Package Dplyr': July 21, 2017

Package dplyr
July 21, 2017

Type Package
Version 0.7.2
Title A Grammar of Data Manipulation
Description A fast, consistent tool for working with data frame like objects,
both in memory and out of memory.
URL http://dplyr.tidyverse.org, https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr
BugReports https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/issues
Encoding UTF-8
Depends R (>= 3.1.2)
Imports assertthat, bindrcpp (>= 0.2), glue (>= 1.1.0), magrittr,
methods, pkgconfig, rlang (>= 0.1), R6, Rcpp (>= 0.12.6),
tibble (>= 1.3.1), utils
Suggests bit64, covr, dbplyr, dtplyr, DBI, ggplot2, hms, knitr, Lahman
(>= 3.0-1), mgcv, microbenchmark, nycflights13, rmarkdown,
RMySQL, RPostgreSQL, RSQLite, testthat, withr
VignetteBuilder knitr
LinkingTo Rcpp (>= 0.12.0), BH (>= 1.58.0-1), bindrcpp, plogr
LazyData yes
License MIT + file LICENSE
RoxygenNote 6.0.1
NeedsCompilation yes
Author Hadley Wickham [aut, cre],
Romain Francois [aut],
Lionel Henry [aut],
Kirill Mller [aut],
RStudio [cph, fnd]
Maintainer Hadley Wickham <hadley@rstudio.com>
Repository CRAN
Date/Publication 2017-07-20 23:39:45 UTC
1
2 R topics documented:
R topics documented:
dplyr-package . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
all_equal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
all_vars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
arrange . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
arrange_all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
as.table.tbl_cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
as.tbl_cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
auto_copy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
band_members . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10
between . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
bind . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
case_when . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
coalesce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15
compute . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
copy_to . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
cumall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
desc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
do . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20
dr_dplyr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
explain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
filter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23
filter_all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
funs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
group_by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27
group_by_all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
ident . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
if_else . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
join . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31
join.tbl_df . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
lead-lag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
mutate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
nasa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
na_if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
near . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39
nth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40
n_distinct . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
order_by . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
pull . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
ranking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
recode . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45
rowwise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
sample . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47
scoped . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48
dplyr-package 3
select . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50
select_all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
select_helpers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
setops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
slice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55
sql . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
src_dbi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
starwars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
storms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59
summarise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60
summarise_all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62
tally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
tbl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
tbl_cube . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66
top_n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
vars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69
Index 70
dplyr-package dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation
Description
dplyr provides a flexible grammar of data manipulation. Its the next iteration of plyr, focused on
tools for working with data frames (hence the d in the name).
Details
It has three main goals:
Identify the most important data manipulation verbs and make them easy to use from R.
Provide blazing fast performance for in-memory data by writing key pieces in C++ (using
Rcpp)
Use the same interface to work with data no matter where its stored, whether in a data frame,
a data table or database.
To learn more about dplyr, start with the vignettes: browseVignettes(package = "dplyr")
Package options
dplyr.show_progress Should lengthy operations such as do() show a progress bar? Default:
TRUE
4 all_equal
Package configurations
These can be set on a package-by-package basis, or for the global environment. See pkgconfig::set_config()
for usage.
dplyr::na_matches Should NA values be matched in data frame joins by default? Default: "na"
(for compatibility with dplyr v0.5.0 and earlier, subject to change), alternative value: "never"
(the default for database backends, see join.tbl_df()).
Author(s)
Maintainer: Hadley Wickham <hadley@rstudio.com>
Authors:
Romain Francois <romain@r-enthusiasts.com>

Lionel Henry
Kirill Mller
Other contributors:
RStudio [copyright holder, funder]
See Also
Useful links:
http://dplyr.tidyverse.org
https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr
Report bugs at https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr/issues
all_equal Flexible equality comparison for data frames
Description
You can use all_equal() with any data frame, and dplyr also provides tbl_df methods for
all.equal().
Usage
all_equal(target, current, ignore_col_order = TRUE, ignore_row_order = TRUE,
convert = FALSE, ...)
## S3 method for class 'tbl_df'

all.equal(target, current, ignore_col_order = TRUE,
ignore_row_order = TRUE, convert = FALSE, ...)
all_vars 5
Arguments
target, current
Two data frames to compare.
ignore_col_order
Should order of columns be ignored?
ignore_row_order
Should order of rows be ignored?
convert Should similar classes be converted? Currently this will convert factor to char-
acter and integer to double.
... Ignored. Needed for compatibility with all.equal().
Value
TRUE if equal, otherwise a character vector describing the reasons why theyre not equal. Use
isTRUE() if using the result in an if expression.
Examples
scramble <- function(x) x[sample(nrow(x)), sample(ncol(x))]
# By default, ordering of rows and columns ignored

all_equal(mtcars, scramble(mtcars))
# But those can be overriden if desired

all_equal(mtcars, scramble(mtcars), ignore_col_order = FALSE)
all_equal(mtcars, scramble(mtcars), ignore_row_order = FALSE)
# By default all_equal is sensitive to variable differences

df1 <- data.frame(x = "a")
df2 <- data.frame(x = factor("a"))
all_equal(df1, df2)
# But you can request dplyr convert similar types
all_equal(df1, df2, convert = TRUE)
all_vars Apply predicate to all variables
Description
These quoting functions signal to scoped filtering verbs (e.g. filter_if() or filter_all()) that
a predicate expression should be applied to all relevant variables. The all_vars() variant takes the
intersection of the predicate expressions with & while the any_vars() variant takes the union with
|.
Usage
all_vars(expr)
any_vars(expr)
6 arrange
Arguments
expr A predicate expression. This variable supports unquoting and will be evaluated
in the context of the data frame. It should return a logical vector.
This argument is automatically quoted and later evaluated in the context of the
data frame. It supports unquoting. See vignette("programming") for an in-
troduction to these concepts.
See Also
funs() and vars() for other quoting functions that you can use with scoped verbs.
arrange Arrange rows by variables
Description
Use desc() to sort a variable in descending order.
Usage
arrange(.data, ...)
## S3 method for class 'grouped_df'

arrange(.data, ..., .by_group = FALSE)
Arguments
.data A tbl. All main verbs are S3 generics and provide methods for tbl_df(),
dtplyr::tbl_dt() and dbplyr::tbl_dbi().
... Comma separated list of unquoted variable names. Use desc() to sort a variable
in descending order.
.by_group If TRUE, will sort first by grouping variable. Applies to grouped data frames
only.
Value
An object of the same class as .data.
Locales
The sort order for character vectors will depend on the collating sequence of the locale in use: see
locales().
Tidy data
When applied to a data frame, row names are silently dropped. To preserve, convert to an explicit
variable with tibble::rownames_to_column().
arrange_all 7
See Also
Other single table verbs: filter, mutate, select, slice, summarise
Examples
arrange(mtcars, cyl, disp)
arrange(mtcars, desc(disp))
# grouped arrange ignores groups

by_cyl <- mtcars %>% group_by(cyl)
by_cyl %>% arrange(desc(wt))
# Unless you specifically ask:
by_cyl %>% arrange(desc(wt), .by_group = TRUE)
arrange_all Arrange rows by a selection of variables
Description
These scoped variants of arrange() sort a data frame by a selection of variables. Like arrange(),
you can modify the variables before ordering with funs().
Usage
arrange_all(.tbl, .funs = list(), ...)
arrange_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs = list(), ...)
arrange_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs = list(), ...)
Arguments
.tbl A tbl object.
.funs List of function calls generated by funs(), or a character vector of function
names, or simply a function.
Bare formulas are passed to rlang::as_function() to create purrr-style lambda
functions. Note that these lambda prevent hybrid evaluation from happening and
it is thus more efficient to supply functions like mean() directly rather than in a
lambda-formula.
... Additional arguments for the function calls in .funs. These are evaluated only
once, with explicit splicing.
.vars A list of columns generated by vars(), or a character vector of column names,
or a numeric vector of column positions.
.predicate A predicate function to be applied to the columns or a logical vector. The vari-
ables for which .predicate is or returns TRUE are selected. This argument
is passed to rlang::as_function() and thus supports quosure-style lambda
functions and strings representing function names.
8 as.table.tbl_cube
Examples
df <- as_tibble(mtcars)
df
arrange_all(df)
# You can supply a function that will be applied before taking the
# ordering of the variables. The variables of the sorted tibble
# keep their original values.
arrange_all(df, desc)
arrange_all(df, funs(desc(.)))
as.table.tbl_cube Coerce a tbl_cube to other data structures
Description
Supports conversion to tables, data frames, tibbles.

For a cube, the data frame returned by tibble::as_data_frame() resulting data frame contains
the dimensions as character values (and not as factors).
Usage
## S3 method for class 'tbl_cube'

as.table(x, ..., measure = 1L)

as.data.frame(x, ...)

as_data_frame(x, ...)
Arguments
x a tbl_cube
... Passed on to individual methods; otherwise ignored.
measure A measure name or index, default: the first measure
as.tbl_cube 9
as.tbl_cube Coerce an existing data structure into a tbl_cube
Description
Coerce an existing data structure into a tbl_cube
Usage
as.tbl_cube(x, ...)
## S3 method for class 'array'

as.tbl_cube(x, dim_names = names(dimnames(x)),
met_name = deparse(substitute(x)), ...)
## S3 method for class 'table'

met_name = "Freq", ...)
## S3 method for class 'matrix'

met_name = deparse(substitute(x)), ...)
## S3 method for class 'data.frame'

as.tbl_cube(x, dim_names = NULL,
met_name = guess_met(x), ...)
Arguments
x an object to convert. Built in methods will convert arrays, tables and data frames.
... Passed on to individual methods; otherwise ignored.
dim_names names of the dimesions. Defaults to the names of
met_name a string to use as the name for the measure the dimnames().
auto_copy Copy tables to same source, if necessary
Description
Copy tables to same source, if necessary
Usage
auto_copy(x, y, copy = FALSE, ...)
10 band_members
Arguments
x, y y will be copied to x, if neccessary.

copy If x and y are not from the same data source, and copy is TRUE, then y will be
copied into the same src as x. This allows you to join tables across srcs, but it is
a potentially expensive operation so you must opt into it.
... Other arguments passed on to methods.
band_members Band membership
Description
These data sets describe band members of the Beatles and Rolling Stones. They are toy data sets
that can be displayed in their entirety on a slide (e.g. to demonstrate a join).
Usage
band_members
band_instruments
band_instruments2
Format
Each is a tibble with two variables and three observations
Details
band_instruments and band_instruments2 contain the same data but use different column names
for the first column of the data set. band_instruments uses name, which matches the name of the
key column of band_members; band_instruments2 uses artist, which does not.
Examples
band_members
band_instruments
band_instruments2
between 11
between Do values in a numeric vector fall in specified range?
Description
This is a shortcut for x >= left & x <= right, implemented efficiently in C++ for local values,
and translated to the appropriate SQL for remote tables.
Usage
between(x, left, right)
Arguments
x A numeric vector of values

left, right Boundary values
Examples
x <- rnorm(1e2)
x[between(x, -1, 1)]
bind Efficiently bind multiple data frames by row and column
Description
This is an efficient implementation of the common pattern of do.call(rbind, dfs) or do.call(cbind, dfs)
for binding many data frames into one. combine() acts like c() or unlist() but uses consistent
dplyr coercion rules.
Usage
bind_rows(..., .id = NULL)
bind_cols(...)
combine(...)
12 bind
Arguments
... Data frames to combine.
Each argument can either be a data frame, a list that could be a data frame, or a
list of data frames.
When row-binding, columns are matched by name, and any missing columns
with be filled with NA.
When column-binding, rows are matched by position, so all data frames must
have the same number of rows. To match by value, not position, see join.
.id Data frame identifier.
When .id is supplied, a new column of identifiers is created to link each row
to its original data frame. The labels are taken from the named arguments to
bind_rows(). When a list of data frames is supplied, the labels are taken from
the names of the list. If no names are found a numeric sequence is used instead.
Details
The output of bind_rows() will contain a column if that column appears in any of the inputs.
Value
bind_rows() and bind_cols() return the same type as the first input, either a data frame, tbl_df,
or grouped_df.
Deprecated functions
rbind_list() and rbind_all() have been deprecated. Instead use bind_rows().
Examples
one <- mtcars[1:4, ]
two <- mtcars[11:14, ]
# You can supply data frames as arguments:

bind_rows(one, two)
# The contents of lists is automatically spliced:

bind_rows(list(one, two))
bind_rows(split(mtcars, mtcars$cyl))
bind_rows(list(one, two), list(two, one))
# In addition to data frames, you can supply vectors. In the rows

# direction, the vectors represent rows and should have inner
# names:
bind_rows(
c(a = 1, b = 2),
c(a = 3, b = 4)
)
# You can mix vectors and data frames:

case_when 13
bind_rows(
c(a = 1, b = 2),
data_frame(a = 3:4, b = 5:6),
c(a = 7, b = 8)
)
# Note that for historical reasons, lists containg vectors are

# always treated as data frames. Thus their vectors are treated as
# columns rather than rows, and their inner names are ignored:
ll <- list(
a = c(A = 1, B = 2),
b = c(A = 3, B = 4)
)
bind_rows(ll)
# You can circumvent that behaviour with explicit splicing:

bind_rows(!!! ll)
# When you supply a column name with the `.id` argument, a new
# column is created to link each row to its original data frame
bind_rows(list(one, two), .id = "id")
bind_rows(list(a = one, b = two), .id = "id")
bind_rows("group 1" = one, "group 2" = two, .id = "groups")
# Columns don't need to match when row-binding

bind_rows(data.frame(x = 1:3), data.frame(y = 1:4))
## Not run:
# Rows do need to match when column-binding
bind_cols(data.frame(x = 1), data.frame(y = 1:2))
## End(Not run)
bind_cols(one, two)
bind_cols(list(one, two))
# combine applies the same coercion rules

f1 <- factor("a")
f2 <- factor("b")
c(f1, f2)
unlist(list(f1, f2))
combine(f1, f2)
combine(list(f1, f2))
case_when A general vectorised if

14 case_when
Description
This function allows you to vectorise multiple if and else if statements. It is an R equivalent of
the SQL CASE WHEN statement.
Usage
case_when(...)
Arguments
... A sequence of two-sided formulas. The left hand side (LHS) determines which
values match this case. The right hand side (RHS) provides the replacement
value.
The LHS must evaluate to a logical vector. Each logical vector can either have
length 1 or a common length. All RHSs must evaluate to the same type of vector.
These dots are evaluated with explicit splicing.
Value
A vector as long as the longest LHS, with the type (and attributes) of the first RHS. Inconsistent
lengths or types will generate an error.
Examples
x <- 1:50
case_when(
x %% 35 == 0 ~ "fizz buzz",
x %% 5 == 0 ~ "fizz",
x %% 7 == 0 ~ "buzz",
TRUE ~ as.character(x)
)
# Like an if statement, the arguments are evaluated in order, so you must

# proceed from the most specific to the most general. This won't work:
case_when(
TRUE ~ as.character(x),
x %% 5 == 0 ~ "fizz",
x %% 7 == 0 ~ "buzz",
x %% 35 == 0 ~ "fizz buzz"
)
# case_when is particularly useful inside mutate when you want to

# create a new variable that relies on a complex combination of existing
# variables
starwars %>%
select(name:mass, gender, species) %>%
mutate(
type = case_when(
height > 200 | mass > 200 ~ "large",
species == "Droid" ~ "robot",
TRUE ~ "other"
coalesce 15
)
)
# Dots support splicing:

patterns <- list(
TRUE ~ as.character(x),
x %% 5 == 0 ~ "fizz",
x %% 7 == 0 ~ "buzz",
x %% 35 == 0 ~ "fizz buzz"
)
case_when(!!! patterns)
coalesce Find first non-missing element
Description
Given a set of vectors, coalesce() finds the first non-missing value at each position. This is
inspired by the SQL COALESCE function which does the same thing for NULLs.
Usage
coalesce(...)
Arguments
... Vectors. All inputs should either be length 1, or the same length as the first
argument.
Value
A vector the same length as the first ... argument with missing values replaced by the first non-
missing value.
See Also
na_if() to replace specified values with a NA.
Examples
# Use a single value to replace all missing values
x <- sample(c(1:5, NA, NA, NA))
coalesce(x, 0L)
# Or match together a complete vector from missing pieces

y <- c(1, 2, NA, NA, 5)
z <- c(NA, NA, 3, 4, 5)
coalesce(y, z)
16 compute
# Supply lists by splicing them into dots:

vecs <- list(
c(1, 2, NA, NA, 5),
c(NA, NA, 3, 4, 5)
)
coalesce(!!! vecs)
compute Force computation of a database query
Description
compute() stores results in a remote temporary table. collect() retrieves data into a local tibble.
collapse() is slightly different: it doesnt force computation, but instead forces generation of the
SQL query. This is sometimes needed to work around bugs in dplyrs SQL generation.
Usage
compute(x, name = random_table_name(), ...)
collect(x, ...)
collapse(x, ...)
Arguments
x A tbl
name Name of temporary table on database.
... Other arguments passed on to methods
Details
All functions preserve grouping and ordering.
See Also
copy_to(), the opposite of collect(): it takes a local data frame and uploads it to the remote
source.
Examples
if (require(dbplyr)) {
mtcars2 <- src_memdb() %>%
copy_to(mtcars, name = "mtcars2-cc", overwrite = TRUE)
remote <- mtcars2 %>%

filter(cyl == 8) %>%
copy_to 17
select(mpg:drat)
# Compute query and save in remote table

compute(remote)
# Compute query bring back to this session

collect(remote)
# Creates a fresh query based on the generated SQL

collapse(remote)
}
copy_to Copy a local data frame to a remote src
Description
This function uploads a local data frame into a remote data source, creating the table definition as
needed. Wherever possible, the new object will be temporary, limited to the current connection to
the source.
Usage
copy_to(dest, df, name = deparse(substitute(df)), overwrite = FALSE, ...)
Arguments
dest remote data source
df local data frame
name name for new remote table.
overwrite If TRUE, will overwrite an existing table with name name. If FALSE, will throw
an error if name already exists.
... other parameters passed to methods.
Value
a tbl object in the remote source
See Also
collect() for the opposite action; downloading remote data into a local dbl.
Examples
## Not run:
iris2 <- src_memdb() %>% copy_to(iris, overwrite = TRUE)
iris2
## End(Not run)
18 desc
cumall Cumulativate versions of any, all, and mean
Description
dplyr adds cumall(), cumany(), and cummean() to complete Rs set of cumulate functions to match
the aggregation functions available in most databases
Usage
cumall(x)
cumany(x)
cummean(x)
Arguments
x For cumall() and cumany(), a logical vector; for cummean() an integer or nu-
meric vector
desc Descending order
Description
Transform a vector into a format that will be sorted in descending order. This is useful within
arrange().
Usage
desc(x)
Arguments
x vector to transform
Examples
desc(1:10)
desc(factor(letters))
first_day <- seq(as.Date("1910/1/1"), as.Date("1920/1/1"), "years")

desc(first_day)
starwars %>% arrange(desc(mass))

distinct 19
distinct Select distinct/unique rows
Description
Retain only unique/distinct rows from an input tbl. This is similar to unique.data.frame(), but
considerably faster.
Usage
distinct(.data, ..., .keep_all = FALSE)
Arguments
.data a tbl
... Optional variables to use when determining uniqueness. If there are multiple
rows for a given combination of inputs, only the first row will be preserved. If
omitted, will use all variables.
.keep_all If TRUE, keep all variables in .data. If a combination of ... is not distinct, this
keeps the first row of values.
Examples
df <- tibble(
x = sample(10, 100, rep = TRUE),
y = sample(10, 100, rep = TRUE)
)
nrow(df)
nrow(distinct(df))
nrow(distinct(df, x, y))
distinct(df, x)
distinct(df, y)
# Can choose to keep all other variables as well

distinct(df, x, .keep_all = TRUE)
distinct(df, y, .keep_all = TRUE)
# You can also use distinct on computed variables

distinct(df, diff = abs(x - y))
# The same behaviour applies for grouped data frames

# except that the grouping variables are always included
df <- tibble(
g = c(1, 1, 2, 2),
x = c(1, 1, 2, 1)
) %>% group_by(g)
df %>% distinct()
df %>% distinct(x)
20 do
do Do anything
Description
This is a general purpose complement to the specialised manipulation functions filter(), select(),
mutate(), summarise() and arrange(). You can use do() to perform arbitrary computation, re-
turning either a data frame or arbitrary objects which will be stored in a list. This is particularly
useful when working with models: you can fit models per group with do() and then flexibly extract
components with either another do() or summarise().
Usage
do(.data, ...)
Arguments
.data a tbl
... Expressions to apply to each group. If named, results will be stored in a new
column. If unnamed, should return a data frame. You can use . to refer to the
current group. You can not mix named and unnamed arguments.
Details
For an empty data frame, the expressions will be evaluated once, even in the presence of a grouping.
This makes sure that the format of the resulting data frame is the same for both empty and non-empty
input.
Value
do() always returns a data frame. The first columns in the data frame will be the labels, the others
will be computed from .... Named arguments become list-columns, with one element for each
group; unnamed elements must be data frames and labels will be duplicated accordingly.
Groups are preserved for a single unnamed input. This is different to summarise() because do()
generally does not reduce the complexity of the data, it just expresses it in a special way. For
multiple named inputs, the output is grouped by row with rowwise(). This allows other verbs to
work in an intuitive way.
Connection to plyr
If youre familiar with plyr, do() with named arguments is basically equivalent to plyr::dlply(),
and do() with a single unnamed argument is basically equivalent to plyr::ldply(). However,
instead of storing labels in a separate attribute, the result is always a data frame. This means that
summarise() applied to the result of do() can act like ldply().
dr_dplyr 21
Examples
by_cyl <- group_by(mtcars, cyl)
do(by_cyl, head(., 2))
models <- by_cyl %>% do(mod = lm(mpg ~ disp, data = .))

models
summarise(models, rsq = summary(mod)$r.squared)

models %>% do(data.frame(coef = coef(.$mod)))
models %>% do(data.frame(
var = names(coef(.$mod)),
coef(summary(.$mod)))
)
models <- by_cyl %>% do(

mod_linear = lm(mpg ~ disp, data = .),
mod_quad = lm(mpg ~ poly(disp, 2), data = .)
)
models
compare <- models %>% do(aov = anova(.$mod_linear, .$mod_quad))
# compare %>% summarise(p.value = aov$`Pr(>F)`)
if (require("nycflights13")) {
# You can use it to do any arbitrary computation, like fitting a linear
# model. Let's explore how carrier departure delays vary over the time
carriers <- group_by(flights, carrier)
group_size(carriers)
mods <- do(carriers, mod = lm(arr_delay ~ dep_time, data = .))

mods %>% do(as.data.frame(coef(.$mod)))
mods %>% summarise(rsq = summary(mod)$r.squared)
## Not run:
# This longer example shows the progress bar in action
by_dest <- flights %>% group_by(dest) %>% filter(n() > 100)
library(mgcv)
by_dest %>% do(smooth = gam(arr_delay ~ s(dep_time) + month, data = .))
## End(Not run)
}
dr_dplyr Dr Dplyr checks your installation for common problems.
Description
Only run this if you are seeing problems, like random crashes. Its possible for dr_dplyr to return
false positives, so theres no need to run if all is ok.
22 explain
Usage
dr_dplyr()
Examples
## Not run:
dr_dplyr()
## End(Not run)
explain Explain details of a tbl
Description
This is a generic function which gives more details about an object than print(), and is more
focussed on human readable output than str().
Usage
explain(x, ...)
show_query(x, ...)
Arguments
x An object to explain
... Other parameters possibly used by generic
Value
The first argument, invisibly.
Databases
Explaining a tbl_sql will run the SQL EXPLAIN command which will describe the query plan. This
requires a little bit of knowledge about how EXPLAIN works for your database, but is very useful for
diagnosing performance problems.
Examples
if (require("dbplyr")) {
lahman_s <- lahman_sqlite()

batting <- tbl(lahman_s, "Batting")
batting %>% show_query()
batting %>% explain()
filter 23
# The batting database has indices on all ID variables:

# SQLite automatically picks the most restrictive index
batting %>% filter(lgID == "NL" & yearID == 2000L) %>% explain()
# OR's will use multiple indexes

batting %>% filter(lgID == "NL" | yearID == 2000) %>% explain()
# Joins will use indexes in both tables

teams <- tbl(lahman_s, "Teams")
batting %>% left_join(teams, c("yearID", "teamID")) %>% explain()
}
filter Return rows with matching conditions
Description
Use filter() find rows/cases where conditions are true. Unlike base subsetting, rows where the
condition evaluates to NA are dropped.
Usage
filter(.data, ...)
Arguments
... Logical predicates defined in terms of the variables in .data. Multiple condi-
tions are combined with &. Only rows where the conditon evalutes to TRUE are
kept.
These arguments are automatically quoted and evaluated in the context of the
data frame. They support unquoting and splicing. See vignette("programming")
for an introduction to these concepts.
Details
Note that dplyr is not yet smart enough to optimise filtering optimisation on grouped datasets
that dont need grouped calculations. For this reason, filtering is often considerably faster on
ungroup()ed data.
Value
24 filter_all
Useful filter functions

==, >, >= etc
&, |, !, xor()
is.na()
between(), near()
Tidy data
Scoped filtering
The three scoped variants (filter_all(), filter_if() and filter_at()) make it easy to apply
a filtering condition to a selection of variables.
See Also
filter_all(), filter_if() and filter_at().
Other single table verbs: arrange, mutate, select, slice, summarise
Examples
filter(starwars, species == "Human")
filter(starwars, mass > 1000)
# Multiple criteria
filter(starwars, hair_color == "none" & eye_color == "black")
filter(starwars, hair_color == "none" | eye_color == "black")
# Multiple arguments are equivalent to and

filter(starwars, hair_color == "none", eye_color == "black")
filter_all Filter within a selection of variables
Description
These scoped filtering verbs apply a predicate expression to a selection of variables. The predicate
expression should be quoted with all_vars() or any_vars() and should mention the pronoun .
to refer to variables.
Usage
filter_all(.tbl, .vars_predicate)
filter_if(.tbl, .predicate, .vars_predicate)
filter_at(.tbl, .vars, .vars_predicate)

funs 25
Arguments
.tbl A tbl object.
.vars_predicate
A quoted predicate expression as returned by all_vars() or any_vars().
Examples
# While filter() accepts expressions with specific variables, the
# scoped filter verbs take an expression with the pronoun `.` and
# replicate it over all variables. This expression should be quoted
# with all_vars() or any_vars():
all_vars(is.na(.))
any_vars(is.na(.))
# You can take the intersection of the replicated expressions:

filter_all(mtcars, all_vars(. > 150))
# Or the union:
filter_all(mtcars, any_vars(. > 150))
# You can vary the selection of columns on which to apply the

# predicate. filter_at() takes a vars() specification:
filter_at(mtcars, vars(starts_with("d")), any_vars((. %% 2) == 0))
# And filter_if() selects variables with a predicate function:

filter_if(mtcars, ~ all(floor(.) == .), all_vars(. != 0))
funs Create a list of functions calls.
Description
funs() provides a flexible way to generate a named list of functions for input to other functions
like summarise_at().
Usage
funs(..., .args = list())
26 groups
Arguments
... A list of functions specified by:
Their name, "mean"
The function itself, mean
A call to the function with . as a dummy argument, mean(., na.rm = TRUE)
These arguments are automatically quoted. They support unquoting and splic-
ing. See vignette("programming") for an introduction to these concepts.
.args, args A named list of additional arguments to be added to all function calls.
Examples
funs(mean, "mean", mean(., na.rm = TRUE))
# Override default names

funs(m1 = mean, m2 = "mean", m3 = mean(., na.rm = TRUE))
# If you have function names in a vector, use funs_

fs <- c("min", "max")
funs_(fs)
groups Return grouping variables
Description
group_vars() returns a character vector; groups() returns a list of symbols.
Usage
groups(x)
group_vars(x)
Arguments
x A tbl()
Examples
df <- tibble(x = 1, y = 2) %>% group_by(x, y)
group_vars(df)
groups(df)
group_by 27
group_by Group by one or more variables
Description
Most data operations are done on groups defined by variables. group_by() takes an existing tbl
and converts it into a grouped tbl where operations are performed "by group". ungroup() removes
grouping.
Usage
group_by(.data, ..., add = FALSE)
ungroup(x, ...)
Arguments
.data a tbl
... Variables to group by. All tbls accept variable names. Some tbls will accept
functions of variables. Duplicated groups will be silently dropped.
add When add = FALSE, the default, group_by() will override existing groups. To
add to the existing groups, use add = TRUE.
x A tbl()
Tbl types
group_by() is an S3 generic with methods for the three built-in tbls. See the help for the corre-
sponding classes and their manip methods for more details:
data.frame: grouped_df
data.table: dtplyr::grouped_dt
SQLite: src_sqlite()
PostgreSQL: src_postgres()
MySQL: src_mysql()
Scoped grouping
The three scoped variants (group_by_all(), group_by_if() and group_by_at()) make it easy
to group a dataset by a selection of variables.
28 group_by_all
Examples
# grouping doesn't change how the data looks (apart from listing
# how it's grouped):
by_cyl
# It changes how it acts with the other dplyr verbs:

by_cyl %>% summarise(
disp = mean(disp),
hp = mean(hp)
)
by_cyl %>% filter(disp == max(disp))
# Each call to summarise() removes a layer of grouping

by_vs_am <- mtcars %>% group_by(vs, am)
by_vs <- by_vs_am %>% summarise(n = n())
by_vs
by_vs %>% summarise(n = sum(n))
# To removing grouping, use ungroup

by_vs %>%
ungroup() %>%
summarise(n = sum(n))
# You can group by expressions: this is just short-hand for

# a mutate/rename followed by a simple group_by
mtcars %>% group_by(vsam = vs + am)
# By default, group_by overrides existing grouping

by_cyl %>%
group_by(vs, am) %>%
group_vars()
# Use add = TRUE to instead append

by_cyl %>%
group_by(vs, am, add = TRUE) %>%
group_vars()
group_by_all Group by a selection of variables
Description
These scoped variants of group_by() group a data frame by a selection of variables. Like group_by(),
they have optional mutate semantics.
group_by_all 29
Usage
group_by_all(.tbl, .funs = list(), ...)
group_by_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs = list(), ..., .add = FALSE)
group_by_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs = list(), ..., .add = FALSE)
Arguments
.tbl A tbl object.

lambda-formula.
.add Passed to the add argument of group_by().
Examples
# Group a data frame by all variables:

group_by_all(mtcars)
# Group by variables selected with a predicate:

group_by_if(iris, is.factor)
# Group by variables selected by name:

group_by_at(mtcars, vars(vs, am))
# Like group_by(), the scoped variants have optional mutate

# semantics. This provide a shortcut for group_by() + mutate():
group_by_all(mtcars, as.factor)
group_by_if(iris, is.factor, as.character)
30 if_else
ident Flag a character vector as SQL identifiers
Description
ident() takes unquoted strings and quotes them for you; ident_q() assumes its input has already
been quoted.
Usage
ident(...)
Arguments
... A character vector, or name-value pairs
Details
These two ident clsases are used during SQL generation to make sure the values will be quoted as,
not as strings.
if_else Vectorised if
Description
Compared to the base ifelse(), this function is more strict. It checks that true and false are the
same type. This strictness makes the output type more predictable, and makes it somewhat faster.
Usage
if_else(condition, true, false, missing = NULL)
Arguments
condition Logical vector
true, false Values to use for TRUE and FALSE values of condition. They must be either
the same length as condition, or length 1. They must also be the same type:
if_else() checks that they have the same type and same class. All other at-
tributes are taken from true.
missing If not NULL, will be used to replace missing values.
Value
Where condition is TRUE, the matching value from true, where its FALSE, the matching value
from false, otherwise NA.
join 31
Examples
x <- c(-5:5, NA)
if_else(x < 0, NA_integer_, x)
if_else(x < 0, "negative", "positive", "missing")
# Unlike ifelse, if_else preserves types

x <- factor(sample(letters[1:5], 10, replace = TRUE))
ifelse(x %in% c("a", "b", "c"), x, factor(NA))
if_else(x %in% c("a", "b", "c"), x, factor(NA))
# Attributes are taken from the `true` vector,
join Join two tbls together
Description
These are generic functions that dispatch to individual tbl methods - see the method documentation
for details of individual data sources. x and y should usually be from the same data source, but if
copy is TRUE, y will automatically be copied to the same source as x.
Usage
inner_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, suffix = c(".x", ".y"), ...)
left_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, suffix = c(".x", ".y"), ...)
right_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, suffix = c(".x", ".y"), ...)
full_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, suffix = c(".x", ".y"), ...)
semi_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, ...)
anti_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, ...)
Arguments
x, y tbls to join
by a character vector of variables to join by. If NULL, the default, *_join() will do
a natural join, using all variables with common names across the two tables. A
message lists the variables so that you can check theyre right (to suppress the
message, simply explicitly list the variables that you want to join).
To join by different variables on x and y use a named vector. For example,
by = c("a" = "b") will match x.a to y.b.
32 join
suffix If there are non-joined duplicate variables in x and y, these suffixes will be added
to the output to diambiguate them. Should be a character vector of length 2.
... other parameters passed onto methods
Join types
Currently dplyr supports four join types:
inner_join() return all rows from x where there are matching values in y, and all columns from
x and y. If there are multiple matches between x and y, all combination of the matches are
returned.
left_join() return all rows from x, and all columns from x and y. Rows in x with no match in
y will have NA values in the new columns. If there are multiple matches between x and y, all
combinations of the matches are returned.
right_join() return all rows from y, and all columns from x and y. Rows in y with no match in
x will have NA values in the new columns. If there are multiple matches between x and y, all
combinations of the matches are returned.
semi_join() return all rows from x where there are matching values in y, keeping just columns
from x.
A semi join differs from an inner join because an inner join will return one row of x for each
matching row of y, where a semi join will never duplicate rows of x.
anti_join() return all rows from x where there are not matching values in y, keeping just columns
from x.
full_join() return all rows and all columns from both x and y. Where there are not matching
values, returns NA for the one missing.
Grouping
Groups are ignored for the purpose of joining, but the result preserves the grouping of x.
Examples
# "Mutating" joins add variables to the LHS
band_members %>% inner_join(band_instruments)
band_members %>% left_join(band_instruments)
band_members %>% right_join(band_instruments)
band_members %>% full_join(band_instruments)
# "Filtering" joins keep cases from the LHS

band_members %>% semi_join(band_instruments)
band_members %>% anti_join(band_instruments)
# To suppress the message, supply by

band_members %>% inner_join(band_instruments, by = "name")
# This is good practice in production code
# Use a named `by` if the join variables have different names

band_members %>% full_join(band_instruments2, by = c("name" = "artist"))
# Note that only the key from the LHS is kept
join.tbl_df 33
join.tbl_df Join data frame tbls
Description
See join for a description of the general purpose of the functions.
Usage
inner_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE,
suffix = c(".x", ".y"), ...,
na_matches = pkgconfig::get_config("dplyr::na_matches"))

left_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, suffix = c(".x",
".y"), ..., na_matches = pkgconfig::get_config("dplyr::na_matches"))

right_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE,
suffix = c(".x", ".y"), ...,

full_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, suffix = c(".x",
".y"), ..., na_matches = pkgconfig::get_config("dplyr::na_matches"))

semi_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, ...,

anti_join(x, y, by = NULL, copy = FALSE, ...,
Arguments
x tbls to join
y tbls to join
by a character vector of variables to join by. If NULL, the default, *_join() will do
a natural join, using all variables with common names across the two tables. A
message lists the variables so that you can check theyre right (to suppress the
message, simply explicitly list the variables that you want to join).
To join by different variables on x and y use a named vector. For example,
by = c("a" = "b") will match x.a to y.b.
34 lead-lag
suffix If there are non-joined duplicate variables in x and y, these suffixes will be added
to the output to diambiguate them. Should be a character vector of length 2.
... included for compatibility with the generic; otherwise ignored.
na_matches Use "never" to always treat two NA or NaN values as different, like joins for
database sources, similarly to merge(incomparables = FALSE). The default,"na",
always treats two NA or NaN values as equal, like merge(). Users and package
authors can change the default behavior by calling pkgconfig::set_config("dplyr::na_matches" = "
Examples
if (require("Lahman")) {
batting_df <- tbl_df(Batting)
person_df <- tbl_df(Master)
uperson_df <- tbl_df(Master[!duplicated(Master$playerID), ])
# Inner join: match batting and person data

inner_join(batting_df, person_df)
inner_join(batting_df, uperson_df)
# Left join: match, but preserve batting data

left_join(batting_df, uperson_df)
# Anti join: find batters without person data

anti_join(batting_df, person_df)
# or people who didn't bat
anti_join(person_df, batting_df)
}
lead-lag Lead and lag.
Description
Find the "next" or "previous" values in a vector. Useful for comparing values ahead of or behind
the current values.
Usage
lead(x, n = 1L, default = NA, order_by = NULL, ...)
lag(x, n = 1L, default = NA, order_by = NULL, ...)

mutate 35
Arguments
x a vector of values
n a postive integer of length 1, giving the number of positions to lead or lag by
default value used for non-existant rows. Defaults to NA.
order_by override the default ordering to use another vector
... Needed for compatibility with lag generic.
Examples
lead(1:10, 1)
lead(1:10, 2)
lag(1:10, 1)
lead(1:10, 1)
x <- runif(5)
cbind(ahead = lead(x), x, behind = lag(x))
# Use order_by if data not already ordered

df <- data.frame(year = 2000:2005, value = (0:5) ^ 2)
scrambled <- df[sample(nrow(df)), ]
wrong <- mutate(scrambled, prev = lag(value))

arrange(wrong, year)
right <- mutate(scrambled, prev = lag(value, order_by = year))

arrange(right, year)
mutate Add new variables
Description
mutate() adds new variables and preserves existing; transmute() drops existing variables.
Usage
mutate(.data, ...)
transmute(.data, ...)
Arguments
... Name-value pairs of expressions. Use NULL to drop a variable.
36 mutate
Value
Useful functions
+, - etc
log()
lead(), lag()
dense_rank(), min_rank(), percent_rank(), row_number(), cume_dist(), ntile()
cumsum(), cummean(), cummin(), cummax(), cumany(), cumall()
na_if(), coalesce()
if_else(), recode(), case_when()
Scoped mutation and transmuation

The three scoped variants of mutate() (mutate_all(), mutate_if() and mutate_at()) and the
three variants of transmute() (transmute_all(), transmute_if(), transmute_at()) make it
easy to apply a transformation to a selection of variables.
Tidy data
See Also
Other single table verbs: arrange, filter, select, slice, summarise
Examples
# Newly created variables are available immediately
mtcars %>% as_tibble() %>% mutate(
cyl2 = cyl * 2,
cyl4 = cyl2 * 2
)
# You can also use mutate() to remove variables and

# modify existing variables
mtcars %>% as_tibble() %>% mutate(
mpg = NULL,
disp = disp * 0.0163871 # convert to litres
)
# window functions are useful for grouped mutates

mtcars %>%
group_by(cyl) %>%
mutate(rank = min_rank(desc(mpg)))
# see `vignette("window-functions")` for more details
n 37
# You can drop variables by setting them to NULL

mtcars %>% mutate(cyl = NULL)
# mutate() vs transmute --------------------------

# mutate() keeps all existing variables
mtcars %>%
mutate(displ_l = disp / 61.0237)
# transmute keeps only the variables you create

mtcars %>%
transmute(displ_l = disp / 61.0237)
# mutate() supports quasiquotation. You can unquote quosures, which

# can refer to both contextual variables and variable names:
var <- 100
as_tibble(mtcars) %>% mutate(cyl = !! quo(cyl * var))
n The number of observations in the current group.
Description
This function is implemented specifically for each data source and can only be used from within
summarise(), mutate() and filter().
Usage
n()
Examples
if (require("nycflights13")) {
carriers <- group_by(flights, carrier)
summarise(carriers, n())
mutate(carriers, n = n())
filter(carriers, n() < 100)
}
38 nasa
nasa NASA spatio-temporal data
Description
This data comes from the ASA 2007 data expo, http://stat-computing.org/dataexpo/2006/.
The data are geographic and atmospheric measures on a very coarse 24 by 24 grid covering Central
America. The variables are: temperature (surface and air), ozone, air pressure, and cloud cover
(low, mid, and high). All variables are monthly averages, with observations for Jan 1995 to Dec
2000. These data were obtained from the NASA Langley Research Center Atmospheric Sciences
Data Center (with permission; see important copyright terms below).
Usage
nasa
Format
A tbl_cube with 41,472 observations.
Dimensions
lat, long: latitude and longitude

year, month: month and year
Measures
cloudlow, cloudmed, cloudhigh: cloud cover at three heights

ozone
surftemp and temperature
pressure
Examples
nasa
na_if 39
na_if Convert values to NA
Description
This is a translation of the SQL command NULL_IF. It is useful if you want to convert an annoying
value to NA.
Usage
na_if(x, y)
Arguments
x Vector to modify
y Value to replace with NA
Value
A modified version of x that replaces any values that are equal to y with NA.
See Also
coalesce() to replace missing values with a specified value.
Examples
na_if(1:5, 5:1)
x <- c(1, -1, 0, 10)

100 / x
100 / na_if(x, 0)
y <- c("abc", "def", "", "ghi")

na_if(y, "")
near Compare two numeric vectors
Description
This is a safe way of comparing if two vectors of floating point numbers are (pairwise) equal. This
is safer than using ==, because it has a built in tolerance
Usage
near(x, y, tol = .Machine$double.eps^0.5)
40 nth
Arguments
x, y Numeric vectors to compare
tol Tolerance of comparison.
Examples
sqrt(2) ^ 2 == 2
near(sqrt(2) ^ 2, 2)
nth Extract the first, last or nth value from a vector
Description
These are straightforward wrappers around [[. The main advantage is that you can provide an
optional secondary vector that defines the ordering, and provide a default value to use when the
input is shorter than expected.
Usage
nth(x, n, order_by = NULL, default = default_missing(x))
first(x, order_by = NULL, default = default_missing(x))
last(x, order_by = NULL, default = default_missing(x))
Arguments
x A vector
n For nth_value(), a single integer specifying the position. Negative integers
index from the end (i.e. -1L will return the last value in the vector).
If a double is supplied, it will be silently truncated.
order_by An optional vector used to determine the order
default A default value to use if the position does not exist in the input. This is guessed
by default for base vectors, where a missing value of the appropriate type is
returned, and for lists, where a NULL is return.
For more complicated objects, youll need to supply this value. Make sure it is
the same type as x.
Value
A single value. [[ is used to do the subsetting.
n_distinct 41
Examples
x <- 1:10
y <- 10:1
first(x)
last(y)
nth(x, 1)
nth(x, 5)
nth(x, -2)
nth(x, 11)
last(x)
# Second argument provides optional ordering
last(x, y)
# These functions always return a single value

first(integer())
n_distinct Efficiently count the number of unique values in a set of vector
Description
This is a faster and more concise equivalent of length(unique(x))
Usage
n_distinct(..., na.rm = FALSE)
Arguments
... vectors of values

na.rm id TRUE missing values dont count
Examples
x <- sample(1:10, 1e5, rep = TRUE)

length(unique(x))
n_distinct(x)
42 order_by
order_by A helper function for ordering window function output
Description
This function makes it possible to control the ordering of window functions in R that dont have a
specific ordering parameter. When translated to SQL it will modify the order clause of the OVER
function.
Usage
order_by(order_by, call)
Arguments
order_by a vector to order_by

call a function call to a window function, where the first argument is the vector being
operated on
Details
This function works by changing the call to instead call with_order() with the appropriate argu-
ments.
Examples
order_by(10:1, cumsum(1:10))
x <- 10:1
y <- 1:10
order_by(x, cumsum(y))
df <- data.frame(year = 2000:2005, value = (0:5) ^ 2)

scrambled <- df[sample(nrow(df)), ]
wrong <- mutate(scrambled, running = cumsum(value))

arrange(wrong, year)
right <- mutate(scrambled, running = order_by(year, cumsum(value)))

arrange(right, year)
pull 43
pull Pull out a single variable
Description
This works like [[ for local data frames, and automatically collects before indexing for remote data
tables.
Usage
pull(.data, var = -1)
Arguments
.data A table of data

var A variable specified as:
a literal variable name
a positive integer, giving the position counting from the left
a negative integer, giving the position counting from the right.
The default returns the last column (on the assumption thats the column youve
created most recently).
This argument is taken by expression and supports quasiquotation (you can un-
quote column names and column positions).
Examples
mtcars %>% pull(-1)

mtcars %>% pull(1)
mtcars %>% pull(cyl)
# Also works for remote sources

if (requireNamespace("dbplyr", quietly = TRUE)) {
df <- dbplyr::memdb_frame(x = 1:10, y = 10:1, .name = "pull-ex")
df %>%
mutate(z = x * y) %>%
pull()
}
44 ranking
ranking Windowed rank functions.
Description
Six variations on ranking functions, mimicing the ranking functions described in SQL2003. They
are currently implemented using the built in rank function, and are provided mainly as a conve-
nience when converting between R and SQL. All ranking functions map smallest inputs to smallest
outputs. Use desc() to reverse the direction.
Usage
row_number(x)
ntile(x, n)
min_rank(x)
dense_rank(x)
percent_rank(x)
cume_dist(x)
Arguments
x a vector of values to rank. Missing values are left as is. If you want to treat them
as the smallest or largest values, replace with Inf or -Inf before ranking.
n number of groups to split up into.
Details
row_number(): equivalent to rank(ties.method = "first")
min_rank(): equivalent to rank(ties.method = "min")
dense_rank(): like min_rank(), but with no gaps between ranks
percent_rank(): a number between 0 and 1 computed by rescaling min_rank to [0, 1]
cume_dist(): a cumulative distribution function. Proportion of all values less than or equal
to the current rank.
ntile(): a rough rank, which breaks the input vector into n buckets.
Examples
x <- c(5, 1, 3, 2, 2, NA)
row_number(x)
min_rank(x)
dense_rank(x)
recode 45
percent_rank(x)
cume_dist(x)
ntile(x, 2)
ntile(runif(100), 10)
# row_number can be used with single table verbs without specifying x

# (for data frames and databases that support windowing)
mutate(mtcars, row_number() == 1L)
mtcars %>% filter(between(row_number(), 1, 10))
recode Recode values
Description
This is a vectorised version of switch(): you can replace numeric values based on their position,
and character values by their name. This is an S3 generic: dplyr provides methods for numeric,
character, and factors. For logical vectors, use if_else(). For more complicated criteria, use
case_when().
Usage
recode(.x, ..., .default = NULL, .missing = NULL)
recode_factor(.x, ..., .default = NULL, .missing = NULL, .ordered = FALSE)
Arguments
.x A vector to modify
... Replacements. These should be named for character and factor .x, and can be
named for numeric .x. The argument names should be the current values to be
replaced, and the argument values should be the new (replacement) values.
All replacements must be the same type, and must have either length one or the
same length as x.
.default If supplied, all values not otherwise matched will be given this value. If not
supplied and if the replacements are the same type as the original values in .x,
unmatched values are not changed. If not supplied and if the replacements are
not compatible, unmatched values are replaced with NA.
.default must be either length 1 or the same length as .x.
.missing If supplied, any missing values in .x will be replaced by this value. Must be
either length 1 or the same length as .x.
.ordered If TRUE, recode_factor() creates an ordered factor.
46 recode
Details
You can use recode() directly with factors; it will preserve the existing order of levels while
changing the values. Alternatively, you can use recode_factor(), which will change the order of
levels to match the order of replacements. See the forcats package for more tools for working with
factors and their levels.
Value
A vector the same length as .x, and the same type as the first of ..., .default, or .missing.
recode_factor() returns a factor whose levels are in the same order as in ....
Examples
# Recode values with named arguments

x <- sample(c("a", "b", "c"), 10, replace = TRUE)
recode(x, a = "Apple")
recode(x, a = "Apple", .default = NA_character_)
# Named arguments also work with numeric values

x <- c(1:5, NA)
recode(x, `2` = 20L, `4` = 40L)
# Note that if the replacements are not compatible with .x,

# unmatched values are replaced by NA and a warning is issued.
recode(x, `2` = "b", `4` = "d")
# If you don't name the arguments, recode() matches by position

recode(x, "a", "b", "c")
recode(x, "a", "b", "c", .default = "other")
recode(x, "a", "b", "c", .default = "other", .missing = "missing")
# Supply default with levels() for factors

x <- factor(c("a", "b", "c"))
recode(x, a = "Apple", .default = levels(x))
# Use recode_factor() to create factors with levels ordered as they

# appear in the recode call. The levels in .default and .missing
# come last.
x <- c(1:4, NA)
recode_factor(x, `1` = "z", `2` = "y", `3` = "x")
recode_factor(x, `1` = "z", `2` = "y", .default = "D")
recode_factor(x, `1` = "z", `2` = "y", .default = "D", .missing = "M")
# When the input vector is a compatible vector (character vector or

# factor), it is reused as default.
recode_factor(letters[1:3], b = "z", c = "y")
recode_factor(factor(letters[1:3]), b = "z", c = "y")
rowwise 47
rowwise Group input by rows
Description
rowwise() is used for the results of do() when you create list-variables. It is also useful to support
arbitrary complex operations that need to be applied to each row.
Usage
rowwise(data)
Arguments
data Input data frame.
Details
Currently, rowwise grouping only works with data frames. Its main impact is to allow you to
work with list-variables in summarise() and mutate() without having to use [[1]]. This makes
summarise() on a rowwise tbl effectively equivalent to plyr::ldply().
Examples
df <- expand.grid(x = 1:3, y = 3:1)
df %>% rowwise() %>% do(i = seq(.$x, .$y))
.Last.value %>% summarise(n = length(i))
sample Sample n rows from a table
Description
This is a wrapper around sample.int() to make it easy to select random rows from a table. It
currently only works for local tbls.
Usage
sample_n(tbl, size, replace = FALSE, weight = NULL, .env = NULL)
sample_frac(tbl, size = 1, replace = FALSE, weight = NULL, .env = NULL)

48 scoped
Arguments
tbl tbl of data.
size For sample_n(), the number of rows to select. For sample_frac(), the fraction
of rows to select. If tbl is grouped, size applies to each group.
replace Sample with or without replacement?
weight Sampling weights. This must evaluate to a vector of non-negative numbers the
same length as the input. Weights are automatically standardised to sum to 1.
.env This variable is deprecated and no longer has any effect. To evaluate weight in
a particular context, you can now unquote a quosure.
Examples
# Sample fixed number per group

sample_n(mtcars, 10)
sample_n(mtcars, 50, replace = TRUE)
sample_n(mtcars, 10, weight = mpg)
sample_n(by_cyl, 3)
sample_n(by_cyl, 10, replace = TRUE)
sample_n(by_cyl, 3, weight = mpg / mean(mpg))
# Sample fixed fraction per group

# Default is to sample all data = randomly resample rows
sample_frac(mtcars)
sample_frac(mtcars, 0.1)
sample_frac(mtcars, 1.5, replace = TRUE)
sample_frac(mtcars, 0.1, weight = 1 / mpg)
sample_frac(by_cyl, 0.2)
sample_frac(by_cyl, 1, replace = TRUE)
scoped Operate on a selection of variables
Description
The variants suffixed with _if, _at or _all apply an expression (sometimes several) to all variables
within a specified subset. This subset can contain all variables (_all variants), a vars() selection
(_at variants), or variables selected with a predicate (_if variants).
scoped 49
Arguments
.tbl A tbl object.

lambda-formula.
Details
The verbs with scoped variants are:
mutate(), transmute() and summarise(). See summarise_all().

filter(). See filter_all().
group_by(). See group_by_all().
rename() and select(). See select_all().
arrange(). See arrange_all()
There are three kinds of scoped variants. They differ in the scope of the variable selection on which
operations are applied:
Verbs suffixed with _all() apply an operation on all variables.

Verbs suffixed with _at() apply an operation on a subset of variables specified with the quot-
ing function vars(). This quoting function accepts select_vars() helpers like starts_with().
Instead of a vars() selection, you can also supply an integerish vector of column positions or
a character vector of column names.
Verbs suffixed with _if() apply an operation on the subset of variables for which a predicate
function returns TRUE. Instead of a predicate function, you can also supply a logical vector.
50 select
select Select/rename variables by name
Description
select() keeps only the variables you mention; rename() keeps all variables.
Usage
select(.data, ...)
rename(.data, ...)
Arguments
... One or more unquoted expressions separated by commas. You can treat variable
names like they are positions.
Positive values select variables; negative values to drop variables. If the first
expression is negative, select() will automatically start with all variables.
Use named arguments to rename selected variables.
These arguments are automatically quoted and evaluated in a context where col-
umn names represent column positions. They support unquoting and splicing.
See vignette("programming") for an introduction to these concepts.
Value
Useful functions
As well as using existing functions like : and c(), there are a number of special functions that only
work inside select
starts_with(), ends_with(), contains()

matches()
num_range()
To drop variables, use -.

Note that except for :, - and c(), all complex expressions are evaluated outside the data frame
context. This is to prevent accidental matching of data frame variables when you refer to variables
from the calling context.
select 51
Scoped selection and renaming
The three scoped variants of select() (select_all(), select_if() and select_at()) and the
three variants of rename() (rename_all(), rename_if(), rename_at()) make it easy to apply a
renaming function to a selection of variables.
Tidy data
See Also
Other single table verbs: arrange, filter, mutate, slice, summarise
Examples
iris <- as_tibble(iris) # so it prints a little nicer
select(iris, starts_with("Petal"))
select(iris, ends_with("Width"))
# Move Species variable to the front

select(iris, Species, everything())
df <- as.data.frame(matrix(runif(100), nrow = 10))

df <- tbl_df(df[c(3, 4, 7, 1, 9, 8, 5, 2, 6, 10)])
select(df, V4:V6)
select(df, num_range("V", 4:6))
# Drop variables with -

select(iris, -starts_with("Petal"))
# The .data pronoun is available:

select(mtcars, .data$cyl)
select(mtcars, .data$mpg : .data$disp)
# However it isn't available within calls since those are evaluated

# outside of the data context. This would fail if run:
# select(mtcars, identical(.data$cyl))
# Renaming -----------------------------------------
# * select() keeps only the variables you specify
select(iris, petal_length = Petal.Length)
# * rename() keeps all variables

rename(iris, petal_length = Petal.Length)
52 select_all
select_all Select and rename a selection of variables
Description
These scoped variants of select() and rename() operate on a selection of variables. The semantics
of these verbs have simple but important differences:
Selection drops variables that are not in the selection while renaming retains them.
The renaming function is optional for selection but not for renaming.
Usage
select_all(.tbl, .funs = list(), ...)
rename_all(.tbl, .funs = list(), ...)
select_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs = list(), ...)
rename_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs = list(), ...)
select_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs = list(), ...)
rename_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs = list(), ...)
Arguments
.tbl A tbl object.
.funs A single expression quoted with funs() or within a quosure, a string naming a
function, or a function.
Examples
# Supply a renaming function:
select_all(mtcars, toupper)
select_all(mtcars, "toupper")
select_all(mtcars, funs(toupper(.)))
select_helpers 53
# Selection drops unselected variables:

is_whole <- function(x) all(floor(x) == x)
select_if(mtcars, is_whole, toupper)
# But renaming retains them:

rename_if(mtcars, is_whole, toupper)
# The renaming function is optional for selection:

select_if(mtcars, is_whole)
select_helpers Select helpers
Description
These functions allow you to select variables based on their names.
starts_with(): starts with a prefix

ends_with(): ends with a prefix
contains(): contains a literal string
matches(): matches a regular expression
num_range(): a numerical range like x01, x02, x03.
one_of(): variables in character vector.
everything(): all variables.
Usage
current_vars()
starts_with(match, ignore.case = TRUE, vars = current_vars())
ends_with(match, ignore.case = TRUE, vars = current_vars())
contains(match, ignore.case = TRUE, vars = current_vars())
matches(match, ignore.case = TRUE, vars = current_vars())
num_range(prefix, range, width = NULL, vars = current_vars())
one_of(..., vars = current_vars())
everything(vars = current_vars())
54 setops
Arguments
match A string.
ignore.case If TRUE, the default, ignores case when matching names.
vars A character vector of variable names. When called from inside select() these
are automatically set to the names of the table.
prefix A prefix that starts the numeric range.
range A sequence of integers, like 1:5
width Optionally, the "width" of the numeric range. For example, a range of 2 gives
"01", a range of three "001", etc.
... One or more character vectors.
Value
An integer vector giving the position of the matched variables.
Examples
iris <- tbl_df(iris) # so it prints a little nicer
select(iris, starts_with("Petal"))
select(iris, ends_with("Width"))
select(iris, contains("etal"))
select(iris, matches(".t."))
select(iris, Petal.Length, Petal.Width)
select(iris, everything())
vars <- c("Petal.Length", "Petal.Width")
select(iris, one_of(vars))
setops Set operations
Description
These functions override the set functions provided in base to make them generic so that efficient
versions for data frames and other tables can be provided. The default methods call the base ver-
sions.
Usage
intersect(x, y, ...)
union(x, y, ...)
union_all(x, y, ...)
setdiff(x, y, ...)
setequal(x, y, ...)
slice 55
Arguments
x, y objects to perform set function on (ignoring order)
... other arguments passed on to methods
Examples
mtcars$model <- rownames(mtcars)
first <- mtcars[1:20, ]
second <- mtcars[10:32, ]
intersect(first, second)
union(first, second)
setdiff(first, second)
setdiff(second, first)
union_all(first, second)
setequal(mtcars, mtcars[32:1, ])
slice Select rows by position
Description
Slice does not work with relational databases because they have no intrinsic notion of row order. If
you want to perform the equivalent operation, use filter() and row_number().
Usage
slice(.data, ...)
Arguments
.data A tbl.
... Integer row values.
Tidy data
See Also
Other single table verbs: arrange, filter, mutate, select, summarise
56 src_dbi
Examples
slice(mtcars, 1L)
slice(mtcars, n())
slice(mtcars, 5:n())
by_cyl <- group_by(mtcars, cyl)

slice(by_cyl, 1:2)
# Equivalent code using filter that will also work with databases,
# but won't be as fast for in-memory data. For many databases, you'll
# need to supply an explicit variable to use to compute the row number.
filter(mtcars, row_number() == 1L)
filter(mtcars, row_number() == n())
filter(mtcars, between(row_number(), 5, n()))
sql SQL escaping.
Description
These functions are critical when writing functions that translate R functions to sql functions. Typ-
ically a conversion function should escape all its inputs and return an sql object.
Usage
sql(...)
Arguments
... Character vectors that will be combined into a single SQL expression.
src_dbi Source for database backends
Description
For backward compatibility dplyr provides three srcs for popular open source databases:
src_mysql() connects to a MySQL or MariaDB database using RMySQL::MySQL().

src_postgres() connects to PostgreSQL using RPostgreSQL::PostgreSQL()
src_sqlite() to connect to a SQLite database using RSQLite::SQLite().
However, modern best practice is to use tbl() directly on an DBIConnection.

src_dbi 57
Usage
src_mysql(dbname, host = NULL, port = 0L, username = "root",
password = "", ...)
src_postgres(dbname = NULL, host = NULL, port = NULL, user = NULL,

password = NULL, ...)
src_sqlite(path, create = FALSE)
Arguments
dbname Database name
host, port Host name and port number of database
... for the src, other arguments passed on to the underlying database connector,
DBI::dbConnect(). For the tbl, included for compatibility with the generic,
but otherwise ignored.
user, username, password
User name and password.
Generally, you should avoid saving username and password in your scripts as it
is easy to accidentally expose valuable credentials. Instead, retrieve them from
environment variables, or use database specific credential scores. For example,
with MySQL you can set up my.cnf as described in RMySQL::MySQL().
path Path to SQLite database. You can use the special path ":memory:" to create a
temporary in memory database.
create if FALSE, path must already exist. If TRUE, will create a new SQlite3 database
at path if path does not exist and connect to the existing database if path does
exist.
Details
All data manipulation on SQL tbls are lazy: they will not actually run the query or retrieve the data
unless you ask for it: they all return a new tbl_dbi object. Use compute() to run the query and
save the results in a temporary in the database, or use collect() to retrieve the results to R. You
can see the query with show_query().
For best performance, the database should have an index on the variables that you are grouping by.
Use explain() to check that the database is using the indexes that you expect.
There is one excpetion: do() is not lazy since it must pull the data into R.
Value
An S3 object with class src_dbi, src_sql, src.
Examples
# Basic connection using DBI -------------------------------------------
if (require(dbplyr, quietly = TRUE)) {
58 starwars
con <- DBI::dbConnect(RSQLite::SQLite(), ":memory:")

copy_to(con, mtcars)
DBI::dbListTables(con)
# To retrieve a single table from a source, use `tbl()`

con %>% tbl("mtcars")
# You can also use pass raw SQL if you want a more sophisticated query
con %>% tbl(sql("SELECT * FROM mtcars WHERE cyl == 8"))
# To show off the full features of dplyr's database integration,

# we'll use the Lahman database. lahman_sqlite() takes care of
# creating the database.
lahman_p <- lahman_sqlite()
batting <- lahman_p %>% tbl("Batting")
batting
# Basic data manipulation verbs work in the same way as with a tibble
batting %>% filter(yearID > 2005, G > 130)
batting %>% select(playerID:lgID)
batting %>% arrange(playerID, desc(yearID))
batting %>% summarise(G = mean(G), n = n())
# There are a few exceptions. For example, databases give integer results
# when dividing one integer by another. Multiply by 1 to fix the problem
batting %>%
select(playerID:lgID, AB, R, G) %>%
mutate(
R_per_game1 = R / G,
R_per_game2 = R * 1.0 / G
)
# All operations are lazy: they don't do anything until you request the
# data, either by `print()`ing it (which shows the first ten rows),
# or by `collect()`ing the results locally.
system.time(recent <- filter(batting, yearID > 2010))
system.time(collect(recent))
# You can see the query that dplyr creates with show_query()
batting %>%
filter(G > 0) %>%
group_by(playerID) %>%
summarise(n = n()) %>%
show_query()
}
starwars Starwars characters

storms 59
Description
This data comes from SWAPI, the Star Wars API, http://swapi.co/
Usage
starwars
Format
A tibble with 87 rows and 13 variables:
name Name of the character

height Height (cm)
mass Weight (kg)
hair_color,skin_color,eye_color Hair, skin, and eye colors
birth_year Year born (BBY = Before Battle of Yavin)
gender male, female, hermaphrodite, or none.
homeworld Name of homeworld
species Name of species
films List of films the character appeared in
vehicles List of vehicles the character has piloted
starships List of starships the character has piloted
Examples
starwars
storms Storm tracks data
Description
This data is a subset of the NOAA Atlantic hurricane database best track data, http://www.nhc.
noaa.gov/data/#hurdat. The data includes the positions and attributes of 198 tropical storms,
measured every six hours during the lifetime of a storm.
Usage
storms
60 summarise
Format
A tibble with 10,010 observations and 13 variables:
name Storm Name

year,month,day Date of report
hour Hour of report (in UTC)
lat,long Location of storm center
status Storm classification (Tropical Depression, Tropical Storm, or Hurricane)
category Saffir-Simpson storm category (estimated from wind speed. -1 = Tropical Depression, 0
= Tropical Storm)
wind storms maximum sustained wind speed (in knots)
pressure Air pressure at the storms center (in millibars)
ts_diameter Diameter of the area experiencing tropical storm strength winds (34 knots or above)
hu_diameter Diameter of the area experiencing hurricane strength winds (64 knots or above)
Examples
storms
summarise Reduces multiple values down to a single value
Description
summarise() is typically used on grouped data created by group_by(). The output will have one
row for each group.
Usage
summarise(.data, ...)
summarize(.data, ...)
Arguments
... Name-value pairs of summary functions. The name will be the name of the
variable in the result. The value should be an expression that returns a single
value like min(x), n(), or sum(is.na(y)).
summarise 61
Value
An object of the same class as .data. One grouping level will be dropped.
Useful functions
Center: mean(), median()
Spread: sd(), IQR(), mad()
Range: min(), max(), quantile()
Position: first(), last(), nth(),
Count: n(), n_distinct()
Logical: any(), all()
Backend variations
Data frames are the only backend that supports creating a variable and using it in the same summary.
See examples for more details.
Tidy data
See Also
Other single table verbs: arrange, filter, mutate, select, slice
Examples
# A summary applied to ungrouped tbl returns a single row
mtcars %>%
summarise(mean = mean(disp), n = n())
# Usually, you'll want to group first

mtcars %>%
group_by(cyl) %>%
summarise(mean = mean(disp), n = n())
# Each summary call removes one grouping level (since that group
# is now just a single row)
mtcars %>%
group_by(cyl, vs) %>%
summarise(cyl_n = n()) %>%
group_vars()
# Note that with data frames, newly created summaries immediately

# overwrite existing variables
mtcars %>%
group_by(cyl) %>%
summarise(disp = mean(disp), sd = sd(disp))
62 summarise_all
# summarise() supports quasiquotation. You can unquote raw

# expressions or quosures:
var <- quo(mean(cyl))
summarise(mtcars, !! var)
summarise_all Summarise and mutate multiple columns.
Description
These verbs are scoped variants of summarise(), mutate() and transmute(). They apply opera-
tions on a selection of variables.
summarise_all(), mutate_all() and transmute_all() apply the functions to all (non-

grouping) columns.
summarise_at(), mutate_at() and transmute_at() allow you to select columns using the
same name-based select_helpers just like with select().
summarise_if(), mutate_if() and transmute_if() operate on columns for which a predi-
cate returns TRUE.
Usage
summarise_all(.tbl, .funs, ...)
summarise_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs, ...)
summarise_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs, ..., .cols = NULL)
summarize_all(.tbl, .funs, ...)
summarize_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs, ...)
summarize_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs, ..., .cols = NULL)
mutate_all(.tbl, .funs, ...)
mutate_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs, ...)
mutate_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs, ..., .cols = NULL)
transmute_all(.tbl, .funs, ...)
transmute_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs, ...)
transmute_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs, ..., .cols = NULL)

summarise_all 63
Arguments
.tbl A tbl object.
lambda-formula.
.cols This argument has been renamed to .vars to fit dplyrs terminology and is dep-
recated.
Value
A data frame. By default, the newly created columns have the shortest names needed to uniquely
identify the output. To force inclusion of a name, even when not needed, name the input (see
examples for details).
See Also
vars(), funs()
Examples
# The scoped variants of summarise() and mutate() make it easy to
# apply the same transformation to multiple variables:
iris %>%
group_by(Species) %>%
summarise_all(mean)
# There are three variants.

# * _all affects every variable
# * _at affects variables selected with a character vector or vars()
# * _if affects variables selected with a predicate function:
starwars %>% summarise_at(vars(height:mass), mean, na.rm = TRUE)

starwars %>% summarise_at(c("height", "mass"), mean, na.rm = TRUE)
starwars %>% summarise_if(is.numeric, mean, na.rm = TRUE)
# mutate_if is particularly useful for transforming variables from

64 tally
# one type to another

iris %>% as_tibble() %>% mutate_if(is.factor, as.character)
iris %>% as_tibble() %>% mutate_if(is.double, as.integer)
# ---------------------------------------------------------------------------
# If you want apply multiple transformations, use funs()
by_species <- iris %>% group_by(Species)
by_species %>% summarise_all(funs(min, max))

# Note that output variable name now includes the function name, in order to
# keep things distinct.
# You can express more complex inline transformations using .

by_species %>% mutate_all(funs(. / 2.54))
# Function names will be included if .funs has names or multiple inputs

by_species %>% mutate_all(funs(cm = . / 2.54))
by_species %>% summarise_all(funs(med = median))
by_species %>% summarise_all(funs(Q3 = quantile), probs = 0.75)
by_species %>% summarise_all(c("min", "max"))
tally Count/tally observations by group
Description
tally() is a convenient wrapper for summarise that will either call n() or sum(n) depending on
whether youre tallying for the first time, or re-tallying. count() is similar but calls group_by()
before and ungroup() after.
add_tally() adds a column "n" to a table based on the number of items within each existing group,
while add_count() is a shortcut that does the grouping as well. These functions are to tally()
and count() as mutate() is to summarise(): they add an additional column rather than collapsing
each group.
Usage
tally(x, wt, sort = FALSE)
count(x, ..., wt = NULL, sort = FALSE)
add_tally(x, wt, sort = FALSE)
add_count(x, ..., wt = NULL, sort = FALSE)
Arguments
x a tbl() to tally/count.
tally 65
wt (Optional) If omitted, will count the number of rows. If specified, will perform
a "weighted" tally by summing the (non-missing) values of variable wt. This
argument is automatically quoted and later evaluated in the context of the data
frame. It supports unquoting. See vignette("programming") for an introduc-
tion to these concepts.
sort if TRUE will sort output in descending order of n
... Variables to group by.
Value
A tbl, grouped the same way as x.
Note
The column name in the returned data is usually n, even if you have supplied a weight.
If the data already already has a column named n, the output column will be called nn. If the table
already has columns called n and nn then the column returned will be nnn, and so on.
There is currently no way to control the output variable name - if you need to change the default,
youll have to write the summarise() yourself.
Examples
# tally() is short-hand for mutate()

mtcars %>% tally()
# count() is a short-hand for group_by() + tally()
mtcars %>% count(cyl)
# add_tally() is short-hand for mutate()

mtcars %>% add_tally()
# add_count() is a short-hand for group_by() + add_tally()
mtcars %>% add_count(cyl)
# count and tally are designed so that you can call

# them repeatedly, each time rolling up a level of detail
species <- starwars %>% count(species, homeworld, sort = TRUE)
species
species %>% count(species, sort = TRUE)
# add_count() is useful for groupwise filtering

# e.g.: show only species that have a single member
starwars %>%
add_count(species) %>%
filter(n == 1)
66 tbl_cube
tbl Create a table from a data source
Description
This is a generic method that dispatches based on the first argument.
Usage
tbl(src, ...)
is.tbl(x)
as.tbl(x, ...)
Arguments
src A data source
... Other arguments passed on to the individual methods
x an object to coerce to a tbl
tbl_cube A data cube tbl
Description
A cube tbl stores data in a compact array format where dimension names are not needlessly repeated.
They are particularly appropriate for experimental data where all combinations of factors are tried
(e.g. complete factorial designs), or for storing the result of aggregations. Compared to data frames,
they will occupy much less memory when variables are crossed, not nested.
Usage
tbl_cube(dimensions, measures)
Arguments
dimensions A named list of vectors. A dimension is a variable whose values are known
before the experiement is conducted; they are fixed by design (in reshape2 they
are known as id variables). tbl_cubes are dense which means that almost every
combination of the dimensions should have associated measurements: missing
values require an explicit NA, so if the variables are nested, not crossed, the
majority of the data structure will be empty. Dimensions are typically, but not
always, categorical variables.
tbl_cube 67
measures A named list of arrays. A measure is something that is actually measured, and
is not known in advance. The dimension of each array should be the same as
the length of the dimensions. Measures are typically, but not always, continuous
values.
Details
tbl_cube support is currently experimental and little performance optimisation has been done, but
you may find them useful if your data already comes in this form, or you struggle with the memory
overhead of the sparse/crossed of data frames. There is no support for hierarchical indices (although
I think that would be a relatively straightforward extension to storing data frames for indices rather
than vectors).
Implementation
Manipulation functions:
select() (M)
summarise() (M), corresponds to roll-up, but rather more limited since there are no hierar-
chies.
filter() (D), corresponds to slice/dice.
mutate() (M) is not implemented, but should be relatively straightforward given the imple-
mentation of summarise.
arrange() (D?) Not implemented: not obvious how much sense it would make
Joins: not implemented. See vignettes/joins.graffle for ideas. Probably straightforward if

you get the indexes right, and thats probably some straightforward array/tensor operation.
See Also
as.tbl_cube() for ways of coercing existing data structures into a tbl_cube.
Examples
# The built in nasa dataset records meterological data (temperature,
# cloud cover, ozone etc) for a 4d spatio-temporal dataset (lat, long,
# month and year)
nasa
head(as.data.frame(nasa))
titanic <- as.tbl_cube(Titanic)

head(as.data.frame(titanic))
admit <- as.tbl_cube(UCBAdmissions)

head(as.data.frame(admit))
as.tbl_cube(esoph, dim_names = 1:3)
# Some manipulation examples with the NASA dataset --------------------------

68 top_n
# select() operates only on measures: it doesn't affect dimensions in any way

select(nasa, cloudhigh:cloudmid)
select(nasa, matches("temp"))
# filter() operates only on dimensions

filter(nasa, lat > 0, year == 2000)
# Each component can only refer to one dimensions, ensuring that you always
# create a rectangular subset
## Not run: filter(nasa, lat > long)
# Arrange is meaningless for tbl_cubes
by_loc <- group_by(nasa, lat, long)

summarise(by_loc, pressure = max(pressure), temp = mean(temperature))
top_n Select top (or bottom) n rows (by value)
Description
This is a convenient wrapper that uses filter() and min_rank() to select the top or bottom entries
in each group, ordered by wt.
Usage
top_n(x, n, wt)
Arguments
x a tbl() to filter
n number of rows to return. If x is grouped, this is the number of rows per group.
Will include more than n rows if there are ties.
If n is positive, selects the top n rows. If negative, selects the bottom n rows.
wt (Optional). The variable to use for ordering. If not specified, defaults to the last
variable in the tbl.
Examples
df <- data.frame(x = c(10, 4, 1, 6, 3, 1, 1))
df %>% top_n(2)
# Negative values select bottom from group. Note that we get more
# than 2 values here because there's a tie: top_n() either takes
# all rows with a value, or none.
df %>% top_n(-2)
vars 69
if (require("Lahman")) {
# Find 10 players with most games
# A little nicer with %>%
tbl_df(Batting) %>%
group_by(playerID) %>%
tally(G) %>%
top_n(10)
# Find year with most games for each player

tbl_df(Batting) %>% group_by(playerID) %>% top_n(1, G)
}
vars Select variables
Description
This helper is intended to provide equivalent semantics to select(). It is used for instance in
scoped summarising and mutating verbs (mutate_at() and summarise_at()).
Usage
vars(...)
Arguments
... Variables to include/exclude in mutate/summarise. You can use same specifica-
tions as in select(). If missing, defaults to all non-grouping variables.
These arguments are automatically quoted and later evaluated in the context of
the data frame. They support unquoting. See vignette("programming") for
an introduction to these concepts.
Details
Note that verbs accepting a vars() specification also accept an integerish vector of positions or a
character vector of column names.
See Also
funs(), all_vars() and any_vars() for other quoting functions that you can use with scoped
verbs.
Index
Topic datasets band_instruments (band_members), 10

band_members, 10 band_instruments2 (band_members), 10
starwars, 58 band_members, 10
storms, 59 between, 11
+, 36 between(), 24
==, 24 bind, 11
>, 24 bind_cols (bind), 11
>=, 24 bind_rows (bind), 11
[[, 40
&, 24 c(), 11
case_when, 13
case_when(), 36, 45
add_count (tally), 64
coalesce, 15
add_tally (tally), 64
coalesce(), 36, 39
all(), 61
collapse (compute), 16
all.equal(), 4
collect (compute), 16
all.equal.tbl_df (all_equal), 4
collect(), 17, 57
all_equal, 4
combine (bind), 11
all_vars, 5
compute, 16
all_vars(), 24, 25, 69
compute(), 57
anti_join (join), 31 contains (select_helpers), 53
anti_join.tbl_df (join.tbl_df), 33 contains(), 50
any(), 61 copy_to, 17
any_vars (all_vars), 5 copy_to(), 16
any_vars(), 24, 25, 69 count (tally), 64
arrange, 6, 24, 36, 51, 55, 61 count(), 64
arrange(), 7, 18, 20, 49 cumall, 18
arrange_all, 7 cumall(), 36
arrange_all(), 49 cumany (cumall), 18
arrange_at (arrange_all), 7 cumany(), 36
arrange_if (arrange_all), 7 cume_dist (ranking), 44
as.data.frame.tbl_cube cume_dist(), 36
(as.table.tbl_cube), 8 cummax(), 36
as.table.tbl_cube, 8 cummean (cumall), 18
as.tbl (tbl), 66 cummean(), 36
as.tbl_cube, 9 cummin(), 36
as.tbl_cube(), 67 cumsum(), 36
as_data_frame.tbl_cube current_vars (select_helpers), 53
(as.table.tbl_cube), 8
auto_copy, 9 DBI::dbConnect(), 57
70
INDEX 71
dbplyr::tbl_dbi(), 6, 23, 35, 50, 60 groups, 26

dense_rank (ranking), 44
dense_rank(), 36 ident, 30
desc, 18 if_else, 30
desc(), 6, 44 if_else(), 36, 45
dimnames(), 9 ifelse(), 30
distinct, 19 inner_join (join), 31
do, 20 inner_join.tbl_df (join.tbl_df), 33
do(), 47, 57 integerish, 49, 69
dplyr (dplyr-package), 3 intersect (setops), 54
dplyr-package, 3 IQR(), 61
dr_dplyr, 21 is.na(), 24
dtplyr::grouped_dt, 27 is.tbl (tbl), 66
dtplyr::tbl_dt(), 6, 23, 35, 50, 60 isTRUE(), 5
ends_with (select_helpers), 53 join, 12, 31, 33

ends_with(), 50 join.tbl_df, 33
evaluated, 6, 23, 35, 48, 50, 55, 60, 65, 68, 69 join.tbl_df(), 4
everything (select_helpers), 53
explain, 22 lag (lead-lag), 34
explain(), 57 lag(), 36
explicit splicing, 7, 14, 15, 29, 45, 49, 52, last (nth), 40
63 last(), 61
lead (lead-lag), 34
filter, 7, 23, 36, 51, 55, 61 lead(), 36
filter(), 20, 37, 49, 55, 68 lead-lag, 34
filter_all, 24 left_join (join), 31
filter_all(), 5, 24, 49 left_join.tbl_df (join.tbl_df), 33
filter_at (filter_all), 24 locales(), 6
filter_at(), 24 log(), 36
filter_if (filter_all), 24
filter_if(), 5, 24 mad(), 61
first (nth), 40 matches (select_helpers), 53
first(), 61 matches(), 50
full_join (join), 31 max(), 61
full_join.tbl_df (join.tbl_df), 33 mean(), 61
funs, 25 median(), 61
funs(), 6, 7, 29, 49, 52, 63, 69 merge(), 34
min(), 61
group_by, 27 min_rank (ranking), 44
group_by(), 28, 29, 49, 60, 64 min_rank(), 36, 68
group_by_all, 28 mutate, 7, 24, 28, 35, 51, 55, 61
group_by_all(), 27, 49 mutate(), 20, 37, 47, 49, 62, 64
group_by_at (group_by_all), 28 mutate_all (summarise_all), 62
group_by_at(), 27 mutate_all(), 36
group_by_if (group_by_all), 28 mutate_at (summarise_all), 62
group_by_if(), 27 mutate_at(), 36, 69
group_vars (groups), 26 mutate_if (summarise_all), 62
grouped_df, 27 mutate_if(), 36
72 INDEX
n, 37 RMySQL::MySQL(), 56, 57
n(), 61, 64 row_number (ranking), 44
n_distinct, 41 row_number(), 36, 55
n_distinct(), 61 rowwise, 47
na_if, 39 rowwise(), 20
na_if(), 15, 36 RPostgreSQL::PostgreSQL(), 56
nasa, 38 RSQLite::SQLite(), 56
near, 39
near(), 24 sample, 47
nth, 40 sample.int(), 47
nth(), 61 sample_frac (sample), 47
ntile (ranking), 44 sample_n (sample), 47
ntile(), 36 scoped, 7, 24, 27, 28, 36, 48, 51, 52, 62
num_range (select_helpers), 53 sd(), 61
num_range(), 50 select, 7, 24, 36, 50, 55, 61
select(), 20, 49, 52, 54, 62, 69
one_of (select_helpers), 53 select_all, 52
order_by, 42 select_all(), 49, 51
select_at (select_all), 52
percent_rank (ranking), 44 select_at(), 51
percent_rank(), 36 select_helpers, 53, 62
pkgconfig::set_config(), 4 select_if (select_all), 52
plyr::dlply(), 20 select_if(), 51
plyr::ldply(), 20, 47 select_vars(), 49
print(), 22 semi_join (join), 31
pull, 43 semi_join.tbl_df (join.tbl_df), 33
setdiff (setops), 54
quantile(), 61 setequal (setops), 54
quasiquotation, 43 setops, 54
quosure, 48 show_query (explain), 22
quoted, 6, 23, 26, 35, 48, 50, 55, 60, 65, 68, 69 show_query(), 57
slice, 7, 24, 36, 51, 55, 61
ranking, 44 sql, 56
rbind_all (bind), 11 src_dbi, 56
rbind_list (bind), 11 src_mysql (src_dbi), 56
recode, 45 src_mysql(), 27
recode(), 36 src_postgres (src_dbi), 56
recode_factor (recode), 45 src_postgres(), 27
rename (select), 50 src_sqlite (src_dbi), 56
rename(), 49, 52 src_sqlite(), 27
rename_all (select_all), 52 starts_with (select_helpers), 53
rename_all(), 51 starts_with(), 49, 50
rename_at (select_all), 52 starwars, 58
rename_at(), 51 storms, 59
rename_if (select_all), 52 str(), 22
rename_if(), 51 sum, 64
right_join (join), 31 summarise, 7, 24, 36, 51, 55, 60
right_join.tbl_df (join.tbl_df), 33 summarise(), 20, 37, 47, 49, 62, 64, 65
rlang::as_function(), 7, 25, 29, 49, 52, 63 summarise_all, 62
INDEX 73
summarise_all(), 49
summarise_at (summarise_all), 62
summarise_at(), 25, 69
summarise_if (summarise_all), 62
summarize (summarise), 60
summarize_all (summarise_all), 62
summarize_at (summarise_all), 62
summarize_if (summarise_all), 62
switch(), 45
tally, 64
tally(), 64
tbl, 66
tbl(), 26, 27, 56, 64, 68
tbl_cube, 38, 66
tbl_df(), 6, 23, 35, 50, 60
tibble::as_data_frame(), 8
tibble::rownames_to_column(), 6, 24, 36,
51, 55, 61
top_n, 68
transmute (mutate), 35
transmute(), 49, 62
transmute_all (summarise_all), 62
transmute_all(), 36
transmute_at (summarise_all), 62
transmute_at(), 36
transmute_if (summarise_all), 62
transmute_if(), 36
ungroup (group_by), 27
ungroup(), 23, 64
union (setops), 54
union_all (setops), 54
unique.data.frame(), 19
unlist(), 11
unquoting, 6, 23, 26, 35, 48, 50, 55, 60, 65,
68, 69
vars, 69
vars(), 6, 7, 25, 29, 48, 49, 52, 63
with_order(), 42
xor(), 24

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Package dplyr

July 21, 2017

URL http://dplyr.tidyverse.org, https://github.com/tidyverse/dplyr

dplyr-package dplyr: a grammar of data manipulation

It has three main goals:

Romain Francois <romain@r-enthusiasts.com>

RStudio [copyright holder, funder]

all_equal Flexible equality comparison for data frames

## S3 method for class 'tbl_df'

# By default, ordering of rows and columns ignored

# But those can be overriden if desired

# By default all_equal is sensitive to variable differences

all_vars Apply predicate to all variables

arrange Arrange rows by variables

## S3 method for class 'grouped_df'

# grouped arrange ignores groups

arrange_all Arrange rows by a selection of variables

arrange_at(.tbl, .vars, .funs = list(), ...)

arrange_if(.tbl, .predicate, .funs = list(), ...)

as.table.tbl_cube Coerce a tbl_cube to other data structures

Supports conversion to tables, data frames, tibbles.

## S3 method for class 'tbl_cube'

## S3 method for class 'tbl_cube'

## S3 method for class 'tbl_cube'

as.tbl_cube Coerce an existing data structure into a tbl_cube

## S3 method for class 'array'

## S3 method for class 'table'

## S3 method for class 'matrix'

## S3 method for class 'data.frame'

auto_copy Copy tables to same source, if necessary

x, y y will be copied to x, if neccessary.

band_members Band membership

Each is a tibble with two variables and three observations

between Do values in a numeric vector fall in specified range?

between(x, left, right)

x A numeric vector of values

bind Efficiently bind multiple data frames by row and column

bind_rows(..., .id = NULL)

# You can supply data frames as arguments:

# The contents of lists is automatically spliced:

# In addition to data frames, you can supply vectors. In the rows

# You can mix vectors and data frames:

# Note that for historical reasons, lists containg vectors are

# You can circumvent that behaviour with explicit splicing:

# Columns don't need to match when row-binding

# combine applies the same coercion rules

case_when A general vectorised if

# Like an if statement, the arguments are evaluated in order, so you must

# case_when is particularly useful inside mutate when you want to

# Dots support splicing:

coalesce Find first non-missing element

# Or match together a complete vector from missing pieces

# Supply lists by splicing them into dots:

compute Force computation of a database query

remote <- mtcars2 %>%

# Compute query and save in remote table

# Compute query bring back to this session

# Creates a fresh query based on the generated SQL

copy_to Copy a local data frame to a remote src