1

Raoelina Andriambololona, 2 Ranaivoson Tokiniaina,3 Hanitriarivo Rakotoson

1
Theoretical Physics Department, Institut National des Sciences et Techniques Nuclaires (INSTN-Madagascar)
instn@moov.mg, raoelinasp@yahoo.fr, jacquelineraoelina@yahoo.fr
2
INSTN-Madagascar, tokhiniaina@gmail.com
3
INSTN-Madagascar, infotsara@gmail.com

Abstract For a complex number  , the -order integral of a function  fulfilling some conditions is defined as the action of an
operator, noted  , on . The definition of the operator  is given firstly for the case of complex number  with positive real part. Then,
using the fact that the operator of one order derivative, noted  , is the left hand side inverse of the operator  , an -order derivative
operator, noted  , is also defined for complex number  with positive real part. Finally, considering the relation  =  , the
definition of the -order integral and -order derivative is extended for any complex number . An extension of the definition domain
of the operators is given too.

Keywords integral, derivative, complex order, operator, fractional integral, fractional derivative, gamma function

and for   , a -order integral and -order derivative of

the function  can be defined respectively as
I. INTRODUCTION
%
 

1
  !
" # $  #'# 1.2 
The problem of the extension of real integer-order
derivatives to fractional derivatives is an old one introduced 
by Leibnitz in 1695. Several approaches have been done and &
$
bibliography may be found in references [1], [2]

In our work [3], we have given an unified definition for both  ! 1 " ) $  )
') 1.2*

derivatives and indefinite integrals of any power function &

 
 defined on  . Notions of linear, semi-linear,
commutative and semi-commutative properties of fractional   
    
 1.3
derivatives have been introduced too.
Our investigations are going on. In another work [4], we have with  , . is the Euler gamma function .50, .60. Now we
utilized a more general approach. We have considered a larger extend those results for  .
set of causal functions, which is the definition domain of -
order integral operators   . The -order derivative operator  Remark
is derived from the -order integral operators   . Properties of We would like to point out that throughout our work, we
  and  for any positive real  and positive real  have been utilize the notation for the operator product i.e
studied. Remarkable relations verified by  ,  ,  and 
for transcendental numbers  and  have been given too. 2 3  
  2 .3 [
00
We have studied the case of  and  real numbers (case of  4 5 6 stands for the writing of the usual 4 5, 6
field)[4].
II. DEFINITION OF -ORDER INTEGRAL OPERATOR  FOR 
In the present paper, we will give the extension to the case of

A COMPLEX NUMBER WITH 78  , 0

complex numbers ( field). The extension is neither trivial nor
straightforward because we have to study the existence of the
 -order integral operator   and the  -order derivative
operator   in the case of complex numbers  and .
Theorem 1
It was shown in [4] that for a derivable and integrable function For a function verifying the conditions 
  0 for
 of real variable verifying the condition
 0, the integral   
 defined by the relation
%
1

  0 for
 0 1.1   

 !
" # $  #'# 2.1

&

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is absolutely convergent for   and 9  , 0. 9  , 0.

As an extension of the relation 1.2 we consider the following
Proof
Let   : ; <= then
definition.

Definition 1

" # $ |
" #|@$
>  #>  | #| Let  be a function which fulfills the condition 
  0 for
 | |

 0. For complex number  with 9  , 0,we define the
% % -order integral of the function  , considered as the action of

" #@$
" #@$ the operator   on this function, by the relation
A !>  #> '#  ! | #|'#
 | |
& & %
1
  
  !
" # $  #'# 2.3
Using an integration by parts, we have for 9   : , 0 
&
$
%


" #@$  ! 1 " )$  )
')
! | #|'# 
| | &
&
1
" B C<D
" # | #| " C<D;
" #: | #| according to the theorem 1, the integral   
 is well
:| | #E
" #E0
%
defined.

" !
" #@ | #|F'#G Example
&

 
2M3   2M3NO % ; <* 
C<DI
" # @ | #|
0 C<DJ
" # | #|  0
@
HE% HE& 
2 .PQ *CR
 ; <<R *CR
0

%
So
 

1
% %   !
" # $  #'#

" #@$
" #@ 
! | #|'#  ! | #|F'# &
| | :| | $
& &

 ! 1 " ) $  )
')
S 
For
K  .0, ;. and for : , 0 &
$

2M3
0  # 
A 0 
" # 
A 0 
" #@ 
@  
2M3   ! 1 " )$ )2M3 ')

&

" #@
@
A0 
2M3
:| | :| |  4 , ; <* ; 1

% %

" #@
@
A! | #|F'#  !| #|F'# in which 4 is the extension of the Eulers beta function for
:| | :| |
& & complex numbers
%

" # @

@ $
A! | #|F'#  |
|
:| | :| | 4 , ; <* ; 1  ! 1 " ) $ )2M3 ')
&
&

" #"1
A !>  #> '#  ; <* ; 1

0 
%
 ; ; <* ; 1

" #@
@
! | #|F'#  |
| in which is the extension of Eulers gamma function for
:| | :| |
& complex numbers

Then for :  9  , 0, we obtain

2M3  ; <* ; 1
 
2M3  
  ; ; <* ; 1
%

" # $
@
!>  #> '#  |
| 2.2 ; 1 ; i
 :| | 
2M3 2.4
& s ; a ; ib ; 1

The integral   
 is absolutely convergent for :  If   : ; <= in the relation 2.4, we have

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 Raoelina Andriambololona et al. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology.

1 % H

; <* ; 1 ! '#
" # ^$ ! 'h # " h_ $  h 3.3
 
2M3  
2@M3M[ $  c  & &
: ; <= ; ; <* ; 1

; <* ; 1 we apply the Dirichlets formula given by Whittaker and


2@
: ; ; 1 ; <= ; <*
Watson [7] [8]
. .PQ = ; *CR
 ; <<R\ = ; *CR
] 2.5 % H
! '#
" # ^$ ! 'h # " h_ $ b #, h
From the relation 2.4, it can be easily deduced that & &

% i
 ^  _
2M3    ^_
2M3    _  ^
2M3  2.6  ! 'h ! '#
" #^$ # " h_$ b #, h 3.4
& %

III. PROPERTIES OF THE OPERATOR  FOR 78  , 0 for b #, h   h

Theorem 2  ^  _ 

The set ` of function  verifying the conditions 
  0 if 1
h
 ! 'h h ! '#
" #1"1 # " h2"1

 0 is a vectorial space on the field  of complex number $  c  0

and the operator   is a linear operator on `.

we perform the change of variable

#"h
Proof
The set ` of functions which verify the conditions 1.1 is a )
vectorial space on the field :
"h

a , b ` c : 
  0 and b
  0 if
 0 #  h ; )
" h '# 
" h')

A a e, f c : e
 ; fb
  0 if
 0  ^  _ 

A e ; fb ` 1
1
 ! 'h h
" h1 ;2 "1 ! ') 1 " )1 "1 )2 "1
$  c  0 0
The operator   is a linear operator on `
%
 

1
a `g  !
" # $  #'#
we obtain the Eulers beta function

& $  c 
4 $  c  

  0 if
 0 A   

 0 if
 0 $ ; c 
A    `
1 %
 ^  _ 
  ! 'h h
" h^ _$
A a e, f c , a , b `c: $ ; c  &
%
 e
1   ^_ 

 ; fb
  !
" # $ .e # ; fb #0'#

&  ^  _ is symmetric in $ , c , then
% %
e f
 !
" # $  #'# ; !
" # $ b #'#  ^  _ 
   ^_ 
   _  ^ 

S  S 
& &
 
 we obtain the semi-group property of j , which stands true for
 e ; f b


3.1
any function  satisfying the existence of j 
 (for any
  with the condition 9  , 0).
Theorem 3
For all complex numbers $ and c with 9 $  , 0 and IV. DEFINITION OF -ORDER DERIVATIVE OPERATOR 
9 c  , 0, we have the semi-group property FOR A COMPLEX NUMBER  WITH 78  , 0

 ^  _ 
   ^_ 
   _  ^ 
 3.2
By considering the fact that the operator of one order
derivative $ is a left handside inverse [9] of the operator $
and extending the relation 1.3, we may give the following
Proof definition

 ^  _ 
  Definition 2
For all function  fulfilling the condition 
  0 for
 0

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 Raoelina Andriambololona et al. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology.

and for a complex number  with positive real part, the action : ; 1 ; <=
of a  "order derivative operator   on  is defined by the 
2@
" : ; 1 ; <* " <=
. .PQ * " =CR
 ; <<R\ * " =CR
] 4.4
relation
 
   

   4.1
From the relation 4.3, it can be easily shown that
A sufficient condition which determines the choice of  is that
 
 is well defined.  ^  _
2M3    ^ _
2M3    _  ^
2M3  4.5
According to the Theorem 1, we have to choose 9  "  ,
0. Comparing the expressions 4.3 and 2.4, we may write the
Practically we choose  k and  , 9 . For instance relations
  .9 0 ; 1, .9 0 is the entire part of 9 , then
 
2M3    
2M3  4.6 
  
   .l 0$ .l 0$ 

 
2M3    
2M3  4.6*
Theorem 4
These relations suggest then the extension of the definition
of the operators   and   for any complex number .
We have the semi-group property

 ^  _ 
   ^_ 
   _  ^ 
 4.2
V. DEFINITION OF -ORDER INTEGRAL OPERATOR  AND -
ORDER DERIVATIVE OPERATOR 
for any $ and c with 9 $  , 0 and 9 c  , 0
FOR ANY COMPLEX NUMBER

Proof The results (4.6) suggest the following definition

If 9  , 0
The proof may be easily derived from the semi-group property
of   (Theorem 3)
%
 

1
  !
" # $  #'# 5.1 
Example 4 
Let us consider 
 
2M3 &
$
According to the relation 2.4, we have

 ! 1 " )$  )
')

; 1 ; <* &

2M3  
2M3
 "  ; ; <* ; 1
If 9   0
 
2M3     

  
    
 5.1*
; 1 ; <*
 . 

2M3 0 %
 "  ; ; <* ; 1 1
  m !
" #$  #'#n
; 1 ; <* S 
  .
2M3 0 &
 "  ; ; <* ; 1
; 1 ; <*

and
 "  ; ; <* ; 1
  
   
 5.2
 "  ; ; <* ; 1
.
2M3
 "  ; ; <* ; 1 "  The constant  in the relation 5.1* is to be chosen such
; 1 ; <*  
 is well defined. According to the Theorem 1, we

2M3 4.3 have to choose 9  ;  , 0. Practically we choose  k
" ; ; <* ; 1
and  , 9 " . For instance, one can choose  
The result is independent on  .9 "0 ; 1, .9 "0 is the entire part of 9 ".

If   : ; <=
VI. EXTENSION OF THE DEFINITION DOMAIN. DEFINITION OF
; <* ; 1 -ORDER INTEGRAL OPERATOR op AND -ORDER
 
2M3  
2M3  DERIVATIVE OPERATOR op FOR A COMPLEX NUMBER 
" ; ; <* ; 1
WITH 78  , 0
; <* ; 1 For a given real number
& , the definition of -order integral

2@M 3[
": " <= ; ; <* ; 1 may be extended for more general function with the
introduction of the operator %q defined in the relation (6.1).
The action of the operator %q on a function  is defined firstly,

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 Raoelina Andriambololona et al. International Journal of Latest Research in Science and Technology.

for complex number  with positive real part. Then, using the %

" #@$
"
& @
! | #|'#  C<D | #|
fact that the operator of one order derivative, noted  , is the$
| | :| | HE%qJ
%q
left hand side inverse of the operator %q , an -order derivative %

" #@
;! | #|F'#
operator, noted %q is also defined for all complex number  :| |
%q
with positive real part. Finally, assuming the relation %q 
For
K 0
& , ;. and for : , 0, we have
%
q
the definition of the  -order integral and  -order
derivative is extended for any complex number  with positive
&  # 
A 0 
" # 
A 0 
" #@ 
@

" #@
"
0 @
and negative real parts.
A0 
:| | :| |
Theorem 5
% %
For a derivable and integrable function  defined on the
" #@
"
& @
A ! | #|F'#  !| #|F'#
interval K 0
& , ;.,
& , the integral %q 
 defined :| | :| |
%q %q
by the relation
%
1
%

" #@
"
& @
%q 
  !
" # $  #'# 6.1 ! | #|F'#  .|
| " C<DJ | #|0
 :| | :| | HE%q
%q
%q

is absolutely convergent for   with 9  , 0. then

%

" # $
"
& @
Proof
Let us take   : ; <=; It is to be noted that
&  # 
so !>  #> '#  C<D | #|

" #@ r 0, then  :| | HE%qJ
%q
%

" # $ |
" #|@$
" #@
"
& @
>  #>  | #| ;! | #|F'#  C<D | #| ;
 | | :| | :| | HE%qJ
%q

"
& @
%

" #@$
" #@$
%
.|
| " C<DJ | #|0
:| |
A !>  #> '#  ! | #|'# HE%q
 | |
%q %q
Then for :  9  , 0
Using an integration by parts, we have for 9   : , 0 % %

" # $
" #@
!>  #> '#  ! | #|F'#
%

" #@$  :| |
! | #|'# %q %q
| |

"
& @
|
|
%q

:| |
1
" B C<D
" # | #| " C<DJ
" #: | #|
:| | #E
" #E%q
The integral %q 
 is absolutely convergent for : 
%
9  , 0.
" !
" #@ | #|F'#G

0 Theorem 6
Let $ be the operator of one order derivative
C<D
" # @ | #|
0
HE% I
'
$ 
C<D
" #@ | #| 
"
& @ C<DJ | #| '

HE%qJ HE%q
For any complex number  with 9  , 0, we have

So $ \%q s 
  %$
q

 6.2

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O  % 
Proof v   % for any R k
%
1
$ %q  
  $ . !
" # $  #'#0

Definition 5
%q Let  be a derivable and integrable function defined on the
interval K 0
& , ;.. We may define an  -order derivative
 " 1 % operator %q for a complex number  by using the fact that the
 !
" # c  #'#
 %q operator of one order derivative $ is a left hand side inverse
of the operator %$q
1 %
 !
" #c  #'#  %$ 

 " 1 %q q %q 
   %
q

 6.6

From this theorem, it can be easily shown that A sufficient condition which determines the choice of  is that
the operator  is a left hand side inverse of the operator
$ %
q

 is well defined. According to the relation (5.2), we
have to choose 9  "  , 0 . Practically, we choose  k
%$q and  , 9 , for instance   .9 0 ; 1, in which
.9 0 is the entire part of .9 0.
for R,  k, R r 
%q 
   .l 0$ .l 0$ 
 6.7
 $
\%q s 
  %$
q

 6.3
Example 6.3
These results justify the introduction of the following Let us study the example of 
 
t and
&  0,
definition According to (6.6), we have

 "  5 ; 1
t
&
t  
Definition 4
 "  ; 5 ; 1  " 
Let  be a derivable and integrable function defined on the
interval K 0
& , ;.. For a complex number  with 9  , 5 ; 1

t
0, we define an -order integral of the function , noted %q ,  "  ; 5 ; 1
by the relation
So
1 %
5 ; 1
%q 
  !
" # $  #'# 6.4 &
t     x
t y
 %q  "  ; 5 ; 1
5 ; 1
According to the theorem 5, the integral %q 
 is well 
t
" ; 5 ; 1
defined.

Example 6.1 VII. CONCLUSIONS

Let us take
&  0 and 
 
t with 5  . From the According to the results that we have obtained, particularly
relation (2.4), we have the relations (5.1a), (5.1b), (6.4) and (6.5), we may conclude

1 %
that the approach that we have considered allows the
& 
  !
" # $  #'# extension of the definitions of -order integrals and -order
 & derivatives for the case of complex order  . Generally

s p ; 1
t 5 ; 1
speaking, we obtain the same formal expressions as in the
case of   [4]. We have considered the case of functions
 
t 6.5
s ; p ; 1  s ; p ; 1 which fulfil more general condition (paragraph VI) too.

Example 6.2 Deep analysis of the above results can be done to obtain a
Let us take
& E " and 
   % . Then better understanding about the fundamental and physical

1
meaning of integrals and derivatives for the case of complex
%
  % 
v  !
" # $  H '#
order.
 v
REFERENCES
For instance, for   1, we have [1] Kenneth S. Miller, An introduction to the fractional calculus and the
fractional differential equations, Bertram Ross (Editor). Publisher:
% John Wiley and Sons 1st edition (1993) ISBN 0471588849
$  % 
v  !  H '#   %
[2] Keith B. Oldham, J. Spanier The fractional calculus. Theory and
v
Application of differentiation and integration to arbitrary order,
Acad.Press, N.York and London, 1974.

Using mathematical induction, it may be proven easily that

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[3] Raoelina Andriambololona, Rakotoson Hanitriarivo, Tokiniaina [5] E. Artin, The gamma function, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New
Ranaivoson, Roland Raboanary, Two Definitions of Fractional York, 1964.
Derivative of Powers Functions ,arXiv:1204.1493, Pure and Applied [6] S.C. Krantz The gamma and beta functions 13.1 in handbook of
Mathematics Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013, pp. 10-19. doi: complex analysis, Birkhauser, Boston, MA, 1999, pp.155-158.
10.11648/j.pamj.20130201.12 [7] E.T Whittaker and G.N. Watson, A course of modern analysis,
[4] Raoelina Andriambololona, Definitions of Real Order Integrals and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1965
Derivatives Using Operator Approach, arXiv: 1207.0409, Pure and [8] R. Herrmann. Fractional calculus. An introduction for physicists,
Applied Mathematics Journal. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1-9. doi: World Scientific Publishing, Singapore, 2011.
10.11648/j.pamj.20130201.11 [9] Raoelina Andriambololona, Algbre linaire et multilinaire.
Applications, 3 Tomes. Collection LIRA, INSTN Madagascar,
Antananarivo, Madagascar, 1986, Tome I pp 2-59.

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