Hassan Rouhani

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Hassan Rouhani (Persian: , pronunciation ,

Standard Persian : pronounced [rohni]; born Hassan Hassan Rouhani
Fereydoun (Persian: ) on 12 November
1948)[7][8] is the seventh and current President of Iran, a
position he has held since 2013. He is also a lawyer,[9]
academic, former diplomat and Islamic cleric. He has been a
member of Iran's Assembly of Experts since 1999,[10]
member of the Expediency Council since 1991,[11] and a
member of the Supreme National Security Council since
1989.[3][12]

Rouhani was deputy speaker of the fourth and fifth terms of

the Parliament of Iran (Majlis) and Secretary of the Supreme
National Security Council from 1989 to 2005.[3] In the latter
capacity, he was the country's top negotiator with the EU
three, UK, France, and Germany, on nuclear technology in
Iran, and has also served as a Shi'ite[13] ijtihadi cleric,[14] and
economic trade negotiator.[15][16]:138 He has expressed 7th President of Iran
official support for upholding the rights of ethnic and
Incumbent
religious minorities.[17] In 2013, he appointed former
industries minister Eshaq Jahangiri as his first vice- Assumed office
president.[18] 3 August 2013
Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei
On 7 May 2013, Rouhani registered for the presidential
First Vice President Eshaq Jahangiri
election that was held on 14 June 2013.[19] He said that, if
elected, he would prepare a "civil rights charter", restore the Preceded by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
economy and improve rocky relations with Western Secretary General of the Non-Aligned Movement
nations.[20][21] Rouhani is frequently described as a In office
moderate. He was elected as President of Iran on 15 June, 3 August 2013 17 September 2016
defeating Tehran mayor Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf and
Preceded by Mahmoud Ahmadinejad
four other candidates.[22][23][24] He took office on 3 August
2013.[25] In 2013, Time magazine named him in its list of the Succeeded by Nicols Maduro
100 Most Influential People in the World. In domestic policy, Chief Negotiator of Iran for Nuclear Issue
he encourages personal freedom and free access to In office
information, has improved women's rights by appointing
6 October 2003 15 August 2005
female foreign ministry spokespeople, and has been
described as a centrist and reformist who has improved Iran's President Mohammad Khatami
diplomatic relations with other countries through exchanging Deputy Hossein Mousavian
conciliatory letters.[26][27][28] Rouhani won re-election in the Preceded by Position created
2017 election with 23,636,652 votes (57.1%).[29] He became
Succeeded by Ali Larijani
the third Iranian President, after Mohammad Khatami and
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, to win a presidential victory as an Secretary of the Supreme National Security
incumbent with an increased electoral mandate. Council
In office
14 October 1989 15 August 2005
Contents President Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
 1 Name Mohammad Khatami
2 Early life and education
2.1 PhD thesis plagiarism allegation Preceded by Position created
3 Political activities before the Iranian Revolution Succeeded by Ali Larijani
4 Political career during the 1980s and 1990s
Member of the Assembly of Experts
4.1 Early years of Islamic Republic
4.2 IranIraq war Incumbent
4.3 After the war
Assumed office
5 Nuclear dossier
6 Presidential campaigns 19 February 2007
6.1 2013 presidential election Constituency Tehran Province
6.2 2017 presidential election
Majority 2,238,166 (53.56%)
7 Presidency (2013present)
7.1 Cabinet In office
7.2 Domestic policy 18 February 2000 18 February 2007
7.2.1 Economic
7.2.2 Culture and media Constituency Semnan Province
7.2.3 Human and women's rights First Deputy Speaker of the Parliament
7.3 Foreign policy
In office
7.3.1 Nuclear talks
7.3.2 United Kingdom 2 June 1992 26 May 2000
7.3.3 United States Preceded by Hossein Hashemian
7.3.4 Syria
Succeeded by Behzad Nabavi
7.3.5 Iraq
7.3.6 Saudi Arabia Member of the Parliament
7.3.7 Israel and Palestine
In office
7.4 Public image and perception
7.4.1 Job approval 28 May 1984 27 May 2000
8 Political positions Constituency Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and
9 Electoral history Eslamshahr
10 Personal life
11 Publications Majority 729,965 (58.3%; 2nd term)
12 References In office
13 External links 28 May 1980 27 May 1984
Constituency Semnan
Majority 19,017 (62.1%)
Name
Personal details
His name is also spelled as Hasan Rouhani, Hassan Born Hassan Fereydoun
Rohani, Hasan Rohani, Hassan Rowhani or Hasan 12 November 1948
Rowhani. Sorkheh, Semnan Province,
He was born Hassan Fereydoun (or Fereydun, in reference Iran
to a just king in Persian mythology, Persian: , Political party Moderation and Development
Persian pronunciation: [hsn-e feejdun]) and later changed Party (1999present)
his last name to Rouhani, which means 'spiritual' or
Other political Combatant Clergy
'cleric';[30] also transliterated as Rowhani, Ruhani, or affiliations Association (1988present;
Rohani). It is not clear when he officially changed his last
name. He was named as "Hassan Fereydoun Rouhani" inactive since 2009)[1]

(Persian: ) in a list of Majlis Islamic Republican Party

representatives on 5 July 1981,[31] while photos of his (197987)
identification card (in Persian transliteration: shenasnameh) Spouse(s) Sahebeh Arabi (1968present)
taken around his presidential campaign in 2013 only mention
Children 5
"Rouhani" as his last name.[8]
Alma mater Qom Seminary
Early life and education University of Tehran
Glasgow Caledonian
Hassan Rouhani (born Hassan Fereydoun) was born on 12 University
November 1948[8] in Sorkheh, near Semnan, into a religious Signature
family.[32] His father, Haj Asadollah Fereydoun (died
2011),[33] had a spice shop in Sorkheh[34] and his mother
lived in Semnan until her death in 2015 with her daughters Website Government website
Personal website (Persian)
and sons-in-law.[8][35] Asadollah Fereydoun is reported to
have been politically active against Mohammad Reza Shah Military service
Pahlavi, the Shah of Iran, and arrested first in 1962, and then Allegiance Iran
more than twenty times before the Iranian Revolution in
Years of service 197172 (conscription)[2]
1979.[36]
198591[3]
Rouhani started religious studies in 1960, first at Semnan
Unit Sepah Danesh of Nishapur
Seminary[9]:55 before moving on to the Qom Seminary in
(197172)[2]
1961.[9]:76 He attended classes taught by prominent scholars
of that time including Mostafa Mohaghegh Damad, Morteza Commands Commander-in-Chief of Air
Haeri Yazdi, Mohammad-Reza Golpaygani, Soltani, Defense (198591)[3]
Mohammad Fazel Lankarani, and Mohammad Deputy to Second-in-
Shahabadi.[9]:81 In addition, he studied modern courses, and Command of Iran's Joint
was admitted to the University of Tehran in 1969, and
Chiefs of Staff (198889)[3]
obtained a BA degree in Judicial Law in 1972.[3][9]:309312
In 1973, Rouhani entered military service in the city of Battles/wars IranIraq War
Nishapur.[37] Awards Order of Nasr (1st
Class)[4]
Rouhani continued his studies at Glasgow Caledonian
Order of Fath (2nd
University in Scotland, graduating in 1995 with an M.Phil.
degree in Law with his thesis entitled The Islamic legislative Class)[5][6]
power with reference to the
Iranian experience and a
PhD degree in Constitutional
Law in 1999 for a thesis This article is part of a series about
titled The Flexibility of Hassan Rouhani
Shariah (Islamic Law) with
reference to the Iranian
experience.[38][39] Rouhani's Early life and career Personal life
Caledonian research was
Electoral history
initially supervised by Iranian
lawyer and scholar Professor Member of Parliament
Sayed Hassan Amin and later
by Islamic law scholar Dr Elections

Mahdi Zahraa.[40] 1980 legislative election 1984 legislative election

1988 legislative election 1992 legislative election
Hassan Rouhani as a The website of the Center for 1996 legislative election 2000 legislative election
teenager Strategic Research, a think- Commission on Defense Commission on Foreign
tank headed by Rouhani,
Policy and National Security
misattributed his PhD to
Iran-Iraq War Nuclear program of Iran (Nuclear
Glasgow University rather than Glasgow Caledonian
University and confusion ensued as a result on whether he negotiator Supreme National Security Council)
was a graduate of either university, especially as he was Member of Assembly of Experts
known during his student years by his birth name "Hassan Elections
Fereydoun".[41] Glasgow Caledonian University carried out
an internal investigation to confirm Rouhani's alumnus status 2000 by-election 2006 Assembly of Experts election
and after confirming it, it published Rouhani's theses 2016 Assembly of Experts election
abstracts and a video showing him being capped, as Scottish
Expediency Discernment Council
academic tradition provides, during the University's 1999
graduation ceremony.[42][43]
President of Iran
Incumbent
PhD thesis plagiarism allegation

In 2013, closely matched sentences of Rouhani's PhD thesis First term

with sentences in a book by Mohammad Hashim Kamali, an
Presidential campaign (General election)
Afghan author, led to "submitting a petition calling on the
university to cancel the PhD", according to Behdad Cabinet members (Confirmations) Inauguration
Morshedi, a London-based writer. Charles McGhee, a International trips
spokesman for Glasgow Caledonian University, said that the JCPOA
university had received similar allegations from another (Negotiations Joint Plan of Action Iran nuclear deal
activist in the US and would consider the case.[44] framework United Nations Security Council
Resolution 2231 Iran Nuclear Achievements
In 2017 fresh claims of Rouhani's plagiarism were raised
Protection Act Iranian Government's Reciprocal and
amid the Iranian 2017 presidential elections.[45] Ayatollah Proportional Action in Implementing the JCPOA Act
)
Kalantari called on the education commission of Irans
Iran and ISIL (Iranian involvement in the Syrian
parliament to investigate the thesis.[46][47]
Civil War Iranian intervention in Iraq) World
Against Violence and Extremism
Political activities before the Iranian
Revolution Second term

Reelection campaign (General election)

As a young cleric Hassan Rouhani started his political
activities by following the Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini Books
during the beginning of the Iranian Islamist movement. In
Islamic Revolution: Roots and Challenges
1965, he began traveling throughout Iran making speeches
Fundaments of Political Thoughts of Imam Khomeini
against the government of the Mohammad Reza Shah
Pahlavi, the Shah (king) of Iran. During those years he was Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 1: The Islamic
arrested many times and was banned from delivering public Revolution Introduction to Islamic Countries

speeches.[9]:232 Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 1: Conceptual

Framework Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 2:
In November 1977, during a public ceremony held at Foreign Policy Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 3:
Tehran's Ark Mosque to commemorate the death of Mostafa Cultural and Social Issues National Security and
Khomeini (the elder son of the Ayatollah Khomeini), Economic System of Iran National Security and
Rouhani used the title "Imam" for the Ayatollah Khomeini, Nuclear Diplomacy Role of Seminaries in Moral and
the then exiled leader of the Islamist movement, for the first
Political Developments of Society An Introduction to
time.[9]:375[32] It has been suggested that the title has been the History of Shia' Imams Age of Legal Capacity
used for Khomeini by others before, including by the Grand
and Responsibility Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani;
Ayatollah Mohammad Baqir al-Sadr, although Rouhani was
Vol. 2: Sacred Defense Narration of Foresight and
influential in publicizing the title.[48][49][50]
Hope National Security and Foreign Policy
Since he was under surveillance by SAVAK (Iran's pre- National Security and Environment The Islamic
revolution intelligence agency), the Ayatollah Mohammad Legislative Power The Flexibility of Shariah
Beheshti and the Ayatollah Morteza Motahhari advised him Comments on Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)
to leave the country.[9]:385 Comments on Usul (Principles of Fiqh)

Outside Iran he made public speeches to Iranian students

studying abroad and joined Khomeini upon arriving in
France.[9]:410
Political career during the 1980s and 1990s
Early years of Islamic Republic

Following the 1979 Iranian Revolution in Iran, Rouhani, who had been engaged in revolutionary struggles for
about two decades, did his best to stabilize the nascent Islamic Republic and as a first step, he started with
organizing the disorderly Iranian army and military bases.[9]:515 He was elected to the Parliament of Iran
(Majlis) in 1980.

During five terms in the Majlis and for a total period of 20 years (from
1980 to 2000), he served in various capacities including deputy speaker
of the Majlis (in 4th and 5th terms), as well as the head of defense
committee (1st and 2nd terms), and foreign policy committee (4th and
5th terms).[32]

Among responsibilities shouldered by him in the post-revolution era

was leadership of the supervisory council of the Islamic Republic of
Iran Broadcasting (IRIB) from 1980 to 1983.[3] In July 1983, while
Rouhani (right) and future president
Rouhani was heading the council, the council members and Rouhani
Mohammad Khatami (left), as
had conflicts[51] with Mohammad Hashemi Rafsanjani the then head of members of the post-revolution Majlis
IRIB, which led to temporary replacement of Hashemi by first Rouhani (Parliament)
and then immediately Mohammad Javad Larijani.[52] The conflict was
resolved by the Ayatollah Khomeini intervening and insisting on
Rafsanjani staying as the head of IRIB.[53]

IranIraq war

During the IranIraq war, Rouhani was a member of the Supreme Defense
Council (19821988), member of the High Council for Supporting War and
headed its Executive Committee (19861988), deputy commander of the war
(19831985), commander of the Khatam-ol-Anbiya Operation Center (1985
1988), and commander of the Iran Air Defense Force (19861991).[3] He was
appointed as Deputy to Second-in-Command of Iran's Joint Chiefs of Staff
(19881989).[3]

When Robert C. McFarlane, Reagan' national security adviser, came to Tehran

in May 1986, Rouhani was one of the three people who talked to McFarlane
about buying weapons. Eventually, this weapons sale became known as the
Iran-Contra affair.[54][55]
Rouhani after being elected
as a member of the At the end of the war, Hassan Rouhani was awarded the second-grade Fath
parliament (Victory) Medal along with a group of commanders of the Iranian Army and the
Revolutionary Guards. In another ceremony on the occasion of the liberation of
Khoramshahr, he and a group of other officials and military commanders who were involved in the war with
Iraq were awarded first-grade Nasr Medal by the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces Ayatollah
Khamenei.

After the war

Rouhani was offered and turned down the post of Minister of Intelligence of Iran in 1989.[56]
After the Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran was amended and the Supreme National Security Council
(SNSC) came into being up to the present time, he has been representative of the Supreme Leader, Ayatollah
Khamenei, at the council.[3] Rouhani was the first secretary of the SNSC and kept the post for 16 years from
1989 to 2005. He was also national security advisor to President Hashemi and President Khatami for 13
years from 1989 to 1997 and from 2000 to 2005.[3] In 1991, Rouhani was appointed to the Expediency Council
and has kept that post up to the present time. He heads the Political, Defense, and Security Committee of the
Expediency Council.[3]

After the Iran student protests, July 1999 he, as secretary of Supreme National Security Council, stated in a pro-
government rally that "At dusk yesterday we received a decisive revolutionary order to crush mercilessly and
monumentally any move of these opportunist elements wherever it may occur. From today our people shall
witness how in the arena our law enforcement force . . . shall deal with these opportunists and riotous elements,
if they simply dare to show their faces."[57] and led the crackdown.[58]

In the midterm elections for the third term of the Assembly of Experts which was held on 18 February 2000,
Rouhani was elected to the Assembly of Experts from Semnan Province. He was elected as Tehran Province's
representative to the Assembly's fourth term in 2006 and is still serving in that capacity. He was the head of the
political and social committee of the assembly of experts (from 2001 to 2006), member of the presiding board,
and head of Tehran office of the secretariat of the assembly (from 2006 to 2008). On 5 March 2013 he was
elected as a member of the Assembly's "Commission for investigating ways of protecting and guarding
Velayat-e Faqih".[59]

In addition to executive posts, Rouhani kept up his academic activities. From 1995 to 1999, he was a member
of the board of trustees of Tehran Universities and North Region. Rouhani has been running the Center for
Strategic Research since 1991. He is the managing editor of three academic and research quarterlies in Persian
and English, which include Rahbord (Strategy), Foreign Relations, and the Iranian Review of Foreign Affairs.

Nuclear dossier
Rouhani was secretary of the
Supreme National Security
Council (SNSC) for 16 years.
His leading role in the nuclear
negotiations which brought him
the nickname of "Diplomat
Sheikh", first given to him by
the nascent Sharq newspaper in
November 2003 and was
Iran-EU three's first meeting, Tehran, frequently repeated after that by
Iran, 21 October 2003 domestic and foreign Persian-
speaking media. His career at
the Council began under President Hashemi Rafsanjani and continued
under his successor, President Khatami. Heinonen, former senior IAEA
official, said that Rouhani used to boast of how he had used talks with
Western powers to "buy time to advance Iran's programme."[60] His
Hassan Rouhani, January 29, 2005
term as Iran's top nuclear negotiator, however, was limited to 678 days
(from 6 October 2003 to 15 August 2005). That period began with
international revelations about Iran's nuclear energy program and adoption of a strongly worded resolution by
the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA). In June 2004, the board of governors of the IAEA issued a
statement which was followed by a resolution in September of the same year, which focused on Iran's nuclear
case with the goal of imposing difficult commitments on Iran. That development was concurrent with the
victory of the United States in Iraq war and escalation of war rhetoric in the region. The international
community was experiencing unprecedented tensions as a result of which Iran's nuclear advances were
considered with high sensitivity.[16]:120126

As tensions increased and in view of the existing differences between Iran's Ministry of Foreign Affairs and
Atomic Energy Organization, a proposal was put forth by the foreign minister, Kamal Kharazi, which was
accepted by the president and other Iranian leaders. According to that proposal, a decision was made to
establish a politically, legally, and technically efficient nuclear team with Hassan Rouhani in charge. The team
was delegated with special powers in order to formulate a comprehensive plan for Iran's interactions with the
IAEA and coordination among various concerned organizations inside the country. Therefore, on the order of
President Khatami with the confirmation of Ali Khamenei, Hassan Rouhani took charge of Iran's nuclear case
on 6 October 2003.[16]:138140 Subsequently, negotiations between Iran and three European states started at
Saadabad in Tehran and continued in later months in Brussels, Geneva and Paris.

Rouhani and his team, whose members had been introduced by Velayati
and Kharazi as the best diplomats in the Iranian Foreign
Ministry,[16]:109,141 based their efforts on dialogue and confidence
building due to political and security conditions. As a first step, they
prevented further escalation of accusations against Iran in order to
prevent reporting Iran's nuclear case to the United Nations Security
Council. Therefore, and for the purpose of confidence building, certain
parts of Iran's nuclear activities were voluntarily suspended at several
junctures.
Rouhani visiting Federal Emergency
In addition to building confidence, insisting on Iran's rights, reducing
Management Agency (FEMA) field
international pressures and the possibility of war, and preventing Iran's
hospital after the 2003 Bam
case from being reported to the UN Security Council, Iran succeeded in
earthquake
completing its nuclear fuel cycle and took groundbreaking
steps.[16]:660667 However, decisions made by the nuclear team under
the leadership of Rouhani were criticized by certain circles in later years.[61][62]

Following the election of Mahmoud Ahmadinejad as president, Rouhani resigned his post as secretary of the
Supreme National Security Council after 16 years on 15 August 2005,[16]:594,601 and was succeeded by Ali
Larijani as the new secretary who also took charge of Iran's nuclear case. Larijani, likewise, could not get along
with the policies of the new government and resigned his post on 20 October 2007, to be replaced by Saeed
Jalili. Rouhani then was appointed by the Supreme Leader as his representative at the SNSC.[63]

Presidential campaigns
2013 presidential election

Rouhani was considered a

leading candidate in the June
election because of his centrist
views yet close ties to Iran's
ruling clerics and the Green
Movement.[65] He announced
his presidential candidacy on 11
March 2013 and registered as a
Rouhani's supporters celebrate his presidential candidate on 7 May. Rouhani during his victory speech, 15
presidential victory in Tehran Amid the run-up to the election, June 2013
former presidents Mohammad
Khatami and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, together with reformists supported Rouhani on the presidential race
after pro-reform candidate Mohammad Reza Aref
dropped out of the presidential race after Khatami advised Our centrifuges are good to spin when our people's
[66] economy is also spinning in the right direction.
him to quit in favor of Rouhani. On 10 June, Mehr
Rouhani during TV debate[64]
news agency and Fars news agency, suggested that
Rouhani might be disqualified prior to the election[67] and
The Washington Post, in an editorial, predicted that Rouhani "will not be allowed to win".[68] On 15 June 2013,
Interior Minister Mostafa Mohammad Najjar announced the results of the election, with a total number of
36,704,156 ballots cast; Rouhani won 18,613,329 votes, while his main rival Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf
secured 6,077,292 votes.[69][70] Rouhani performed well with both the middle class and youth, even garnering
majority support in religious cities such as Mashhad and Qom (an important seat of Shia Islam and the clergy,
many of whom surprisingly do not support conservatives)[71] as well as small towns and villages.[22] Rouhani's
electoral landslide victory was widely seen as the result of the Green Movement from the 2009 elections, with
crowds chanting pro-reform slogans. Religious Iranians equally celebrated Rouhani's victory, demonstrating
what analysts described as a thorough rejection of the policies of the conservative factions.[22]

2017 presidential election

Rouhani saw off a strong challenge from hardline Ebrahim Raisi at the
2017 election, a fellow cleric with radically different politics, who
stirred up populist concerns about the sluggish economy, lambasted
Rouhani for seeking foreign investment and appealed to religious
conservatives. He had gathered momentum as conservatives keen to win
back control of the government coalesced behind Raisi's initially
lacklustre campaign. His other rivals were Mostafa Mir-Salim and
Mostafa Hashemitaba.

Rouhani ultimately won the election in a landslide, providing a ringing Rouhani campaigning in Lorestan
endorsement of his efforts to re-engage with the West and offer greater
freedoms.[72] He received 23,636,652 of the votes,[29] in an election that had 73.07% turnout.

Presidency (2013present)
In his press conference one day after election day, Rouhani reiterated his promise to recalibrate Iran's relations
with the world. He promised greater openness and to repair the country's international standing, offering greater
nuclear transparency in order to restore international trust.[73] Revolutionary Guards Major General
Mohammad Jafari criticised Rouhani's administration. "The military, systems and procedures governing the
administrative system of the country are the same as before, [but it] has been slightly modified and
unfortunately infected by Western doctrine, and a fundamental change must occur. The main threat to the
revolution is in the political arena and the Guards cannot remain silent in the face of that." In May 2017,
Rouhani was re-elected as President with 23.5 million votes.[74]

He was announced the winner on the day following the election. He received his presidential precept from his
predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad on 3 August 2013 and entered Sa'dabad Palace in a private ceremony. His
work as president officially began on the same day at 17:00 IRDT. He was inaugurated as the seventh president
of Iran on 4 August in House of the Parliament.[75]

Cabinet

Rouhani announced his cabinet on 4 August. He had a ten-day mandate for introducing his cabinet members to
the parliament but he did not use this. Then, parliament voted on his cabinet, which was scheduled on 1419
August. Between three reformist politicians (Mohammad Reza Aref, Eshaq Jahangiri or Mohammad
Shariatmadari) that were likely for the vice presidency, Rouhani appointed Jahangiri for the position. There
 were also many candidates for
ministry of foreign affairs: Ali
Akbar Salehi, Kamal Kharazi,
Sadegh Kharazi, Mohammad Javad
Zarif and Mahmoud Vaezi but Zarif
became Rouhani's final
nominee.[76] Although several
names were being circulated for the Hassan Rouhani taking oath of
Rouhani speaking after a cabinet other ministerial posts before the office in the Iranian Parliament
meeting final announcement, the office of with Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani at
president-elect denied these his left
speculations. On 23 July 2013, it was reported that eight members of
Rouhani's cabinet had been finalized: Jahangiri as first vice president, Zarif as foreign minister, Rahmani Fazli
as interior minister, Tayebnia as finance minister, Dehghan as defense minister, Namdar Zanganeh as petroleum
minister, Najafi as education minister, Chitchian as energy minister, Nematzadeh as industries minister, Hassan
Hashemi as health minister and Akhondi as transportation minister.[77] This become official after Rouhani
presented the list of his ministry nominates to the parliament on his inauguration day. He also appointed
Mohammad Nahavandian as his chief of staff.

Domestic policy

Economic

The economic policy of Hassan

Rouhani focuses on the long-term
economic development of Iran. It deals
with increasing the purchasing power
of the public, economic growth, raising
sufficient funds, implementation of the
general policies of 44th Principle of
the Constitution of the Islamic
Republic of Iran and improving the
Rouhani speaking in United Nations business environment in the short
Rouhani with First Vice
General Assembly term.[78] Rouhani believes that President, Eshaq Jahangiri,
improving the economic conditions of after a cabinet meeting
the people should be accomplished by
boosting the purchasing power of the people, reducing the wealth gap. He also
thinks that equitable distribution of national wealth and economic growth lead to all mentioned economic goals.
He states that if national wealth was not created, poverty would be distributed. National wealth creation causes
an increase in real income per capita and equitable distribution of wealth. His plan is targeted to increase direct
and indirect assistance to low-income groups.[79]

Rouhani is urgently going to regenerate the Management and Planning Organization of Iran. His economic
policies also comprise optimal distribution of subsidies, control of liquidity and inflation, speeding economic
growth and reducing import. He believes that inflation results in damaging effects on the economy of families
and hopes to deflate that in Foresight and Hope Cabinet.[80]

Rouhani plans urgent economic priorities such as control of high inflation, increasing purchasing power and
cutting down high unemployment.[81]

Culture and media

According to a March 2014 report by Center for International Media
Assistance, since Rouhani takeover in 2013, "Censorship of the Internet
has only gotten worse, but it's more and more clear that Rouhani does
not have complete control over this process".[82]

Regarding internet censorship, he has stated: "Gone are the days when a
wall could be built around the country. Today there are no more walls."
He has also criticized Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting for
showing trivial foreign news, while ignoring pressing national Rouhani interview with CBS
matters. [83] Rouhani also appeared to pledge his support for increasing
Internet access and other political and social freedoms. In an interview, he said: "We want the people, in their
private lives, to be completely free, and in todays world having access to information and the right of free
dialogue, and the right to think freely, is the right of all peoples, including the people of Iran."[84]

Human and women's rights

Rouhani has maintained a policy of not publicly addressing human rights issues, on which he may have limited
powers.[85]

Rouhani is a supporter of women's rights. In a speech after he was

elected as the President of Iran, he said:

There must be equal opportunities for women. There is no

difference between man and woman in their creation, in
their humanity, in their pursuit of knowledge, in their
understanding, in their intelligence, in their religious piety,
President Rouhani during Iranian in serving God and in serving people.[86]
Army Day parade

Rouhani's government appointed Elham Aminzadeh, Shahindokht

Molaverdi and Masoumeh Ebtekar as vice presidents; as well as Marzieh Afkham, the first female
spokesperson for the foreign ministry. Rouhani has promised to set up a ministry for women. Many women's
rights activists, however, are reluctant about a ministry for women; because they feel that this ministry may
isolate women's issues. It has also been suggested that Rouhani will require a deputy minister position within
each ministry to address gender issues and issues pertaining to women.[87]

In September 2013, eleven political prisoners were freed including noted human rights lawyer Nasrin Sotoudeh
and Mohsen Aminzadeh. The move came just days before his visit to the United States for the United Nations
General Assembly.[88]

Critics say that little has changed in domestic policy since Rouhani took office. Iranian authorities executed 599
people during Rouhani's first 14 months in power, compared with 596 during the last year in office of his
predecessor, Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Iran has the highest number of executions anywhere in the world, apart
from China.[89] Nobel Peace Prize winner Shirin Ebadi has criticized Rouhani's human rights record. She cited
the increase in executions, Abdolfattah Soltani's hunger strike, and the continued house arrest of Mir Hossein
Mousavi and Mahdi Karroubi. An Iranian spokesperson said Ebadi's comments would end up provoking
animosity towards Iran.[90][91][92]

In 2015, Rouhani appointed Marzieh Afkham and Saleh Adibi, as the first female since the 1979 (the second in
history) and the first Sunni Kurd respectively, to hold office as ambassadors.[93][94]

Foreign policy
 Rouhani's foreign policy has
been contained by the
conservatism of Iranian
Principlists, who fear change,
while also realizing it is
necessary. Furthermore, Iran's
foreign policy, which was
deadlocked by the efforts of
Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, needs
Rouhani designated Mohammad new predecessor by cautious and Rouhani meeting with Russian
Javad Zarif (left), an experienced decisive efforts of Rouhani. The President Vladimir Putin in Tehran
Iranian diplomat, as foreign minister. main task of Rouhani is only to during the Third GECF summit, 22
develop dialogues between Iran November 2015.
and Political rivals including P5+1. This course can help lift sanctions
that damaged the Iranian economy.[95]

In March 2015 Rouhani sent a letter to President Obama and the heads of the other five countries negotiating
with Iran, explaining Iran's stance. He announced it on his Twitter account. The US National Security Council
confirmed that the letter had been passed on to the U.S. negotiating team, but its contents were not released.
Rouhani also spoke by phone with the leaders of all the nations involved in the negotiations, except for the
United States.[96]

Nuclear talks

United Kingdom

Rouhani met with British Prime Minister David Cameron, marking the
first time since the 1979 Islamic revolution that the leaders of Iran and
the United Kingdom have met.[97] On 20 February 2014 the Iranian
Embassy in London was restored and the two countries agreed to restart
diplomatic relations.[98] On 23 August 2015 the embassy was officially
reopened.[99] Rouhani was deputy speaker of the fourth and fifth terms
of the Parliament of Iran (Majlis) and Secretary of the Supreme
National Security Council from 1989 to 2005.[3] In the latter capacity,
he was the country's top negotiator with the EU three, UK, France, and
Germany, on nuclear technology in Iran, and has also served as a
Shi'ite[13] ijtihadi cleric,[14] and economic trade negotiator.[15]
[16]:138 He has expressed official support for upholding the rights of
ethnic and religious minorities.[17] In 2013, he appointed former
industries minister Eshaq Jahangiri as his first vice-president.[18
Rouhani speaking after JCPOA
United States agreement, 1 May 2015

Rouhani's visit to New York City in September 2013 was hailed as

major progress in Iran's relations with the United States. He previously said that his government is ready to
hold talks with the United States after thirty-two years. Rouhani denied reports that during his trip he had
refused a meeting with U.S. President Barack Obama,[100] and felt more time was needed to coordinate such a
meeting.[100] On 27 September 2013, a day after the two countries foreign ministers met during the P5+1 and
Iran talks, Rouhani had a phone call with President Obama that marked two countries' highest political
exchange since 1979.[100][101][102] However, due to this phone call Rouhani was protested by conservatives
who chanted "death to America" when he returned to Tehran.[100]
Syria

It is generally assumed that he will follow the ruling establishment in

completely supporting Bashar al-Assad, Syria's contentious president, in
the Syrian civil war, as well as "strengthening the Shia Crescent" that
runs from southern Lebanon, through Syria, Iraq and into Iran.[103] In
his first press conference after winning the presidential election,
Rouhani said that "the ultimate responsibility to resolve the Syrian civil
Rouhani with Secretary-General of
war should be in the hands of the Syrian people."[104] the United Nations Ban Ki-moon, 26
September 2013
Iraq

Rouhani has termed Iran-Iraq relations "brotherly" and signed several agreements with Iraq.[105] Right after the
Northern Iraq offensive, Iran was the first country to send support for Iraq[106] and is a "key player" in Military
intervention against the ISIL.[107]

Saudi Arabia

On Iran's relationship to Saudi Arabia, Rouhani wrote that during the

Khatami administration, he, as the secretary-general of the National
Security Council at that time, reached "a comprehensive and strategic
agreement" with the Saudis, but that this agreement was not upheld
during the Ahmadinejad's government. Specifically, while discussing
the episode, he stated:

there was a consensus [during Khatami's administration]

that we should have good relations with Saudi Arabia. No
one within the nezaam [regime] was opposed to it. I went to
Rouhani meets Indian Prime Minister Saudi Arabia for the first time in 1998. At that time Saudi
Narendra Modi in Saadabad Palace, Arabia had accused us of involvement in the Khobar
23 May 2016 Towers bombing. I went to Saudi Arabia as the secretary-
general of the SNSC. From their side, [Minister of Interior]
Nayef bin Abdulaziz took part in the negotiations. The
negotiations began at 10 p.m. and lasted until 5 a.m. the
next morning. We finally agreed on a security agreement. I
returned to Saudi Arabia in [early] 2005, and had extensive
discussions about the region, mutual problems between us,
and the nuclear issue. We agreed with Nayef to form four
committees. They were supposed to convene every few
months and pursue the issues. After I left [the post of]
secretary-general, none of the committees were formed and
there were no meetings.[108]

Hassan Rouhani, Sterateji-ye Amniat-e Melli

Jomhouri-ye Eslami-ye Iran (National Security
Strategy of the Islamic Republic of Iran)

Rouhani has criticized Saudi Arabian-led military intervention in Yemen, saying: "Don't bomb children, elderly
men and women in Yemen. Attacking the oppressed will bring disgrace."[109]

Israel and Palestine

Rouhani describes Israel as "an occupier and usurper government" that
"does injustice to the people of the region, and has brought instability to
the region, with its warmongering policies." When asked to clarify his
opinion about the Holocaust, Rouhani replied: "... in general, I can tell
you that any crime that happens in history against humanity, including
the crime the Nazis created towards the Jews as well as non-Jews is
reprehensible and condemnable. Whatever criminality they committed
against the Jews, we condemn".[110] In an interview with CNN, it was
claimed by the CNN translator that Rouhani had acknowledged the Rouhani in meeting with Turkish
existence of the Holocaust, however CNN's statements were accused by President Recep Tayyip Erdoan,
Iranian state media as a fabrication created by a deliberate Foreign Minister Mohammad Javad
mistranslation by CNN.[111] Other sources, such as the Wall Street Zarif is also pictured
Journal, argued that their independent translators corroborated Iranian
media's position, and described CNN's translation as highly inaccurate, having added to their translation many
words (such as 'holocaust') that he had not said.[112]

Public image and per ception

According to a poll conducted in March 2016 by Information and Public Opinion Solutions LLC (iPOS) among
Iranian citizens, Rouhani has 75% approval and 12% disapproval ratings and thus a +54% net popularity,
making him the second most popular politician in Iran, after Mohammad Javad Zarif with +69% net popularity.
Rouhani surpasses Hassan Khomeini (+52%), Mohammad Khatami (+43%) and Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani
(+38%) who take the following places. The firm states with 95% confidence that the margin of sampling error
is 3 percentage points.[113]

Job approval

Rouhani began his presidency in November 2013 with approval and

disapproval ratings near 58% and 27% respectively,[114] according to
Information and Public Opinion Solutions LLC (iPOS) which is
assessing it on a quarterly basis. It gradually fell down to 48% and he
recorded a 33% disapproval rating in May 2015.[114] His job approval
boosted after Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, according to the Rouhani during a visit of Semnan
survey conducted by IranPoll for the University of Maryland's Center
for International and Security Studies (CISSM), standing on 88% with a
large majority (61%) expressing a "very favorable view" of him (up from 51% in July 2014) and a 3.2 margin
of sampling error. The poll also indicated Rouhani has a "tough challenge" in maintaining the support due to
the fact that people have high economic expectations from the deal, and it could become his Achilles' heel.[115]
iPOS has recorded a 54% approval and 24% disapproval, days after the deal in August 2015.[114] The trend has
continued until February 2016, with 67% and 18% approval and disapproval ratings, marking the highest level
since he took office.[116]
 Results of Rouhani's approval ratings conducted by Center for International and Security Studies and
IranPoll referring to Very favorable (dark green), Somewhat favorable (light green), Somewhat
unfavorable (light red) and Very unfavorable (dark red)[117][118]

Political positions
Rouhani is considered to be a moderate and pragmatic politician.[22] In 2000, Washington Institute for Near
East Policy described him as "power-hungry".[119] He was elected as president with heavy reformist support,
and he pledged to follow through with reformist demands and to bridge divides between reformists and
conservatives.[120]

During the 2017 presidential election, Rouhani's views moved more to the left and he fully aligned with the
reformists faction.[121]

Electoral history
Year Election Votes % Rank Notes
1980 Parliament 19,017 62.1 1st Won
1984 Parliament 729,965 58.3 17th Won
1988 Parliament 412,895 42.1 Won
1992 Parliament 432,767 47 Won
1996 Parliament 465,440 32.5 Won
Parliament 498,916 17.02 40th Lost
2000
Assembly of Experts mid-term 120,819 47.56 1st Won
2006 Assembly of Experts 844,190 7th Won
2013 President 18,613,329 50.88 1st Won
2016 Assembly of Experts 2,238,166 49.72 3rd Won
2017 President 23,636,652 57.14 1st Won Rouhani casting his vote in the
2016 elections.
Personal life
Rouhani married his cousin, Sahebeh Erabi (Rouhani)[122] who is six years younger, when he was around 20
years old[35][123] and has five children.[124] Rouhani's wife changed her last name from "Arabi" (Persian:
)to "Rouhani" some time after marriage.[34] Born in 1954, she is not politically active.[122] The Guardian
and the Financial Times reported that Rouhani also had a fifth child, a son who has died in unknown
circumstances.[125][126] Based on a comment by Alireza Nourizadeh, some sources reported that he committed
suicide "in protest of his father's close connection with Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei".[127][128] This claim,
apparently originating from Nourizadeh's report in the Saudi-owned newspaper Asharq Al-Awsat, included the
following text which allegedly came from the son's suicide note: "I hate your government, your lies, your
corruption, your religion, your double standard and your hypocrisy...I was forced to lie to my friends each day,
telling them that my father isn't part of all of this. Telling them my father loves this nation, whereas I believe
this to be untrue. It makes me sick seeing you, my father, kiss the hand of Khamenei."[129][130]

Rouhani has three sisters and a brother.[35] Rouhani's brother, Hossein Fereydoun, is also a diplomat and
politician, a former governor, ambassador,[131] and former Vice Minister of Intelligence.[132] He was Rouhani's
representative to IRIB in arrangements for presidential debates.[133] Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani, in a memoir
dated 15 May 1982, mentions Hossein Fereydoun as the then governor of Karaj.[134] Rafsanjani later briefly
mentions Fereydoon in a memoir dated 31 March 1984: "In Karaj, something has happened about Mr.
Ferydoon Rouhani".[135]

Publications
Having the rank of research professor at Iran's Center for Strategic Research, he has written many books and
articles in Persian, English and Arabic, including the following:[3]

in Persian

Islamic Revolution: Roots and Challenges () , June 1997, ISBN

9649102507
Fundaments of Political Thoughts of Imam Khomeini () , July 1999
Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 1: The Islamic Revolution (:
) , February 2008, ISBN 9786005914801
Introduction to Islamic Countries () , November 2008
Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 1: Conceptual Framework ( :
), December 2009, ISBN 9789649539409
Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 2: Foreign Policy ( :) ,
December 2009, ISBN 9789649539416
Islamic Political Thought; Vol. 3: Cultural and Social Issues (:
) , December 2009, ISBN 9789649539423
National Security and Economic System of Iran () , August 2010, ISBN
9786005247947
National Security and Nuclear Diplomacy () , January 2011, ISBN
9786002900074
Role of Seminaries in Moral and Political Developments of Society (
) , November 2011
An Introduction to the History of Shia' Imams () , March 2012, ISBN
9786005914948
Age of Legal Capacity and Responsibility () , October 2012, ISBN
9786002900135
Memoirs of Dr. Hassan Rouhani; Vol. 2: Sacred Defense ( :
), January 2013
Narration of Foresight and Hope () , March 2013
National Security and Foreign Policy () , May 2013
 National Security and Environment () , May 2013

in English

The Islamic Legislative Power, May 1994

The Flexibility of Shariah; Islamic Law, April 1996

in Arabic

Comments on Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence); Lessons of the Late Muhaqqiq Damaad (

( ) Chapter on Prayers [)], November 2012
Comments on Usul (Principles of Fiqh); Lessons of the Late Ayatollah Haeri (
( ) Chapter on Academic Principles [)] , March 2013

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133. ( http://khabaronline.ir/detail/295942/Politics/election)[The timing of economical debates]
(in Persian). 30 May 2013.
134. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (15 May 1982). ( http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir/content/%D8%B
4%D9%86%D8%A8%D9%87-25-%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%A8%D9%87%D8%B4%D8%AA-13
61). ( in Persian).
135. Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani (31 March 1984). /
( http://www.hashemirafsanjani.ir/content/%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8% AF-%D9%87%
D8%A7%D8%B4%D9%85%DB%8C-%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C-%D8%B9%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%8
4%D8%AA-%D9%88-%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%A7%D9%86%D
8%AA%D8%AE%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%AA-%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%87-%D9%8
7%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%B1-%D8%B4%D9%87%DB%8C%D8%AF-%D9%85%D8%B7%D9%87%D8%B1%D
B%8C-%D8%A7%D8%B2-%D8%B5%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%A7) .
( in Persian).

External links
Official

Official presidential website

Official personal website (in Persian)

Other

Hassan Rouhani collected news and commentary at Al Jazeera English

"Hassan Rouhani collected news and commentary". The Guardian.
Appearances on C-SPAN
Hassan Rouhani on IMDb
Profile at the BBC
"Goodbye, Ahmadinejad; Hello, Rouhani", Ben Brumfield, CNN, 17 June 2013
10 offices of Heads of State

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hassan_Rouhani&oldid=791206061"

Categories: 1948 births Alumni of Glasgow Caledonian University Candidates for President of Iran
Combatant Clergy Association politicians Deputies of Tehran, Rey, Shemiranat and Eslamshahr
First Deputies of Islamic Consultative Assembly Hassan Rouhani Iranian academics Iranian diplomats
Iranian lawyers Iranian Majlis Representatives Iranian memoirists Iranian nuclear negotiators
Iranian revolutionaries Iranian scholars Iranian Shia clerics Iranian writers
Islamic Republican Party politicians Living people Members of the 4th Islamic Consultative Assembly
Members of the 5th Islamic Consultative Assembly Members of the Assembly of Experts
Members of the Expediency Discernment Council Moderation and Development Party politicians
Nuclear program of Iran People from Semnan Province People of the Iranian Revolution
Presidents of Iran Recipients of the Order of Fath Recipients of the Order of Nasr
Secretaries-General of the Non-Aligned Movement University of Tehran alumni

This page was last edited on 18 July 2017, at 20:11.

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