable to complete the activity to an acceptable standard.

For example, a person with learning difficulties is out shopping in

town. On their way home (a familiar journey), a road they would
normally walk down has been closed off due to a police incident. If
the person wouldnt be able to successfully navigate an alternative
route home then this descriptor would apply. If they can follow a
familiar route even with minor diversions, move to descriptor D.

Safety should be considered in respect of risks that relate to the

ability to navigate, for example visual impairment and substantial risk
from traffic when crossing a road.

119
Activity 12 Moving around

This activity considers a claimants physical ability to move around without severe
discomfort, such as breathlessness, pain or fatigue. This includes the ability to
stand and then move up to 20 metres, up to 50 metres, up to 200 metres and over
200 metres.

As with all the other activities, a claimant is to be assessed as satisfying a

descriptor only if the reliability criteria are also considered. The claimant must be
able to undertake the activity:

safely (in a manner unlikely to cause harm to the claimant or to another,

either during or after completion of the activity);
to an acceptable standard;
repeatedly (as often as the activity being assessed is reasonably
required to be completed); and
within a reasonable time period (no more than twice as long as the
maximum period that a person without a physical or mental condition
which limits that persons ability to carry out the activity in question
would normally take to complete that activity).
Notes:
This activity should be judged in relation to a type of surface normally expected out
of doors, such as pavements on the flat and includes the consideration of kerbs.

Standing means to stand upright with at least one biological foot on the ground
with or without suitable aids and appliances (note a prosthesis is considered an
appliance, so a claimant with a unilateral prosthetic leg may be able to stand,
whereas a bilateral lower limb amputee would be unable to stand under this
definition).

Stand and then move requires an individual to stand and then move
independently while remaining standing. It does not include a claimant who stands
and then transfers into a wheelchair or similar device. Individuals who require a
wheelchair or similar device to move a distance should not be considered able to
stand and move that distance.

Aids or appliances that a person uses to support their physical mobility may include
walking sticks, crutches and prostheses.

When assessing whether the activity can be carried out reliably, consideration
should be given to the manner in which the activity is completed. This includes but
is not limited to, the claimants gait, their speed, the risk of falls and symptoms or
side effects that could affect their ability to complete the activity, such as pain,
breathlessness and fatigue. However, for this activity, this only refers to the
physical act of moving. For example, danger awareness is considered as part of
activity 11.

NB: in legislation this activity is referred to as Mobility Activity 2.

120
 Can stand and then move more than 200 metres, either aided or
A
unaided. 0

Can stand and then move more than 50 metres but no more than 200
B
metres, either aided or unaided.

4
For example, this would include people who can stand and move
more than 50 metres but no further than 200 metres either by
themselves, or using an aid or appliance such as a stick or crutch, or
with support from another person.

Can stand and then move unaided more than 20 metres but no more
C
than 50 metres.

Within the assessment criteria, the ability to perform an activity

unaided means without either the use of aids or appliances; or help
8
from another person.

For example, this would include people who can stand and move
more than 20 metres but no further than 50 metres, without needing
to rely on an aid or appliance such as a walking stick, or help from
another person.

Can stand and then move using an aid or appliance more than 20 metres
D
but no more than 50 metres.

10
For example, this would include people who can stand and move
more than 20 metres but no further than 50 metres, but need to use
an aid or appliance, such as a stick or crutch to do so.

Can stand and then move more than 1 metre but no more than 20
E
metres, either aided or unaided.

12
For example, a person who can stand and move more than 1 metre,
but no further than 20 metres, either unaided or with the use of an
aid or appliance such as a stick or crutch, or support from another
person.

Cannot, either aided or unaided

F i. stand; or
12
ii. move more than 1 metre.

121
4. Health Professional
Performance
4.0.1. This chapter sets out the processes to be followed by providers to
ensure HPs carrying out PIP assessments meet the required
performance standards, including the requirements around
competencies, training, approval audit and complaint handling.

4.1. Health Professional Competencies

4.1.1. All HPs recruited for the delivery of PIP assessments (or any parts of
these) must meet the following requirements:

Be an occupational therapist, nurse, physiotherapist, paramedic

or doctor
Be fully registered with the relevant licensing body (doctors must
have a licence to practise)
Have no sanctions attached to registration unless they relate to
disability. In individual cases, this requirement may be wavered
subject to prior written agreement with DWP
Have at least 2 years post full registration experience (this refers
to either UK registration or equivalent overseas registration for
non UK HPs) or less than 2 years post full registration
experience by individual, prior, written agreement with the
Department
Have passed a Disclosure and Barring Service check.

4.1.2. Before they are approved to carry out assessments (see section
4.3), providers must be able to demonstrate that HPs:

Have appropriate knowledge of the clinical aspects and likely

functional effects of a wide range of health conditions and
disabilities
Have appropriate skills in assessing people with physical health
conditions, including history taking, observation and ability to
perform a relevant examination
Have appropriate skills in assessing people with conditions
affecting mental, intellectual and cognitive function, including
history taking, observation and ability to perform a relevant
examination

122
 Are able to critically evaluate evidence and use logical
reasoning to provide accurate evidence based advice
Have excellent interpersonal and written communication skills
that include the ability to:
o Interact sensitively and appropriately, with particular regard
for an individuals cultural background and issues specific to
disabled people
o Take a comprehensive, appropriately focused and clear
history
o Accurately record observations and formal clinical findings
o Produce succinct, accurate reports in plain English, fully
justifying conclusions from evidence gathered, and dealing
appropriately with apparent conflicts of evidence and
fluctuating conditions.

123
4.2. Training of Health Professionals
Initial training
4.2.1. Assessment providers are required to put in place suitable training
programmes to ensure that HPs carrying out assessments meet the
competency requirements set out in section 4.1.. They should
involve the Department in the quality assurance process for the
development and on going refinement of these programmes and the
quality standards associated with them. Where relevant, training
programmes should be based on this guidance.

4.2.2. The training programmes should include, but not be limited to,
ensuring HPs have:

An understanding of the legislative framework in which they are

working and the legislative requirements for PIP.
An understanding of, and an ability to perform, the role of a
disability analyst in order to assess claimants with health
conditions or disabilities, affecting either physical or mental
function.
An up-to-date knowledge of relevant clinical subjects
An understanding of the importance of customer service and
equal opportunities and any relevant policies and procedures
An awareness of different cultures and their potential impact on
the assessment process
An understanding of the needs of and challenges faced by
disabled people
An ability to deal with potentially violent situations
An ability to competently use relevant IT systems

4.2.3. Training programmes should involve both theoretical and simulated

practical elements, with relevant examinations. Following training,
HPs should undergo a written and practical assessment to ensure
that the required level of competence has been achieved and that
they can demonstrate this to the Department (see section 4.3
below).

Refresher Training and on going Continuing Professional Development

4.2.4. Providers are required to develop, deliver and evaluate a

programme of refresher training and Continuing Professional
Development (CPD) on an annual basis for all HPs involved in
delivering PIP assessments.

124
4.2.5. Each HP should be given a personal training plan on an annual
basis, containing details of the modules to be delivered to the
individual and the timescales in which they will be delivered.

4.2.6. The Department may require that topics be included in the CPD
programme.

Training Plans

4.2.7. Providers are required to undertake a Training Needs Analysis at

organisational level to identify areas of training needs together with
priorities for implementation. The scope, objectives and methodology
of the analysis will be subject to prior approval by the Department.

4.2.8. Providers are also required to supply the Department with a Training
Plan setting out in detail the manner in which their training
programme, both initial training and refresher training / CPD, will be
delivered. This plan should be developed in co-operation with the
Department and will be subject to Departmental approval.

4.2.9. Any subsequent changes to the Training Plan must be submitted to

the Department for approval.

4.2.10. Providers must evaluate the effectiveness of their training and CPD
programmes. The format and timescales of the evaluation should be
agreed with the Department.

125
4.3 Approval / Revocation of Health Professionals
4.3.1. Before an HP can carry out PIP assessments they must go through a
formal Approval Process to ensure they meet the Departments
requirements in relation to experience, skills and competence. Failure
to demonstrate that HPs have reached or maintained the necessary
standards or co-operate with feedback and/or retraining will result in
Approval being refused/revoked.

4.3.2. Approval for an HP must be conferred by the DWP Chief Medical

Officer (CMO) on behalf of the Secretary of State for Work and
Pensions. This will, in turn, be based on the recommendation of
providers who must provide evidence that the HP has demonstrated
that they meet the required standards.

4.3.3. This section describes processes to be followed during the live-running

of PIP assessment contracts.

Initial Approval

4.3.4. The Initial Approval process must be undertaken:

For all new recruits

For all HPs who have not completed PIP assessments for 12
months or more
For all existing employees who have not worked on PIP before.

4.3.5. There are four stages in the Initial Approval process:

Stage 1 Training. This should involve all trainee HPs

undergoing a DWP-approved training programme, which should
include both theoretical and practical simulated assessments
(including face-to-face consultations, paper-based reviews and
terminal illness advice) to ensure that they can meet the
competence and knowledge requirements (as outlined in section
4.1. and 4.2.)
Stage 2 Assessment of Competence. Once Stage 1 is
complete, the provider should carry out an assessment of
whether the trainee HP meets the required competence and
knowledge standards. This should include written and practical
elements (including on completion of face-to-face consultations,
paper-based reviews, terminal illness advice and advice on when
further evidence or face-to-face consultations are appropriate
steps)

126
 Stage 3 Supervision. Once stage 2 has been successfully
completed by the trainee HP, they will have Provisional Approval
to carry out assessments on claimants both paper-based
reviews and face-to-face consultations. Assessments should
initially be supervised until the provider is satisfied that the HP is
continuing to meet the required standards in an operational
setting. The number of assessments that must be supervised is
at the discretion of the provider

Stage 4 - Approval-related Audit. Once Stage 3 has been

successfully completed by the trainee HP, they will be able to
carry out assessments without supervision but subject to 100%
audit until Full Approval is given by the Department.

Provisional Approval

4.3.6. Once HPs have successfully completed Stage 2 (Assessment of

Competence) they will have Provisional Approval to carry out
assessments. Providers do not need to inform the Department at this
stage.

4.3.7. At this point the provider should keep evidence to demonstrate that
the HP meets the required competence standards.

4.3.8. HPs with Provisional Approval should initially be supervised but once
the provider is satisfied that they meet the required standards, they
will be able to carry out assessments without supervision but subject
to 100% audit until Full Approval is given by the Department.

Full Approval

4.3.9. Providers will be able to seek Full Approval from DWP for an HP
once that HP has shown an ability to consistently apply the
competence standards by achieving the following number of
consecutive Grade A audit results at Stage 4:

5 reports produced following a face-to-face consultation; and

5 reports produced following a paper-based review including
Terminal Illness (where descriptor advice is provided).

If the provider wishes to submit a HP for approval to carry out SRTI

referrals only, they may do so when the HP has achieved 5
consecutive Grade A audit results for terminal illness cases. If the
provider subsequently wishes to submit the same HP for approval to
carry out paper-based reviews, the HP must achieve a further 5
consecutive Grade A results following paper-based reviews on non-
SRTI referrals.

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 All cases which contribute to approval must be cases where advice
is given either on a PA2, PA3 or PA4.

4.3.10. Providers with HPs who specialise in one area of assessment only
will also be able to seek approval from DWP to carry out face-to-face
consultations, paper-based reviews or terminal illness. In these
cases, HPs must show an ability to consistently apply the
competence standards in their area by achieving the following
number of consecutive Grade A audit results at Stage 4:

5 reports following a face-to-face consultation; or

5 reports following a paper-based review ; or

5 Terminal Illness (where descriptor advice is provided).

4.3.11. Providers must supply DWP with evidence demonstrating that the
HP has achieved the required standard. The CMO reserves the right
to not approve an HP if he has any concern that an individual does
not satisfy one or more of the required criteria, regardless of the
actions or views of the provider.

4.3.12. Until Full Approval is given by DWP, HPs will remain subject to
100% quality audit.

Submitting HPs for approval

4.3.13. When the provider is satisfied that the HP has successfully

completed all four stages of the approval process the following
information should be sent to DWP:

The HPs name and address

The APs assurance that the relevant register has been checked
for that HPs profession, they can confirm that they are registered
and have two years post-registration experience

A list of the training the HP has completed and the dates that it
was completed

A list of all the examinations/assessments the HP has completed,

including dates and whether they have failed or passed. Where
the HP had more than one attempt to pass a module, the AP
should list the dates and the results in each instance

The dates of all the assessment reports the HP has completed

and the audit grade (A, B or C)

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 Assurance from the clinical lead that he/she is satisfied the HP
has reached the standard necessary to carry out PIP
assessments.

4.3.14. The CMO will review the HPs papers and approve them, if all is in
order. DWP will maintain a database of approved HPs. If the status
of the HP changes, the AP should advise DWP as soon as possible.

Maintenance of Approval

4.3.15. The HPs on going Approval is dependent upon the HP undertaking

PIP assessment work for the provider and fulfilling the following
criteria:-

The HP continues to satisfy the required quality standards

The HP completes any mandatory training required.

4.3.16. Providers should keep records for each HP containing all information
relating to quality for example, on training, CPD, quality monitoring,
rework and complaints.

Revocation of Approval

4.3.17. The CMO reserves the right to suspend or revoke Approval both
Provisional and Full Approval at any time where there is concern
that an individual may no longer satisfy one or more of the required
criteria. This is at the discretion of the CMO and is irrespective of
any action that providers are undertaking.

4.3.18. Providers must consider whether the circumstances surrounding any

revocation of Approval warrant them informing the HPs professional
body.

4.3.19. Revocation of an HPs Approval should routinely be sought for a

number of reasons:

Poor Performance
Temporary Unavailability
Mandatory Training Missed
Permanent Unavailability both voluntary and involuntary.

4.3.20. More information on these areas is covered below.

4.3.21. Providers should inform the DWP CMO where any of the above
apply, together with any relevant documentation.

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Poor Performance

4.3.22. Where there is evidence that the required standards are not being
consistently met, this should be drawn to the HPs attention without
delay. Appropriate feedback should be given.

4.3.23. Providers should have guidance and processes in place to address

issues with an HPs performance, including issues of productivity,
reliability, quality of outputs and complaints. This may include formal
retraining or periods of supervised practice where necessary. Work
should be kept under review until evidence of consistent
improvement is obtained. If this does not occur, then formal
Revocation must be sought.

Temporary Unavailability

4.3.24. The Temporary Unavailability of an HP to carry out PIP assessments

will require action by providers in relation to that HPs Approval.

4.3.25. If the Temporary Unavailability is for a period of less than 3

calendar months, the HP may resume their normal duties
afterwards.

4.3.26. If the Temporary Unavailability is for a period of more than 3 but

less than 6 months, the HP should be subject to targeted quality
audit on their return to ensure the required standards are being met.
The number of assessments audited will be at the discretion of the
provider.

4.3.27. If the Temporary Unavailability is for a period of more than 6 but

less than 12 months, the provider should suspend the HP from
carrying out assessments, seek revocation of approval from DWP
and return the HP to Stage 4 of the approval process, requiring them
to undergo audit. As per Stage 4, the HP will be required to achieve
5 consecutive grade A reports produced following both face-to-face
consultations and paper-based reviews.

4.3.28. If the Temporary Unavailability is for a period of more than 12

calendar months, providers should immediately suspend the HP
from carrying out PIP assessments and seek Revocation of Approval
from DWP. To carry out PIP assessments in the future, the HP must
go through the full Initial Approval process again.

Mandatory Training Missed

4.3.29. If an HP fails to undergo a module of mandatory training, providers

should normally suspend the HP from carrying out PIP assessments
as soon as the time limit for taking the training expires.

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4.3.30. Should the HP not take steps to complete the required training in an
appropriate timeframe, providers should approach the Department to
have the HPs Approval revoked.

Permanent Unavailability

4.3.31. Revocation of Approval on the grounds of Voluntary Permanent

Unavailability may take place where HPs no longer wish to carry
out PIP Assessments for example, due to retirement, ill-health or
resignation. The HP concerned should inform the provider of their
intent who should then seek the revocation of Approval from DWP.

4.3.32. Revocation of Approval on the grounds of Involuntary Permanent

Unavailability may take place where HPs are no longer able to
carry out PIP Assessments for example, due to an upheld serious
complaint, a conviction for a serious crime or due to the imposition of
sanctions by a professional body.

4.3.33. In these circumstances providers should immediately suspend the

HP from carrying out PIP assessments and seek Revocation of
Approval from DWP.

Administrative processes

4.3.34. The detailed administrative processes to support the Approval and

Revocation requirements have been shared separately with
providers.

4.3.35. Providers must maintain a database detailing approvals /

revocations of approval. The database content must be agreed with
the Department and shared with it on request.

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4.4. Quality Audit
4.4.1. Providers are required to put in place the following processes for
auditing the quality of assessments:

Lot-wide audit (random sample)

Approval-related audit (trainee).

4.4.2. Audit has a central role in ensuring that decisions on benefit

entitlement, taken by DWP, are correct. It supports this by confirming
that independent HP advice complies with the required standards
and that it is clear and medically reasonable. It also provides
assurance that any approach to assessment and opinion given is
consistent so that, irrespective of where or by whom the assessment
is carried out, claimants with conditions that have the same
functional effect will ultimately receive the same benefit outcome.

4.4.3. Assessments reports subject to audit will be examined and graded

A, B and C based on the following guidelines:

In A grade reports (Acceptable report with no significant learning

points), the quality requirements will be satisfied to the extent
that the report fully conforms to the required standards
In B grade reports (Acceptable report with significant learning
points), the quality requirements will be adequately satisfied but
there will be elements which would quantifiably enhance the
quality of the report
In C grade reports (Unacceptable report), the quality
requirements will not be satisfied to the extent that the report
fails to meet the required standards.

4.4.4. More detailed guidance on how reports should be audited and the
criteria to be used are set out in section 4.6.

4.4.5. The Department also recommends that providers undertake

additional audit activity to ensure quality standards are being met,
including:

New entrant audit (recently approved)

Rolling audit
Targeted audit.

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Lot-wide audit

4.4.6. Lot-wide audit is an audit of a controlled random sample from across

each contract Lot, feeding in to routine performance reporting to
DWP. Forms PA5 and PA6 are not included in the lot-wide sample.

4.4.7. Providers must develop a system for random sampling which must
be agreed with DWP. The sample should include terminal illness,
paper-based review and consultation outputs.

4.4.8. The lot-wide audit sample size must be selected using the Lancaster
model which has been designed in conjunction with DWP analysts.
The model produces an appropriate sample size to specified
margins of error. The model and guidance on its use have been
supplied to providers separately.

4.4.9. Providers targets are:

In year 1, for 4% or less grade C reports and 20% or less grade

B reports
In year two and subsequent years, for 3% or less grade C
reports and 15% or less grade B reports.

Approval-related audit

4.4.10. During Stage 4 of the HP approval process HPs should be subject to

100% audit to ensure that they are consistently able to apply the
competence standards (see 4.3.9).
New entrant audit

4.4.11. Once an HP has been approved, the Department recommends that

they continue to be subject to regular audit until the provider is
satisfied that consolidation of skills has been achieved. The
frequency and volume of monitoring should be determined by
providers.

Rolling audit

4.4.12. Rolling audit is an audit of the work of each HP on a regular basis to

assess the quality of their work on a continuing basis, ensure
maintenance of standards and for on going approval.

4.4.13. The Department recommends that providers ensure that an

appropriate proportion of an HPs assessments are subject to audit
in every three month period. The number of cases that will need to
be subject to rolling audit may be affected by the number of
examples of that HPs work which have formed part of other audit

133
 activity for example, cases selected as part of the lot-wide audit.
Some HPs will not need rolling audit at all because they are regularly
audited in random or targeted audit activity.

Targeted audit

4.4.14. Targeted audit is audit activity triggered where a quality, rework or

complaint issue has been identified to establish whether there is
evidence of an on going problem or where it is felt that auditing
should be carried out to ensure the required standards are met.

4.4.15. Targeted audit is carried out at the discretion of providers or at the

request of DWP for example, where rework volumes are
significantly high indicating problems with quality, or where
successful appeals indicate that the evidence was insufficient.

Experience of auditors

4.4.16. Providers should put in place processes to ensure that individuals

carrying out audit activity are Approved HPs and have the requisite
skills, knowledge and experience to carry out their roles. Where
possible, they should have been carrying out PIP Assessments for a
minimum of 12 months.

Live cases

4.4.17. Unless there are extenuating circumstances, audit activity should be

carried out while cases are live and before they are submitted to
DWP. As such all audit activity should be carried out swiftly to avoid
delay to the case.

4.4.18. If a case is identified as requiring amendment after it has been

returned to DWP, as the advice may be misleading, contact should
be made with the relevant CM.

Feedback

4.4.19. Providers should put in place processes to ensure that appropriate

feedback is given to HPs as a result of auditing.

Alteration of C grade reports

4.4.20. Where assessments have been graded as C grade, remedial activity

should be taken before the case is submitted to DWP. Where
possible, this activity should be taken by the HP who carried out the
original assessment.

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4.4.21. Any changes made to clerical forms should be justified, signed and
dated. It should be made clear that any changes are made as a
result of audit activity.

4.4.22. Where necessary a new report form should be completed.

Maintaining records

4.4.23. Providers should keep records of all audit activity described in this
section, including iterations of all audited reports. These records
should be retained for a minimum period of two years.

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4.5. Quality Audit Criteria
4.5.1. These audit quality requirements apply to cases audited under lot-
wide audit and approval-related audit. However, providers may wish
to use the same criteria for other audit activity, such as rolling and
targeted audit.

Areas to be audited

4.5.2. When auditing cases, providers should look at the entire case at the
point at which it is finalised and due to be returned to the
Department, considering both the final output and the processes
followed.

4.5.3. Reports should be audited in four areas:

Presentation and process 1.

Consultation
Reasoning
Professional issues.

4.5.4. Attributes break the areas down into subcategories that must be
considered.

Grading

4.5.5. Reports are graded as A, B or C depending on whether they are

acceptable and whether or not they contain significant learning
points.

4.5.6. The full audit criteria and further explanation of each attribute in
relation to grades is included at appendix 5.4.

Area Attribute

Legible, grammatically reasonable and few spelling or

typographical errors
No jargon or unexplained abbreviations
Presentation
Clarification of contradictions or conflicts
and process
In accordance with defined procedures
Does not contain directive advice that could compromise
decision making
Full consideration of the claimants ability to complete activities

1
Process in this context refers to the process followed being in accordance with defined
procedures which are common across assessment providers, as covered in Chapter 2.

136
 safely, to an acceptable standard, repeatedly and within a
reasonable time period
All conditions that have a functional impact listed
History of conditions appropriately recorded
Current medication and treatment appropriately recorded
Aids or appliances regularly used, appropriately recorded
Social and occupational history appropriately recorded
* Consultation Functional history appropriately detailed and recorded
Variability appropriately recorded
General appearance appropriately recorded
Mental state appropriately recorded
Appropriately detailed examination of relevant areas recorded
Informal observations appropriately recorded
Further evidence requested appropriately and suitably sourced
All evidence is considered fully and this is documented
* Terminal illness advice medically reasonable, logical and
based on adequate evidence
* Daily living descriptor choices are medically reasonable,
logical and based on adequate evidence
Reasoning Mobility descriptor choices are medically reasonable, logical
and based on adequate evidence
Prognosis advice for is medically reasonable, logical and based
on adequate evidence
Justification is reasonable, logical and comprehensive
Advice on additional support is reasonable, logical and based
on adequate evidence
Standards independent, impartial, ethical, honest and fair
Professional
Appropriate action taken on harmful information
standards
* Appropriate action taken on unexpected clinical findings

* not applicable in all cases

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4.6. Rework
4.6.1. Where the Department considers that assessment reports are not fit
for purpose it may return them to providers for rework, which will be
carried out at their expense.

4.6.2. The criteria are that reports will be:

1. Fair and impartial.

2. Legible and concise.
3. In accordance with relevant legislation.
4. Comprehensive, clearly explaining the medical issues raised,
fully clarifying any contradictions in evidence.
5. In plain English and free of medical jargon and unexplained
medical abbreviations.
6. Presented clearly.
7. Complete, with answers to all questions raised by the
Department.
4.6.3. Providers should develop procedures for accepting, recording and
dealing with rework quickly and effectively.

Rework Action

4.6.4. The action to be taken in relation to rework will vary on a case-by-

case basis. Wherever possible, cases should be discussed with the
original HP or referred back to them for further action to be taken.

4.6.5. In some cases it may be necessary for an additional face-to-face

consultation to be carried out, either with the original HP or a
different HP. The impact of any such consultations on claimants
should be considered when making the decision to carry out a
repeat consultation. Where possible further consultations should be
avoided, so as not to place extra burdens on claimants. However,
this should not compromise the quality of the advice to DWP.

4.6.6. If clerical report forms are being used, Rework activity should result
in the production of a new report form (PA2, PA3 or PA4).

Feedback and Record keeping

4.6.7. Providers should establish procedures to ensure that feedback is

provided to HPs whose reports require rework.

138
4.6.8. Providers should record the feedback given and remedial action
taken as a result of rework. Providers should consider targeted audit
of HPs where rework is required.

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4.7. Assessment quality feedback from Her
Majestys Courts and Tribunal Service
4.7.1. The PIP assessment specification made clear that PIP Assessment
Providers may receive feedback from Her Majestys Courts and
Tribunal Service (HMCTS) about the quality of the assessment
reports. Providers should consider this feedback and take the
appropriate action.

4.7.2. Where a medical member of an appeal tribunal identifies that an

assessment report is below the standard expected of providers, they
may consider giving feedback on the report to the provider in
question. The criteria are that reports will be:

Fair and impartial;

Legible and concise;
In accordance with relevant legislation;
Comprehensive, clearly explaining the medical issues raised, fully
clarifying any contradictions in evidence;
In plain English and free of medical jargon and unexplained
medical abbreviations;
Presented clearly;
Complete, with answers to all questions relating to the disability
matters raised by DWP;
Capable of comprehensively providing information to DWP.

4.7.3. Providers will need to work with the DWP and HMCTS to develop
the processes for receiving this feedback.

4.7.4. Providers will also need to develop internal processes for recording
referrals from HMCTS, action taken and responding to HMCTS. This
should include processes for considering feedback from HMCTS,
and where they agree that quality is substandard, steps to ensure
that the feedback is passed to the relevant HP where appropriate
and any necessary improvement activity taken.

4.7.5. Providers will also need to develop processes for liaising with
HMCTS where they do not agree with the feedback received and for
escalating any unresolved disagreements to the DWP Chief Medical
Officer, who is the final arbiter on assessment quality standards.

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4.8. Complaints
4.8.1. A complaint is an expression of dissatisfaction about the services
delivered by providers which originates from a claimant. They may
be made verbally or in writing by the claimant or their
representatives.

4.8.2. Providers should put in place processes to effectively manage

complaints.

Serious Complaints

4.8.3. A complaint in which there is an allegation of professional

malpractice against an HP is classed as a Serious Complaint. This
includes, but is not limited to, allegations of:

Assault / injury during the course of an assessment

Inappropriately intimate examinations
Racial / sexual abuse
Theft or fraud
Criminal activity.

4.8.4. Providers should develop processes to manage Serious Complaints

separate to the overall complaints processes, with escalation routes
to appropriately senior staff.

4.8.5. Where a Serious Complaint is made against an HP, the DWP CMO
should be informed immediately. Providers should also consider
suspending the HP from carrying out PIP assessments until any
investigations into the complaint have been completed.

4.8.6. Providers should liaise with the DWP CMO on the outcome of any
investigation into a Serious Complaint. If a Serious Complaint is
upheld, providers should consider:

Liaising with the relevant professional body (General Medical

Council, Nursing and Midwifery Council, Health Professions
Council etc.).

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5. Appendices
5.1 Fees for further evidence
5.1.1. DWP pays fees for General Practitioner Factual Reports (GPFRs);
GP and Consultant completed DS1500s.

5.1.2. Fees are not paid by DWP for other sources of evidence, such as
Hospital Factual Reports from NHS hospitals and clinics; Local
Authority funded clinics; or factual reports / GPFRs completed by
professionals other than GPs or Consultants.

5.1.3. For many years the Department has not accepted Treasury fees,
which doctors often quote.

5.1.4. The DWP sets its own fees for factual reports and information where
a fee is payable and providers should not negotiate individual fees
with doctors (GPs or hospital staff). Payment for evidence other than
the GPFR or DS1500 should be discussed with the Department on a
case-by-case basis.

General Practitioner Factual Reports

5.1.5. As independent contractors, GPs are permitted to receive a fee for

completing GPFRs and providing factual information unless the
information required is included in their contractual agreement.

5.1.6. Where it is permissible to pay a fee, this should be the standard fee
that the Department pays currently 33.50 for a GPFR and 17.00
for a DS1500 completed by a GP (although providers will usually not
need to seek DS1500s from GPs). If the GPs surgery is VAT
registered, VAT should also be paid in addition to the appropriate
fees.

Hospital Factual Reports

5.1.7. Under a longstanding agreement (which dates back to the start of

the NHS and is sometimes referred to as the concordat) hospitals
and Trusts are obliged to provide hospital case notes (or copies), X-
rays and Factual Reports, on request, within laid down time scales,
and free of charge to the DWP and providers working on their behalf.

5.1.8. Hospital Factual Reports from NHS hospitals, hospitals who have
Trust status, and clinics financed from the NHS or Local Authority
are therefore provided free of charge and should not be paid for.

142
5.1.9. Care should be taken to ensure the hospital etc. is funded by the
NHS. Private hospitals are not covered by the agreement with the
NHS.

5.1.10. The responsibility to provide factual reports lies with the hospital,
and requests should be addressed to the hospital as opposed to a
particular member of staff - though the requests may specify the type
of information that would help (e.g. from a physiotherapist).

5.1.11. No fee is payable to the person completing the report.

5.1.12. Sometimes hospital staff state that they are not contracted to carry
out this work on behalf of the hospital. If so they should ask the
hospital to arrange for someone else to complete it on behalf of the
hospital.

Rejecting requests for payment

5.1.13. Providers are responsible for making payments for the above
evidence types where they have sought them, with DWP
reimbursing them the fees paid.

5.1.14. Where requests are made for payment that do not meet the above
criteria, providers should issue a notice rejecting the request.

5.1.15. Requests may also be rejected where a professional has responded

to a request that would normally be payable but the response was
not of an acceptable standard and provided no help in the case for
example, where the professional has made no effort to provide
useful information or the professional has returned their report
significantly later than the date requested. However, judgement
should be applied when making such decisions, as incomplete
returns may be as a result of professionals having insufficient
information about the claimant, rather than an unwillingness to help.
Such rejections are likely to be rare.

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5.2. The principles of good report writing
Clarity

5.2.1. Good quality reports should:

Be legible
Be written in clear English
Be succinct
Use appropriate language
Explain technical terms
Avoid medical jargon
Avoid internal contradiction
Be correct
Be complete.

Clear English

5.2.2. When HPs explain medical reasoning or expressing opinion, it is

essential that there should be no misunderstanding. As in all forms
of medical (and other) writing the guiding principles should be that
HPs:

Use familiar words

Use short words in short sentences
Make every word count.

5.2.3. Use of vague or ill defined words such as may, possibly,

occasionally, sometimes do nothing to refine an account of a
case; they merely generate uncertainty. The HP should assist the
Case Manager by providing quantifiable data wherever possible.

Appropriate language

5.2.4. PIP assessments are a serious matter that have a direct bearing on
benefit entitlement. As such flippancy in reports is not appropriate.
Light-hearted remarks about the claimant, the domestic
environment, the forms, the benefit and the system in general should
not be made as these can cause offence and difficulty.

5.2.5. Reports should not include terms which could cause offence.
Appropriate language should be used when describing the claimant,
for example "overweight" or "obese" as opposed to "fat". Unless it is

144
 essential to the determination of the claim, any information that may
be construed as a value judgement should be avoided in advice. For
example, comments about the claimant appearing dishevelled are
inappropriate, unless they are part of the evidence supporting a level
of self-neglect due to mental health problems.

Explanation of technical terms

5.2.6. Attempts to express medical terms in non-technical language can

often be difficult and confusing. It is usually preferable to use
medical language to describe medical issues and then to explain
what they mean.

5.2.7. The functional implications of any findings must be explained in the

summary justification. For example, the claimant has reduced
shoulder movement this means that he needs to use an aid to
dress and undress and wash and bathe.

The avoidance of medical jargon

5.2.8. Medical jargon should be distinguished from technical medical

language. Jargon is medical slang, or shorthand such as:

SOB++ JVP Ankle oed. R=L AF ?CCF

5.2.9. Such jargon may not be understood by the CM or the next HP to

read it and should be avoided.

Avoidance of internal contradiction

5.2.10. Medical reports must be internally consistent.

5.2.11. If the HP makes the observation in one part of the report that a
claimant has only minor restriction of lower limb function due to
osteoarthritis, and in another section gives an opinion that he is
unable to negotiate stairs due to painful arthritic knees, the reader
will question the point.

5.2.12. If the HPs opinion does conflict with information provided by the
claimant, the HP should fully explain why there is an inconsistency
and the evidence on which their advice is based.

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Correctness

5.2.13. Correctness embraces a number of principles:

The advice must be medically correct - that is it must be in

keeping with the consensus of medical opinion
The account must be factually accurate. One of the commonest
criticisms of HPs by claimants in relation to assessments for
existing benefits is that some of the information written in the
report is wrong
The terminology must be correct. If the HP uses phrases such
as disability, he/she must be sure that he/she knows the exact
meaning, as they have specific connotations in disability
analysis.

5.2.14. Prescriptive language which quotes or reflects phrases (e.g.

reconsideration) used to define conditions for entitlement should be
avoided.

Completeness

5.2.15. It is very easy to miss out a key factor in a consultation. Good

preparation is important and it can be helpful to write down a
checklist of all the salient aspects of the case before embarking on
the consultation.

Facts versus opinion

5.2.16. A fact is a verifiable statement about the claimant for example, "He
takes paracetamol as required for pain in his left knee".

5.2.17. An opinion is the perception or view of an individual for example,

"In my opinion, he only has mild pain"; "In my opinion, she requires
supervision in the kitchen". Unsupported opinion should not be
included in reports.

5.2.18. Facts provide strong evidence for opinions because they are
verifiable. Facts should be used to support descriptor choice.
Opinions are most robust if they are based on fact for example, "In
my opinion, his level of pain from osteoarthritis is mild, as he only
needs to take paracetamol twice a day"; "She is not safe unless she
is supervised while cooking, as she has several times burned
saucepans by forgetting them on the hob".

5.2.19. When the HP evaluates the opinion of a third party that provides
evidence for example, a carer or health professional - the HP
should evaluate the strength of the opinion being expressed. The

146
HPs evaluation should include the level of expertise of the individual
offering the opinion; their direct knowledge of the claimant; and
whether it is medically reasonable. An unsupported opinion will carry
no weight, whereas an authoritative, well-justified opinion from an
expert source will carry far more weight, especially if it is supported
by factual evidence. The HP should also consider whether the third
party is acting impartially or as the claimant's advocate.

147
 5.3. Sample Quality Audit Proforma

PIP Quality Audit Form Grade of report

Date of audit

Auditor name

HP name

Claimant name

NINO

Area Attribute A B C N/A Comments

Presentation Legibility and presentation
and process Jargon / medical abbreviations
Concise
Clarification of contradictions or conflicts
Defined procedures
Directive advice
Consultation Relevant conditions addressed
History of conditions
Medication and treatment
Aids or appliances
Social and occupational history
Functional history
Variability
General appearance
Mental state
Physical / Sensory examination
Informal observations
Reasoning Appropriate FME
Evidence considered
*Tl advice
Qualifying/Prospective Periods
*Daily living descriptors
Mobility descriptors
Prognosis
Justification
Additional support needs
Confirmation on the reliability criteria
Professional Independent, impartial, ethical, honest and fair
standards Harmful information
* Unexpected clinical findings

Action required Y/N

If yes what?

148
Auditor signature

Date

Action completed

Comments

Name

149
5.4. Audit Quality criteria definitions

Presentation and
process
Code Attribute Subject Acceptable Acceptable with learning Unacceptable
point
PP1 Legibility and presentation Comprehensible, all words Many words illegible, Only legible with
legible with reasonable grammar incorrect grammar or great difficulty
and few spelling/typographical several spelling errors
errors throughout but overall
report comprehensible
PP2 Jargon / medical Any abbreviations used (other Contains medical jargon or Jargon and/or
abbreviations than ones in common use, e.g. abbreviations but report is abbreviations used
BP) are explained likely to be comprehensible that make the report
to Case Manager difficult to
understand or could
mislead Case
Manager
PP3 Clarification of Conflicts or contradictions Minor conflicts of evidence Major conflicts of
contradictions / conflicts in between evidence obtained by not addressed in report but evidence, not
evidence, HP or any documents is fully insufficient to mislead Case addressed in report
explained and justified Manager or require such that Case
clarification Manager cannot
reliably use report to
support a decision
on entitlement
PP4 Defined procedures Fully compliant with documented Minor breach of Documented
procedures in DWP guidance documented procedures in procedures in DWP
DWP guidance guidance not
followed

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 PP5 Directive advice No directive advice regarding Not applicable Contains directive
award entitlement advice regarding
award entitlement
*Consultation
Code Attribute Subject Acceptable Acceptable with learning Unacceptable
point
C1 Relevant conditions All functionally relevant Not applicable Omission of one or
conditions addressed more functionally
relevant conditions
C2 History of conditions History concise and Contains irrelevant Omission of
appropriately recorded, information, or minor significant elements
comprehensive, information omissions of relevant of history
relevant to functional effects and information
prognosis recorded, minimal
irrelevant information included
C3 Current medication and Comprehensively recorded or Some omissions of Omission of relevant
treatment referenced as appropriate. functionally relevant medication/therapy
Purpose of medication/ therapy medications but with no information where
explained. Medication list impact on decision making this is likely to be
includes relevant dosage, important to the
frequency, efficacy and any decision making
significant side effects process
C4 Aids and/or appliances If relevant, evidence recorded Some omissions but with Omissions of
regarding aids and/or appliances no impact on decision relevant information
making that impact on
decision making
C5 Social and occupational Appropriately recorded: relevant Some omissions, but with Omissions of
history to functional ability; if relevant no impact on decision relevant information
occupational history includes making that impact on
impact of disabling condition(s) decision making
on work
C6 Functional history Appropriately detailed: all Some omissions of detail, Omission of relevant

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 functional areas covered; and but with no impact on functional areas; or
includes level of difficulty in decision making many omissions of
carrying out activity, and any detail such that
assistance required to carry it report cannot be
out including exploration of reliably used by
standard attained, repeatability, Case Manager to
safety and timeliness where support a decision
relevant on entitlement
C7 Variability Appropriately recorded: Not applicable Variation or
including frequency of functional ability
relapses/remissions; and level of related to
functional ability during both relapses/remissions
relapse and remission not addressed
C8 General appearance Appropriate, relevant information Record broadly appropriate Relevant information
sensitively recorded and sensitive, but contains not recorded; or
some inappropriate detail record contains
substantial
inappropriate detail;
or is recorded in a
potentially offensive
manner
C9 Mental State Assessment Appropriately recorded: all Omission of some details, Omission or
and Examination relevant conditions addressed, but with no impact on inadequate
with details of their severity and decision making assessment of
functional effects; Appropriate mental state such
MSE includes relevant that report cannot
comprehensive documentation reliably be used by
of observations +/- cognitive decision maker to
tests support a decision
on entitlement
C10 Physical / Sensory Appropriately detailed Minor omissions or Omission or
Examination examination of all relevant areas irrelevant findings that have inadequate

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 recorded no impact on decision examination of
making relevant area(s)
such that the report
cannot be reliably
used by the Case
Manager to support
a decision on
entitlement.
C11 Informal observations Appropriately recorded: all Some minor omissions, or Relevant
observations relevant to with some inappropriate observations not
functional ability recorded detail recorded; or record
contains significant
inappropriate
observations
Reasoning
Code Attribute Subject Acceptable Acceptable with learning Unacceptable
point
R1 Further evidence Requested appropriately and Further evidence sought Further evidence
suitably sourced: evidence but selected source is not requested but case
sought from the most the most appropriate one can easily be
appropriate person/source processed without
any further evidence;
or further evidence is
necessary but has
not been requested;
or further evidence is
sourced form a
completely
inappropriate source
R2 Evidence considered All evidence is considered and Documentation lacks detail, No record to show
this is documented but clear from the report what, if any,
that further evidence has evidence has been

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 been taken into considered in
consideration in completing completing report
report
R3 *Terminal illness advice Terminal illness advice medically Not applicable Advice not medically
reasonable and logical reasonable or logical
R4 * Daily Living descriptor Daily Living descriptor advice Descriptor advice Advice not medically
advice medically reasonable and logical reasonable but evidence reasonable, logical
better supports an or fully considered
alternative choice
R5 Qualifying Period and Advice regarding QP and PP is Advice reasonable but Advice not medically
Prospective Period medically reasonable and logical evidence better supports an reasonable, logical
alternative choice or fully considered
R6 Mobility descriptor advice Mobility descriptor advice Descriptor advice Advice not medically
medically reasonable and logical reasonable but evidence reasonable, logical
better supports an or fully considered
alternative choice
R7 Prognosis advice Advice is medically reasonable Advice reasonable but Advice completely
and logical evidence better supports an out with consensus
alternative choice of medical opinion
R8 Fully justified Justification is reasonable, Justification is reasonable Justification is not
logical, comprehensive and and logical but lacks some reasonable or
supported by evidence detail and/or could be better logical; or is not
supported by reference to supported by
relevant evidence. It should evidence; or it lacks
be sufficient for the Case detail or has been
Manager without omitted for any
clarification relevant area
R9 Additional support needs Advice on additional support is Advice reasonable but Advice not
reasonable, logical and based evidence better supports an consistent not logical
on adequate evidence alternative choice or based on
inappropriate or
inadequate evidence

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 R10 Reliability criteria Confirmation is included in the Not applicable No confirmation is
report that the HP has fully included that the HP
considered the reliability criteria has fully considered
when formulating their advice the reliability criteria
when formulating
their advice

Professional
standards
Code Attribute Subject Acceptable Acceptable with learning Unacceptable
point
PS1 Independent, impartial, Standards independent, Not applicable Not compliant in any
ethical, honest and fair impartial, ethical, honest and fair one parameter
PS2 Harmful information Appropriate action taken on Not applicable Harmful information
harmful information not recognised
PS3 *Unexpected clinical Appropriate action taken on Not applicable Unexpected clinical
findings unexpected clinical findings findings not
recognised; or
protocol for dealing
with them not
followed

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