TRAFFIC AND TRAFFIC SAFETY Regardless of the size or cost of the drainage feature the most Runoff

important step prior to hydraulic design is estimating the discharge

TRAFFIC (rate of runoff) or volume of runoff that the drainage facility will be The process of surface runoff begins when precipitation exceeds the
The number of registered vehicles, both private and for-hire, has required to convey or control. While some hydrologic analysis is requirements of:
increase at an average rate of about 6% per year. The increase in necessary in establishing the quantity of surface water that must be
private utility vehicle, private trailer, and for-hire motorcycles (or considered in the design of all highway drainage facilities, the extent of Vegetal interception.
tricycles) was especially high. It is worthy to note that more than 40% of such studies are to be commensurate with the importance of the Infiltration into the soil.
all vehicles registered vehicles in the Philippines are concentrated in highway, the potential for damage to the highway, loss of property, and Filling surface depressions (puddles, swamps and ponds). As rain
Metro Manila. hazard to life associated with the facilities. continues to fall, surface waters flow down slope toward an
established channel or stream.
To make an informed decision, the highway engineer must determine:
TRAFFIC SAFETY
- Wear a seatbelt. Overland flow is surface waters which travel over the ground as sheet
What level of hydrologic analysis is justified. flow, in rivulets and in small channels to a watercourse.
- Have a valid car registration. What data are available or must be collected.
- Have the Original Receipt and (OR-CR) with you. What methods of analysis are available including the relative Waters which move laterally through the upper soil surface to streams
- Park only in allowed areas. strengths and weaknesses in terms of cost and accuracy are called "interflow" or "subsurface flow". For the purpose of highway
- Not obstruct traffic
drainage hydrology, where peak design discharge (flood peaks) are the
- If a student driver, drive with a licensed driver. Peak Discharge or Peak Flow primary interest, subsurface flows are considered to be insignificant.
- Drive with a license Peak discharge is the maximum rate of flow of water passing a given Subsurface flows travel slower than overland flow.
point during or after a rainfall event.
Summary Water which accumulates and ponds in low points or depressions in the
It is important to recognize that there are two types of congestion in Design discharge, expressed as the quantity (Q) of flow in cubic meters soil surface with no possibility for escape as runoff is in retention
Metro Manila: volume - based and behavior - based. Volume - based per second (m3 /s), is the peak discharge that a highway drainage storage. Where water is moving over the land it is in detention storage.
congestion can and should be addressed through capacity - structure is sized to handle. Peak discharge is different for every storm Detained water, as opposed to retained water, contributes to runoff.
management measures (reducing the number of vehicles on the and it is the highway engineer's responsibility to size drainage facilities
roadway, or constructing additional road space), but it must be and structures for the magnitude of the design storm and flood Drainage of highway is important because water damage highway
understood that most people on Metro Manila roadways are there severity. structure in many ways. The water which are dangerous for highways
because they need to be there. Volume can be reduced to a certain are:
extent, but for the most part, the same number of people will need to Factors affecting Runoff
travel to the same places, and at the same times, each day. Rainwater: Cause erosion on surface or may seep downward and
Meteorological Factors: damage pavement (surface drains)
Terminologies Groundwater: May rise by capillary action and damage pavement
AADT - Annual Average Daily Traffic Type of precipitation (rain, snow, sleet, etc.) (sub-surface damage)
Rainfall intensity
Water body: May cross a road (river/stream) and may damage
Rainfall amount
HYDROLOGY AND DRAINAGES Rainfall duration
road (cross drainage words)

Hydrology is often defined as: "A science dealing with the properties, Distribution of rainfall over the drainage basin
Cross Drainage Structures and Works
distribution, and circulation of water on the surface of the land, in the Direction of storm movement
Precipitation that occurred earlier and resulting soil moisture
soil and underlying rocks, and in the atmosphere." Culvert - encompasses practically all closed conduits employed for
Other meteorological and climatic conditions that affect
highway drainage with the exception of storm drains (covered
Relation of Hydrology to Highway Engineering evapotranspiration, such as temperature, wind, relative
pipes in urban area)
humidity, and season
- The highway engineer is principally concerned with surface Common culvert types are;
hydrology and controlling surface runoff. Controlling runoff Physical Factors:
includes the hydraulic design of drainage features for both cross Pipe culvert
highway drainage and removal of runoff from the roadway. Land use Arch pipe culvert
- The runoff of water over land has long been studied and some Vegetation Box culvert
rather sophisticated theories and methods have been proposed Soil type Bridge culvert
and developed for estimating flood flows. Drainage area Arch culvert
- Although hydrology is not an exact science, it is possible to obtain Basin shape
solutions which are functionally acceptable to form the basis for Elevation Bridges - are used in runoff drainage systems where stream span
design of highway drainage facilities. Topography, especially the slope of the land is large, for which special designs are made almost in every case >
Drainage network patterns 6m.
Hydrological Analysis Ponds, lakes, reservoirs, sinks, etc. in the basin, which prevent or Cut off Walls - extending below the level of expected scour.
delay runoff from continuing downstream Dips - A dip is formed by lowering the roadway grade to the level
of the stream from the bank to bank of the stream
 Intercepting Drains used for control of seepage in cuts or side for embankment construction. Hard limestone is an excellent when constructing roads on loose sand, it is necessary to compact
hill locations. aggregate for use in cement concrete because of its low thermal the sand thoroughly to avoid uneven settlement of the road;
expansion. however, it may be difficult to obtain satisfactory compaction,
TROPICAL SOILS AND ROCKS because water is scarce and dry compaction is not very effective
METAMORPHIC ROCKS with the often single-sized soil material
GEOLOGICAL DEFINITIONS Metamorphic rocks were formed by the modification of igneous vibratory compaction can be helpful in obtaining in-depth
ROCKS cover units of the earths crust formed by certain geological or sedimentary rocks as a result of pressure, heat and also, compaction, and this can be followed by static compaction to
processes occasionally, as a result of chemical action. settle the top layer
SOILS are used to describe materials produced by disintegration of Quartzite usually produces road aggregate with good abrasion
rocks and impact values. The polished stone value may be high, but the EXPANSIVE CLAYS
affinity for bitumen varies. Marble has properties similar to those most well-known example of expansive clay is black cotton soil
ROAD CONSTRUCTION of hard limestone; gneiss has properties similar to those of swell when moistened and shrink when dried and the swelling
Most roads are constructed on soils or soft rocks. granite. The foliated (have a pronounced laminar structure) properties are due to a high content of the clay mineral
In mountainous regions, hard rock may occur in cuttings and rock metamorphic rocks have very poor crushing strengths parallel to montmorillonite
fragments may be used as embankment fill. the banding and can only be used as a fill material. the colour is black, dark grey or dark grey-brown which is a result
Hard rocks are usually quarried, crushed and graded to make of a small amount of organic matter being mixed with the clay
aggregate for construction of heavy-duty road pavements. SOILS clays with a high swelling potential are a persistent problem in
The stability of cuts and fills is dependent on the properties of the There are three different soil forming processes road construction in tropical regions with pronounced dry and
soils and rocks concerned. Residual soils are formed in place by weathering of bedrock. wet seasons
The structural design of the pavement is dependent on the Sediments are formed from parent materials that have been surface evaporation is reduced by the road pavement and, after
bearing capacity of the subgrade and the strength of the paving transported to their location by wind, water or glacial ice. the road has been completed, the moisture content of the
materials. Organic soils are formed from decomposed plant and animal subgrade normally rises and causes swelling of the subgrade and
materials. heaving of the pavement which reduces the bearing capacity of
ROCKS The most widespread groups of tropical soils are the following: the soil
Can be classified into: Laterite during the following wet and dry seasons, the surface of the road
Igneous Desert soils will move up and down depending on the moisture changes
Sedimentary Expansive clays in highly expansive clays, the yearly vertical movements of the
Metamorphic Volcanic ash soils pavement edges may be as high as 50100mm, causing severe
This classification indicates the mechanism through which the Tropical alluvial soils edge failures
rocks were formed.
LATERITES VOLCANIC ASH SOILS
IGNEOUS ROCKS a group of highly weathered soils formed by the concentration of residual soils formed in tropical regions with current or recent
Igneous rocks were formed by cooling and solidification of hot hydrated oxides of iron and aluminum volcanic activity
molten rock material (magma). It can be classified into either occur in all wet tropical regions, including East, West and Central highly sensitive to disturbance, so road engineers should avoid
EXTRUSIVE (formed by rapid cooling of magma pouring out Africa, Brazil, Indonesia, Thailand and various islands, such as working in their vicinity
on the surface of the earth), or Hawaii and Cuba. roads can be constructed over them, but heavy compaction of the
INTRUSIVE (formed when magma solidifies within the mainly occurs as: soil should be avoided since it can break down the soil structure
earths crust) surface deposits of unhardened, clayey soils and render the soil weaker and more susceptible to the effect of
In general, igneous rocks make good road aggregates. massive rock-like hardpans water
Fine-grained types (extrusive) have better abrasion and gravel consisting of concretionary nodules in a soil matrix
impact values but poorer polished stone values than coarse In the tropics, where weathering is often intense and the TROPICAL ALLUVIAL SOILS
grained types (intrusive) of the same composition. availability of suitable rock as a source of crushed aggregate is mineral soils that have been transported and deposited by flowing
Dolerite, basalt and granite are the most common source of often limited, lateritic gravel is a traditional source of road water
road aggregate among igneous rocks. aggregate. When the grading of lateritic gravel is close to a mainly occur in
mechanically stable particle size distribution, the material river plains and deltas
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS performs satisfactorily on lightly trafficked roads, both as sub- alluvial fans
Sedimentary rocks were formed by consolidation and base and base under thin asphalt surfacings, and as natural gravel former lake bottoms
cementation of sediments that have been accumulated in water surfacings. But, the significant silt and clay content often renders old irrigated areas
or deposited by wind. the material moisture-sensitive. coastal plains
A characteristic feature of many sedimentary rocks, particularly good quality road construction materials and aggregates can
sandstone and shale, is a layered structure (stratification) which is DESERT SOILS usually be extracted from point bar deposits in flood plains and
a result of variation in the depositional process. Hard sandstone are normally called arid and semi-arid soils by geologists from alluvial fans
and hard limestone are frequently used as aggregate in road occur mainly in the subtropics, although there is also some
pavements, but most sedimentary rocks are soft and only suitable occurrence in dry regions of tropical countries
usually occur at low field densities