639984762

Data Analysis with SPSS
A First Course in Applied Statistics
Fourth Edition
Stephen Sweet
Ithaca College
Karen Grace-Martin
The Analysis Factor
Allyn & Bacon
Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River
Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto
Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei Tokyo
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements viii
About the Authors ix
Dedication ix
Chapter 1
Key Concepts in Social Science Research 1
Overview 1
Why Do We Need Statistics? 1
Framing Topics into Research Questions 2
Theories and Hypotheses 5
Population and Samples 6
Relationships and Causality 7

Association 8
Time Order 8
Nonspuriousness 8
Data Sets 9
Parts of a Data Set 10
Reliability and Validity 11
Summary 11
Key Terms 12
Exercises 13
Chapter 2
Getting Started: Accessing, Examining, and Saving Data 23
Overview 23
The Layout of SPSS 23

Types of Variables 26
String Variables 26
Categorical Variables 26
Scale Variables 26
Initial Settings 27
Defining and
Saving a New Data Set
28
Managing Data Sets: Dropping and Adding Variables, Merging Data Sets 33
Dropping and Adding Variables 33
Merging and Importing Files 34
Loading and Examining an Existing File 35

Summary 37
Key Terms 37
Exercises 39
Chapter 3
Univariate Analysis: Descriptive Statistics 45
Overview 45
Why Do Researchers Perform Univariate Analysis? 45
Exploring Distributions of Scale Variables 46

Listing, Summarizing, and Sorting Observations 46
Histograms 49
Shapes of Distributions 52
Measures of Central Tendency 53
Measures of Spread 56
Contents iv
Box Plots 58
Exploring Distributions of Categorical Variables 60
Pie Charts 62
Bar Charts 66
Summary 67
Key Terms 68
Exercises 69
Chapter 4
Constructing Variables 77
Overview 77
Why Construct New Variables From Existing Data? 77
Recoding Existing Variables 77
Computing New Variables 82
Recording Computations Using Syntax 84

Minimizing Missing Values in Computing New Variables 87
Summary 91
Key Terms 92
Exercises 93
Chapter 5
Assessing Association through Bivariate Analysis 105
Overview 105
Why Do We Need Significance Tests? 105
Hypotheses and Significance Tests 107

Significance Levels 108
Sample Sizes, Magnitudes of Effect and
Significance. Levels 109
Analyzing Bivariate Relationships Between Two Categorical Variables 110

Cross Tabulations 110
Bar Charts 114
Analyzing Bivariate Relationships Between Two Scale Variables 116

Correlations 116
Scatterplots 120
Summary 124
Key Terms 124
Exercises 125
Chapter 6
Comparing Group Means through Bivariate Analysis 135

Overview 135
One-Way Analysis of Variance 135
Post-hoc Tests 137
Assumptions of ANOVA 139
Independence Assumption 139
Normality Assumption 140
Equal Variance Assumption 142
Graphing the Results of ANOVA 142
Bar Charts 142
Box Plots 144
T tests 146
Independent Samples T Test 146

Paired-Samples T Test 147
Summary 149
Key Terms 149
Contents v
Exercises 151
Chapter 7 Modeling Relationships of Multiple Variables with

Linear Regression 161

Overview 161
The Advantages of Modeling Relationships in Multiple Regression 161
Putting Theory First When to Pursue Linear Regression

-
163
Linear Regression: A Bivariate Example 164
Interpreting The ANOVA F-test 165

Interpreting Linear Regression Coefficients 166
Interpreting the R-Square Statistic 166
Putting the Statistics Together 167

Using Linear Regression Coefficients to Make Predictions 167
Using Coefficients to Graph Bivariate Regression Lines 168
Multiple Linear Regression 171
Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression Coefficients 173
Graphing a Multiple Regression 174
Other Concerns In Applying Linear Regression 176

Residuals 176
Constant Variation 177
Normality of Residuals 178
Building Multiple Variable Models 179
Degrees of Freedom 179

Collinearity 179
Dummy Variables 180

Outliers 181
Causality 181
Summary 182
Key Terms 182

Exercises 183
Chapter 8
Logistic Regression 189
Overview 189
What Is Logistic Regression? 189
When Can I Use a Logistic Regression? 190
Understanding Relationships through Probabilities 191

Logistic Regression: A Bivariate Example 192
Interpreting Odds Ratios and Logistic Regression Coefficients 193
Using Logistic Regression Coefficients to Make Predictions 194

Using Coefficients to Graph a Logistic Regression Line 195
Model Chi-Squares and Goodness of Fit 198
Multiple Variable Logistic Regression: An Example 198

Interpreting Logistic Regression Output 200
Using Multiple Variable Logistic Regression Coefficients to

Make Predictions 201
Using Multiple Variable Coefficients to Graph a Logistic Regression Line 202
Summary 204
Key Terms 204

Exercises 205
Contents vi
Chapter 9
Writing a Research Report 213
Overview 213
Writing Style and Audience 213
The Structure of a Report 214

The Title 215
The Abstract 215
The Introduction 217
The Literature Review 218
The Methods 218
The Findings 219
The Conclusion 221
The References 222
Summary 222
Key Terms 222

Exercises 223
Chapter 10
Research Projects 225
Potential Research Projects 225
Research Project 1: Racism 227

Research Project 2: Suicide 228
Research Project 3: Criminality 229

Research Project 4: Welfare and Other Public Aid Consumption 230
Research Project 5: Sexual Behavior 231
Research Project 6: Education 232

Research Project 7: Health 233
Research Project 8: Happiness 234
Research Project 9: Your Topic 235
Appendix 1: STATES 10 Descriptives 237

Appendix 2: GSS08 File Information 242
Appendix 3: GSS08 Question Phrasing 267

Appendix 4: Variable Label Abbreviations 273
Permissions 273
References and Further Reading 274
Index 276

639984762

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

639984762

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

639984762

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Analysis with SPSS

A First Course in Applied Statistics

Allyn & Bacon

Why Do We Need Statistics? 1

Framing Topics into Research Questions 2

Theories and Hypotheses 5

Population and Samples 6

Relationships and Causality 7

Parts of a Data Set 10

Reliability and Validity 11

The Layout of SPSS 23

Loading and Examining an Existing File 35

Why Do Researchers Perform Univariate Analysis? 45

Exploring Distributions of Scale Variables 46

Recoding Existing Variables 77

Computing New Variables 82

Recording Computations Using Syntax 84

Hypotheses and Significance Tests 107

Analyzing Bivariate Relationships Between Two Categorical Variables 110

Bar Charts 114

Analyzing Bivariate Relationships Between Two Scale Variables 116

Comparing Group Means through Bivariate Analysis 135

Independent Samples T Test 146

Chapter 7 Modeling Relationships of Multiple Variables with

Linear Regression 161

The Advantages of Modeling Relationships in Multiple Regression 161

Putting Theory First When to Pursue Linear Regression

Interpreting The ANOVA F-test 165

Interpreting the R-Square Statistic 166

Putting the Statistics Together 167

Using Coefficients to Graph Bivariate Regression Lines 168

Multiple Linear Regression 171

Interpreting Multiple Linear Regression Coefficients 173

Graphing a Multiple Regression 174

Other Concerns In Applying Linear Regression 176

Building Multiple Variable Models 179

Degrees of Freedom 179

Dummy Variables 180

Key Terms 182

When Can I Use a Logistic Regression? 190

Understanding Relationships through Probabilities 191

Interpreting Odds Ratios and Logistic Regression Coefficients 193

Using Logistic Regression Coefficients to Make Predictions 194

Multiple Variable Logistic Regression: An Example 198

Using Multiple Variable Logistic Regression Coefficients to

Using Multiple Variable Coefficients to Graph a Logistic Regression Line 202

Key Terms 204

Writing Style and Audience 213

The Structure of a Report 214

Key Terms 222

Research Project 1: Racism 227

Research Project 3: Criminality 229

Research Project 6: Education 232

Research Project 9: Your Topic 235

Appendix 1: STATES 10 Descriptives 237

Appendix 3: GSS08 Question Phrasing 267

You might also like