By Terrence McNally

Directed by Jane Unger

February 9 March 6

Time & Place: December 2014, An apartment in Manhattans Upper West Side

THIS PLAY HAS NO INTERMISSION AND RUNS APPROXIMATELY 90 MINUTES.

STUDY GUIDE
Study guide prepared by Jessica Gleason, Marketing & Publications Manager

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 1

 CAST
Katharine Gerard..JoAnn Johnson
Cal Porter...Michael Mendelson
Will Ogden...Ryan Tresser
Bud Ogden -PorterHolden Goyette

CREATIVE TEAM
Scenic Designer....Daniel Meeker
Lighting Designer....Kristeen Willis Crosser
Costume Designer.....Darrin Pufall
Sound Designer....Rodolfo Ortega
Properties Master...Amy Katrina Bryan
Assistant Costume Designer...Jane Bray
Production Stage Manager...Carol Ann Wohlmut
Production Assistant..Jessica Evans Irvine
Board Operator...Jason Coffey

Portlands premiere mid-size regional theatre company is led by Artistic Director Dmaso
Rodriguez and Managing Director Sarah Horton. Founded in 1982, Artists Repertory Theatre is
the longest-running professional theatre company in Portland. Artists Reps mission is to
engage diverse audiences in fresh, thought-provoking and intimate theatre. We are committed
to world-class acting, directing, design and stagecraft that support new playwriting and aspire
to embody great literature, moving audiences to truly feel to experience storytelling in a
way that only the best live theatre can.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 2

 A Message from Artistic Director Dmaso Rodriguez

Whats human nature? ... How people are, whether

they can help it or not.

- From a conversation between a son and his father, in

Terrence McNallys Mothers and Sons.

Welcome to ArtistsinRep
Annie Sullivan and to
William the 5th The
Gibsons production
Miracle of our
Worker
2015/16 season, Mothers and Sons, by one of the American
theatre's most acclaimed contemporary playwrights, Terrence
McNally. Artists Rep has a long history of producing McNallys
work and long-time subscribers will likely remember our local premieres of now contemporary
American classics Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune, Master Class and Love! Valour!
Compassion! Like our past productions of McNallys work, Portland audiences are among the first
to see Mothers and Sons in its regional premiere following its 2014 Tony-nominated Broadway
debut.

Mothers and Sons exemplifies the kind of intimate, provocative and timely theatre experience
that has helped define Artists Rep for more than 30 years. Its basic premise is the most
deceptively simple dramatic structure: four characters find themselves in a room together (in this
case a New York apartment) and are forced to confront their shared history in real time. This kind
of dramatic pressure cooker is made more visceral and potent by the intimacy of our
performance space, and it requires nuanced work from accomplished professionals to be
successful.

At the helm of this production is acclaimed director Jane Unger, who founded Profile Theatre and
in 2004/05 produced an entire season of Terrence McNally plays. Its safe to say that no director
in Portland knows Mr. McNallys work better. We have assembled a cast led by Resident Artists
JoAnn Johnson and Michael Mendelson, two of Portlands finest actors who have been working
together on our stages for many years, alongside Ryan Tresser, an accomplished actor who had
barely been in town a few weeks before he walked into Artists Reps audition room. I want to call
attention to the extraordinary talent on and behind our stages in production after production
professionals whose work can rival the best in their field. Like so many of us, they have been
drawn to Portlands vibrancy and quality of life and now make this city their home. As our
companys name would suggest, these local artists are as vital to defining Artists Repertory
Theatres identity as the plays and the spaces in which they are presented.

I hope you enjoy todays performance and that youll return for each play in the diverse lineup
that makes up the second half of our 2015/16 season.

Warmly,
Dmaso

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 3

 ABOUT THE PLAYWRIGHT

Terrence McNally was awarded the Dramatists Guild Lifetime Achievement

Award in 2011. He is the winner of Tony Awards for his plays Love! Valour!
Compassion! and Master Class and his books for the musicals Ragtime and Kiss
of the Spiderwoman. In 2010 the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing
Arts presented Terrence McNallys Nights t the Opera, a three-play festival of
his work. In 1996, he was elected to the Theater Hall of Fame.

More recently, the musical The Visit, for which he wrote the book, opened at
Broadways Lyceum Theater. Its Only A Play opened at Broadways Schoenfeld
Theater in the fall of 2014. Mothers and Sons, his 20th Broadway production, received a 2014 Tony Nomination for Best
Play. Off-Broadway, Golden Age opened at Manhattan Theatre Clubs Stage One at City Center and the Pearl Theatre
premiered And Away We Go at their new home on 42nd St. Other plays include Frankie and Johnny in the Clair de Lune,
Lips Together, Teeth Apart, The Lisbon Traviata, Corpus Christi, The Ritz, Some Men, A Perfect Ganesh, Bad Habits, The
Stendhal Syndrome, Dedication or the Stuff of Dreams, Deuce and Unusual Acts of Devotion at the La Jolla Playhouse and
Philadelphia Theatre Company.

He has written the books for the musicals The Full Monty and A Man of no Importance. He also wrote the libretto for
the opera Dead Man Walking which had its premiere at San Francisco Opera. His newest opera, Great Scott, will be
premiering at Dallas Opera in the fall of 2015. He has written a number of TV scripts, including Andres Mother for which
he won an Emmy Award. He has received two Guggenheim Fellowships, a Rockefeller Grant, and a citation from the
American Academy of Arts and Letters.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 4

 A LETTER FROM THE PLAYWRIGHT
Dear Jane, TO DIRECTOR JANE UNGER
Dear Jane,
I'm again honored that you have chosen to do another play of mine in your beautiful, important city. You have taken very
good care of me over the years in Portland and I am grateful.

Mothers and Sons is a play I didnt know I was going to write when I sat down three years ago with a raging case of flu
determined to write a play about what has happened to this country, but especially our LGBTQ community, in my
lifetime.

My husband was in London (of course he was my husband in only a handful of states then). Maybe I was trying to write
the fever and aching joints out of me since he wasnt there and the Theraflu was not doing its job.

I also had a deadline to meet. I had promised the Bucks County Playhouse in New Hope, Pennsylvania, that I would write
a new play for Tyne Daly to open their summer season. It was mid-February and we would open over Memorial Day
weekend. Time was not an option.

I looked at the wedding band on my left hand, fourth finger, and began. I thought about the young man who had come
to NewYork to be the gay man he knew he already was. I was 17 years old too young to get into a gay bar but old
enough to know where the men were. Like most people, I was looking for love. My story isnt much more complicated or
interesting than that. If you think Andre is me in tonights play, youre right.

Along the way, I found love often enough but I lost the love of my family as well and we became strangers. It was both
our loss.

Since those many years ago I have made my own family for myself and by now we are generations deep in happiness
and sadness and fulfilling relationships. The only people missing in my life are my parents. My husbands father was his
best friend. How I envy him that. I was not with my father when he died. When my mother died I was working on a show
in Chicago. All I can do is live with her inability to love me as I truly am and try to remember the way she was and maybe
even begin to understand us both a little.

I adored her, you see. She was my mother.

AIDS is not the only scourge that decimated generations of gay men and women. The wounds of homophobia are still
raw, deadly and tearing families apart. Deadline or no deadline I had to write this play.

Cal is a survivor of our darkest years but if this play has a hero, its Will. If it has a future, its Bud. There are no villains,
only a mother decimated by her inability to enter a new world, a world born of the tragedy of AIDS and now vibrant with
new freedoms and infinite possibilities.

God bless Katharine, too. She was Andres mother.

Terrence McNally 1/27/16

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 5

 ABOUT THE DIRECTOR
This is JANE UNGERS Artists Rep debut. She is the founding Artistic Director of Profile Theatre
Project in Portland whose mission celebrates the playwright by presenting a full season of plays by a
single writer. In her 15 years helming Profile, she featured the following playwrights: Arthur Kopit,
Tennessee Williams, Constance Congdon, Arthur Miller, Harold Pinter, Edward Albee, Romulus
Linney, Terrence McNally, Lanford Wilson, Wendy Wasserstein, John Guare, Neil Simon, Horton
Foote, Lee Blessing and Athol Fugard. During that time, Jane produced 55 productions, (directed
35), 31 staged readings, (directed eight, acted in three), and 20 concert readings through the One Night Stand series she
conceived and implemented. Jane worked directly with many of these writers on new play development, including the
world premiere of Romulus Linneys Klonsky and Schwartz, co-directed by Linney and Unger. Other directorial work
includes Triad Stage, Inge Theatre Festival, Great Plains Theatre Conference, Creede Repertory Theatre, Idaho Theatre
for Youth, Storefront Theatre, Miracle Theatre, CoHo Productions, JAW, Portland Center Stage, New Rose Theatre.
Among the awards Jane has received, she is especially proud of Profile being among the first 10 recipients honored by
the American Theatre Wing in 2010 with a National Theatre Company Grant, Portlands Drammy Award for Best Director
for Wings and the Drammy Lifetime Achievement Award for her founding of Profile Theatre Project. Upcoming:
workshop reading of Yussef El Guindis The Talented Ones at Artists Rep as part of their new play commission initiative
TablelRoomlStage.

FROM THE DIRECTOR

Mothers and Sons is one of those rare plays that organically knits
together the political and the personal. I cannot think about this
play without being in awe of the dramatic changes that have
occurred in this country regarding gay rights in the past 25 years.
And, I cannot think about this play without thinking of Katharine
Gerard, a dynamic character that Terrence McNally has lovingly
rendered, rage and all.

Mothers and Sons is Katharines story. Through the prism of this

complex character we witness the collision of the very recent past
with our rapidly moving present regarding the treatment of
homosexuality. Katharines son, Andre, fell victim to the AIDS Over the last 25 years, families and friends of those who have
epidemic that devastated a generation in the 1980s and early passed away from AIDS have contributed 6'-by-3' panels --
about the size of an average grave -- to a giant tapestry known
1990s. as the AIDS Quilt.

During the 20 years that Katharine has mourned the loss of her
son, the world that reinforced the shame and outrage she felt at her sons homosexuality has undergone a sea change.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 6

Gay marriage first became legal in isolated states with Massachusetts leading the way in 2004 followed by Connecticut
in 2008, Vermont, Iowa and District of Columbia in 2009 with more states joining them in a slow but steady evolution. In
the short time since this plays Broadway debut in March of 2014, the Supreme Court issued its historic decision,
legalizing gay marriage for the United States and signaling a massive cultural shift. Thats how timely this play is.

But even though laws may change, peoples feelings do not. Paralyzed by her sons death, Katharine is stuck in a world
that is becoming obsolete. She clings to her condemnation of homosexuality as an easy target for the anger she feels
over her sons death.

While gay marriage is now legal in all 50 states, the country is still divided. It is one of many issues that polarize this
nation. In Katharine Gerard we gain insight into what lies behind someones truculence around a seemingly political
issue and what it takes to move the needle ever so slightly toward greater acceptance of those we may not understand
but do, indeed, love.

Having produced a season of plays at Profile Theatre Project by the remarkable Terrence McNally in 2004/05, it gives me
deep pleasure to be working on Mothers and Sons, one of his newest and most expertly crafted pieces of writing. I
thank Dmaso and Artists Rep for the opportunity and Terrence for the words and his vision.

Suggested Reading
compiled by Jane Unger & Luan Schooler
There are many relevant books, plays, stories and films to expand the Mothers and Sons
experience. Here is a (very) partial list:

Plays Well With Others by Alan Gurganus

The Best and Only Everything by Augusten Burroughs
Some Men by Terrance McNally
The Baltimore Waltz by Paula Vogel
The Normal Heart by Larry Kramer
Angels in America by Tony Kushner
Fun Home by Alison Bechdel
Safe Sex by Harvey Fierstein
A Queer History of the United States by Michael Bronski
And the Band Played On by Randy Shilts
Covering: The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights by Kenji Yoshino
The Trouble with Normal: Sex, Politics, and the Ethics of Queer Life by Michael Warner

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 7

 The times they are a changin
Marriage equality & AIDS over the last 20 years
By Luan Schooler, Dramaturg

The seed of Mothers and Sons took root in 1988, when

Terrence McNally wrote a short play called Andres Mother.
Set at the funeral for Andre, a young gay man who died of
AIDS, the play features his silent mother, Katherine, and his
lover, Cal. Katharine is disabled by her fury and disgust at her
son for being gay; incapable of compassion or love for either
her child or his grieving lover, she will not spare a word for
either.

In Mothers and Sons, McNally brings Katharine and Cal

forward two decades, to meet again. In that time there have
been seismic changes for gay Americans and their place in the
larger culture. Consider the breathtaking revolutions on two
fronts AIDS and Marriage Equality:

In 1995, AIDS-related deaths in the U.S. were at their

highest level ever; life-saving combination drug
therapies were not yet widely available. It was still
necessary to include information that one cannot
contract AIDS from toilet seats or shaking hands in A same-sex marriage rally in Italy.
public service ads.
In 1993, the Hawaiian Supreme Court ruled that denying marriage rights to same sex couples violated the Equal
Protection Clause of the State constitution, starting a backlash that led to thirty states passing constitutional
bans on same sex marriage. These 20 years have seen a tumultuous series of gains and losses as states grappled
with civil unions, constitutional bans, and finally, marriage equality when the Supreme Court ruled it a right on
June 26, 2015.

When Katharine arrives unexpectedly at Cals door, his world has changed for the better: he is now happily married to
another man and they have a young son; their marriage is remarkably unexceptional. But for Katherine change has been
harsh: her rock-solid beliefs rest on shifting sands, and the world has left her behind and alone. Progress is neither
commonly understood nor easily shared.

Perhaps the strength of Terrence McNallys Mothers and Sons rests in this: it examines and celebrates the remarkable
changes of the last 20 years, but also considers the experience of those who are not in agreement, who feel excluded
and abandoned. We may or may not agree with Katharines position, but we can appreciate the high price her anger and
fear have extracted, and be reminded of the urgency of compassion in the face of overwhelming loss and in the
ferocious struggle of political discourse.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 8

 Learning about AIDS/HIV
Source: aids.org

AIDS stands for Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome.

Source:
An HIV-positive person receives an AIDS diagnosis after
developing one of the CDC-defined AIDS indicator illnesses. An
HIV-positive person can also receive an AIDS diagnosis on the
basis of certain blood tests (CD4 counts) and may not have
experienced any serious illnesses. A positive HIV test does not
mean that a person has AIDS.

Over time, infection with HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus)

can weaken the immune system to the point that the system has
difficulty fighting off certain infections. These types of infections
are known as opportunistic infections. Many of the infections that
cause problems or that can be life-threatening for people with
AIDS are usually controlled by a healthy immune system. The
immune system of a person with AIDS has weakened to the point
that medical intervention may be necessary to prevent or treat serious illness.

HIV is the virus that causes AIDS.

H-Human: because this virus can only infect human beings.

I-Immuno-deficiency: because the effect of the virus is to create a deficiency, a failure to work properly, within the
bodys immune system.

V-Virus: because this organism is a virus, which means one of its characteristics is that it is incapable of reproducing by
itself. It reproduces by taking over the machinery of the human cell.

A-Acquired: because its a condition one must acquire or get infected with; not something transmitted through the
genes

I-Immune: because it affects the bodys immune system, the part of the body which usually works to fight off germs
such as bacteria and viruses

D-Deficiency: because it makes the immune system deficient (makes it not work properly)

S-Syndrome: because someone with AIDS may experience a wide range of different diseases and opportunistic
infections.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 9

HIV can be transmitted from an infected person to another through:

Blood
Semen
Vaginal secretions
Breast milk

Blood contains the highest concentration of the virus, followed by semen, followed by vaginal fluids, followed by breast
milk.

Activities That Allow HIV Transmission

Unprotected sexual contact

Direct blood contact, including injection drug needles, blood transfusions, accidents in health care settings or
certain blood products
Mother to baby (before or during birth, or through breast milk)

Below are a few examples of posters released throughout the 1980s to educate people about AIDS and HIV.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 10

 Marriage equality over the last 20 years

1996
President Bill Clinton of the United States signs the Defense of Marriage Act into law, which bans the federal Government from
recognizing same-sex unions.

1998
Hawaii and Alaska become the first U.S. states to pass constitutional amendments against same-sex marriage. Other U.S. states
followed suit and passed similar amendments in the following years, reaching a peak of 31 in 2012.

1999
The Supreme Court of the U.S. state of Vermont rules that excluding same-sex couples from marriage violates the Vermont
Constitution and orders the legislature to establish same-sex marriage or an equivalent status.

2000
Governor Howard Dean from the U.S. state of Vermont signs a civil unions bill into law, thus making Vermont the first state in the
U.S. to give full marriage rights to same-sex couples.

Queen Beatrix of the Netherlands signs into law the first same-sex marriage bill in the world.

2001
Two same-sex marriages are performed in Ontario, Canada. Although registration of the marriages was initially denied, a successful
court challenge upheld their legality on 10 June 2003, thus retroactively making them the first legal same-sex marriages in modern
times.

2003
Supreme Court of the U.S. state of Massachusetts orders the Legislature to open marriage
to same-sex couples in the landmark Goodridge v. Department of Public Health ruling.
The Court also rules that if the Legislature fails to do so in 180 days, same-sex couples will
be able to marry without any impediment.

2004
Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to legalize same-sex marriage.

2006

New Jersey unanimously rules in favor of same-sex marriage. Massachusetts became the first U.S. state to
legalize same-sex marriage.
2007
Washington, Oregon and New Hampshire sign domestic partnerships bills into law.

A court of the U.S. state of Iowa strikes down its ban on same-sex marriage as a result of a legal challenge. About 20 couples
obtained marriage licenses and one couple married before the judge issued a stay of his ruling pending appeal.

2008
May 15: The Supreme Court of California legalizes same-sex marriage in the landmark In re Marriage Cases ruling. The ruling took
effect on 16 June.

October 10: Connecticut legalizes same-sex marriage.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 11

November 4: A referendum seeking to constitutionally ban same-sex marriages in the U.S. state of California is approved by 52.2% of
voters thus overturning same-sex marriage in California, this event being noteworthy because it was the first time in modern history
that same-sex marriage has been overturned.

2009
Iowa, Vermont and New Hampshire legalize same-sex marriage.

2010
U.S. District Court of Northern California declares that Proposition 8, a 2008
California-electorate ban on same-sex marriage, violates due process and equal
protection clauses in the U.S. Constitution. Supporters of the proposition
eventually appealed all the way to the Supreme Court, which issued a ruling in
2013.

2011
New York signs a same-sex marriage bill into law.

2012
Washington and Maryland sign a same-sex marriage bill into law. Just married couples leaving Seattle City Hall are greeted
by well-wishers on the first day of same-sex marriage in
Voters in Maine, Maryland, and Washington approve same-sex marriage laws in Washington state.
referendums, becoming the first US states to legalize same-sex marriage
through this process, while voters in the US state of Minnesota become the first to reject a constitutional amendment seeking to
ban same-sex marriage in their state.

2013
Delaware, Rhode Island and Minnesota sign same-sex marriage bills into law.

The Supreme Court of the United States rules that supporters of Proposition 8, the same-sex marriage ban in California, lacked
standing to appeal a court's 2010 decision that deemed the ban unconstitutional, thus legalizing same-sex marriage in California.

2014
Oregon, Colorado and Pennsylvania found their state's bans on same-sex marriage unconstitutional, legalizing same-sex marriage in
Oregon and Pennsylvania.

The United States Supreme Court allowed appeals court decisions striking down same-sex marriage bans in Virginia, Indiana,
Wisconsin, Oklahoma, and Utah to stand, allowing same-sex couples to begin marrying immediately in those five states.

2015
Same-sex marriage becomes legal in the United States of America as a result of a Supreme Court ruling. Marriages started
immediately except in Louisiana and Mississippi.

Gay rights supporters celebrate after the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in favor of same-sex couples to marry.

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 12

 Resources

1. Mothers and Sons video trailer featuring interview with actors Michael Mendelson and Ryan Tresser:
https://vimeo.com/155024432.
2. Link to New York Times articles written during Broadway premiere:
a. Paths That Cross Again: Mothers and Sons an AIDS tale starring Tyne Daly
http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/25/theater/mothers-and-sons-an-aids-tale-starring-tyne-
daly.html?_r=0
b. A Playwrights Status Report: McNallys Mothers and Sons gauges a changed America
c. http://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/02/theater/mcnallys-mothers-and-sons-gauges-a-changed-
america.html
3. Photos of Artists Repertorys production: http://www.artistsrep.org/onstage/2015-16-
season/mothers-and-sons/

Artists Repertory Theatre Mothers and Sons Study Guide Page 13