THEORIES OF PERSONALITY 1.

Detachment and a need for privacy

2. Autonomous and independent of culture and
Abraham Maslow environment
- Spritual father of humanistic psychology 3. Creativeness characterizing whatever they do
- Emphasized the positive rather than the negative side of 4. Spontaneity, simplicity, and naturalness
human nature. TRUST
- Humanistic Psychology as a third force in american 1. Problem-rather thanself-centered
Psychology 2. Acceptance of self, others, and nature for what they are
3. Resistance to cultural conformity
Human Motivation: A Hierarchal Theory
Carl Rogers
Motivation reduction of tension by satisfying deficit - Self as an important element of experience
states or lacks - Self as a useful construct in understanding
D-needs physiological needs/organisms requirement personality
Metamotivation growth tendencies - Self as a scientific construct that helps to accounts for
B-needs being needs/organisms drive what we observe
Hierarchy of Needs principles of relative potency
1. Physiological Needs strongest needs of all the Rogers Theory of Personality
physiological ones that pertain to the physical, survival Phenomenology philosophical movement | each individual
and biological maintenance of the organism. exist in a phenomenal field | greek word
2. Safety Needs organisms requirement for an olderly, phainomenon meaning that which
stable, and predictable world. appears/show itself | Philosophy:
3. Belonging and love needs individual seeks affactionate Phenomenology seeks to describe the data,
and intimate relationship with other people. or the given of immediate experience |
4. Self-esteem Needs the need for respect and the need Psychology: the study of human awareness
for self-respect. Entails competemce, confidence, and perception
mastery and achievement, independencce, and freedom. Phenomenal field total sum of experiences | everything that
5. Self-actualization Needs desire to fullfill ones highest is potentially available to consciousness at
potential. any given moment

The Study of Self-Actualized Persons Actualization primary tendency of an organism/ maintain

enhance itself
Self-actualization fulfilling ones highest potential Maintain, Actualize, Enhance
Peak Experience intensification of any experience
Organismic Valuing Process subconsiously guides us toward
15 Characteristicsof Self-Actualized Persons productive growth experience
AWARENESS The Self
1. Efficient and accurate perception of reality Self-concept portion of the phenomenal field
2. Continued freshness of appreciation w/o preconceptions Symbolized accepted into consciousness, percieved
3. Tendency to have peak experiences and organized
4. Clear ethical awareness and standards but not Denied/Distorted appear to be inconsistent
necessarily conventional ones
HONESTY Congruence and Incongruence
1. Philosophical sense of humor that pokes fun at our Congruence when a persons symbolized experienced
shared human pretensions reflects all the actual experiences
2. Deep Feeling of kinship with all humanity Incongruence when a persons symbolized experienced
3. Selective and deep interpersonal relations w/ small circle does not reflects all the actual experiences
of intimates
4. Democratic character structure accepting of all people

FREEDOM
 George Kelly
Development of Personality
Positive Regard being loved and accepted for who one is The Person as Scientist
1. Unconditioned Positive Regard | Love and despites Personal constructs serves as hypotheses that make thw
2. Conditional Positive Regard | Love and buts world meaningful to us
Conditions of Worth Personal Construct Theory
Postive Self Regard follows unconditional positive regard
Constructive Alternativism
Criteria for Being a Fully Functioning Person Constructive Alternativism the assumption that any one
1. Openness to experience aware of all experiences event is open to variety of interpretation
without a need to deny or distort them
2. Existential Living able to live in the moment without Fundamental Postulate and Corollaries
preconcieved structures 1. Construction people anticipate events by
3. Organismic Trust trust in ones experience; not interpreting them
bound by other peoples opinion 2. Individuality each person construes events
4. Experiental Freedom free-choice agent; assumes differently
responsibility for decisions and behaviors 3. Organization people develop an organized system of
5. Creativity able to ajust creatively to changes and constructs
seeks new experiences and challenge 4. Dichotomy constucts are of a bipolar nature
5. Choice people choose from among alternatves the
Psychotherapy client centered/non directive theraphy most useful construct
Client-centered/Non-directive therapy 6. Range each construct has a limited range or focus
Necessary = attitude are essential and must be evident 7. Experience construction are changed in the light of
Sufficient = other conditions are required to occur experience
8. Modulation constructs are open to change and
THREE ATTITUDES OF A THERAPIST alteration
Empathy the ability to experience another persons 9. Fragmentation people may use constructs that seem
feeling as if they were oness own but to to b incompatible
never lose sight of the as-if | putting 10. Communality is based in similar personal constructs
himself/herself on the situation 11. Sociability social interaction entails understanding
Acceptance non-judgemental recognition of ones self contructs
and the other person
Genuiness genuiness, integrated, free and deepply The Reconstruction of Old Concepts
aware of the dynamics Self Construct based primarily on what we percieved as
consistencies in our own behaviour
Responses to Emotional Communication Role process or behaviour that people engage in based on
Evaluative place a value of judgement on the persons their understanding of the behaviour and constructs of others
thoughts, feelings, wishes, or behavior Development based on ones choice of constructs and views
Interpretative identifies the real problem or underlying Learning & Motivation built into the very structure of the
feelings system
Reassuring attempts to soothe the persons feelings Emotions subsumed under the general frameworks of
Probing seeks futher information personal constructs
Reflective captures the underlying feelings Anxiety recognition of the events with which one is
confronted lie outside the range
Guilt perception of ones apparent dislodgement from his
Supportive versus Reconstructive Psychotheraphy core role structure in which we construe ourselves in certain
Reconstructive Psychotheraphy ways, such as loving or responsible
Supportive Psychotheraphy Aggression active elaboration of ones perceptual field
Hostility conflicted effort to extort validational evidence in
favor of a type of social prediction which has already proven
itself failure
 Musturbatory Belief Systems absolute musts
Albert Ellis
Dysfunctional beliefs beliefs that are not only unrealistic
3. Clinician (together w/ Becks and Lazarus) who have
and illogical but also, and primarily self-defeating was not the
developed techniques and strategies for helping
wisest choice
people cope better with their problems
4. Devised counseling methods that are often brief, Rational Emotive Behavior Psychotheraphy
client-centered, and to the point
5. Empasizes and cultivate conscious forces: The Cognitive therapy attempts to show cllients how to
primary goal in life and analysis is to become more recognized their should and must thoughts, how to rational
aware and conscious from irrational beliefs, and how to accept reality
6. Second Most influential Psychotherapists
Emotive-evocative therapy - employs role-playing,
Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy psychodrama, humor, and other ideas such as unconditional
7. First primarily cognitive-behavioral therapy acceptance to reduce disturbance-creating ideas to absurdity

Behavior Therapy employed in REBT not only to help clients

The Theory of REBT suggest that human beings create their
change maladaptive petterns of behavior but also to help
own emotional consequences
change their cognitions

Human beings are sign, symbol, and language-creating Desentizations a process whereby anxieties and fears are
animals who use four fundamental processes: reduced by gradual, repeated, imagines, or real exposure to
8. Perception the noxious stimuli paired w/ relaxation, skill training and
9. Movement other behavioral techniques
10. Thinking
11. Emotion KINDS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TREATMENT
Emotion - combination of related phenomena
1. Economy of Time and Effort
- type of evaluative thinking
2. Rapid symptom reduction
3. Effectiveness with a large cross-section of cllients
Emotion and thinking overlaps
4. Solution-oriented discussions
Thinking and emoting are closely related
5. Long term results that last
Thinking and emotion tend to develop into a cause-
and-effect relationship RET is realistic and unindulgent
Ones thinking becomes ones emotion and emoting
becomes ones thought

Self-talked intenalized sentences that shape our thoughts

and emotions.
Emotional disturbance caring too much about what others
think and stems for their believing thay can accept
themselves only if others think well of them | results from
the interdependence of cognition, emotion and action

A-B-C theory of personality when a highly charged

emotional consequence (C) |such as being frightened|
follows a significant activating event (A) |such as being
chased by a large dog as a child |, A may seem to but actually
does not cause C, instead, in subsequent situations,
emotional consequences are largely created by (B)
individuals belief system | all dogs are dangerous |(D) =
disputing |