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Tensors (Especially 2nd Order Ones) : Stress Tensor.

The document discusses tensors, especially second order tensors like the stress tensor. It notes that tensors may be new but are discussed to better understand equations. Tensors allow translating equations between coordinate systems. Various tensor operations are defined, including the dyadic product between vectors yielding a tensor, scalar multiplying a tensor, the double dot product between tensors yielding a scalar, and the tensor product between two tensors yielding another tensor. Vector-tensor products are also discussed.

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sayhigaurav07
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© © All Rights Reserved
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
124 views

Tensors (Especially 2nd Order Ones) : Stress Tensor.

The document discusses tensors, especially second order tensors like the stress tensor. It notes that tensors may be new but are discussed to better understand equations. Tensors allow translating equations between coordinate systems. Various tensor operations are defined, including the dyadic product between vectors yielding a tensor, scalar multiplying a tensor, the double dot product between tensors yielding a scalar, and the tensor product between two tensors yielding another tensor. Vector-tensor products are also discussed.

Uploaded by

sayhigaurav07
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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2/6/2014 Tensor Algebra

Tensors(especially2ndOrderOnes)

Theexampleofasecondordertensorwearelikelytoseeisthestressorthestraintensor.So,muchofthisdiscussionwillbeillustrated
usingthestresstensor.

Disclaimer:Tensorsareprobablynewtomostofus,andtheyarearealittlechallengingtogettoknow.Thereasontensorsarediscussedin
thecourseistoempowerourunderstandingoftheequations/laws.MostadvancedcoursesinFluidsorMechanicsareliberalintheiruseof
tensors.Obtainingtheequationsinrectangularcoordinatesystemcanbesimpleifalittleintuitioncanbebroughttothediscussion.
Translationoftheequationstovector(andtensor)formmakestheequationthesamefortheothercoordinatesystems.Knowing
tensorsmakesthisprocesseasier

Sincewewilldealwiththeequationsmostlyinexpandedforminaparticularcoordinatesystemintheremaining
sectionsofthecourse,thetensorformisintroducedsothatyoucanunderstandcontemporaryliteratureandthesoftware
modelsinthearea.WecantaketherelationsIwriteontheboardforgranted.Thissectionhasalittlemoredetailforthose
drivenbycuriosity.

Thestresstensorwasestablishedinindicalnotationpreviouslyas

Whilethisisorganizedasa3x3matrix,notall3x3matricesaresecondordertensors.
Inthefollowingweareinterestedinseveraldifferentproductsbetweentensorsandvectors.

Westartwiththeunittensor

Inmatrixterminology,thisistheidentitymatrix.Inthecompositionabove,thesecondmatrixindicatestheunittensoris
composedofthecolumnofthethreeunitvectors .Inremainingdiscussionwewillnotplacetheaccentoverthe

unitvectorsorthedoublebaroverthetensors(forconvenienceonly).Alsotheunitvectorsarewrittenascolumnvectors(or
rowvectorsasappropriate)

DyadicProductbetweentwovectors
Foralongtimeweonlyconsideredthattwovectorscouldonlybemultipliedasadotproducttoyieldascalar,oravector
producttoyieldavector.Havingbeenintroducedtoatensor,thethirdwaytomultiplythetwovectorsistoobtainatensor
adyadicproduct.
DefiningtwovectorsU,V(alsoshownascolumnvectors)


Thedyadicproductiswrittenas:

http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/EMEM851n/constitutive/tensors_rect.html 1/5
2/6/2014 Tensor Algebra

UV=

NoteUVisatensorrepresentation.Onewaytoremembertheproductistonoticethatthefirstvectorprovidesthesamerow
elementsandthesecondvectorthesamecolumnelements.
Inasimilarfashiontheunitdyadscanbedefinedas:


Theunitdyadsallowustoformallyexpressatensorintermsofitscomponents:forexample

Tensoraddition:

ScalarMultiplyingaTensor

ScalarProductortheDoubleDotProduct
Thismultiplicationbetweentwotensorsresultsinascalar

http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/EMEM851n/constitutive/tensors_rect.html 2/5
2/6/2014 Tensor Algebra

Anotherexample:


Thesumofthediagonalelementsofthetensoris

TensorProduct(thesingledotproduct)oftwoTensors
Thisoperationmultipliestwotensorsandtheresultisatensor

http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/EMEM851n/constitutive/tensors_rect.html 3/5
2/6/2014 Tensor Algebra

VectorProduct(orDotProduct)ofaTensorwithavector
Thisisadotproductbetweenatensorandavectorandresultsinavector

Notethisislikeamatrixmultiplication,exceptthattheelementsarecomponentsofthevector

UsefulIdentities

http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/EMEM851n/constitutive/tensors_rect.html 4/5
2/6/2014 Tensor Algebra

DifferentialOperations

http://people.rit.edu/pnveme/EMEM851n/constitutive/tensors_rect.html 5/5

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