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    Word Formation

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    Maria Garcia Guarda
    Word formation can occur through various methods such as borrowing, compounding, clipping, conversion, and derivation. Borrowing involves adopting words from other languages. Compounding combines two or more words to form a new one. Clipping is shortening words, while conversion changes a word's class without changing form. Derivation adds affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Neologisms, blends, acronyms, and reduplication are also methods used to form new words.

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    Word Formation

    Uploaded by

    Maria Garcia Guarda
    257 views2 pages
    Word formation can occur through various methods such as borrowing, compounding, clipping, conversion, and derivation. Borrowing involves adopting words from other languages. Compounding combines two or more words to form a new one. Clipping is shortening words, while conversion changes a word's class without changing form. Derivation adds affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Neologisms, blends, acronyms, and reduplication are also methods used to form new words.

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    Word formation can occur through various methods such as borrowing, compounding, clipping, conversion, and derivation. Borrowing involves adopting words from other languages. Compounding combines two or more words to form a new one. Clipping is shortening words, while conversion changes a word's class without changing form. Derivation adds affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Neologisms, blends, acronyms, and reduplication are also methods used to form new words.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as ODT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    257 views2 pages

    Word Formation

    Uploaded by

    Maria Garcia Guarda
    Word formation can occur through various methods such as borrowing, compounding, clipping, conversion, and derivation. Borrowing involves adopting words from other languages. Compounding combines two or more words to form a new one. Clipping is shortening words, while conversion changes a word's class without changing form. Derivation adds affixes like prefixes and suffixes. Neologisms, blends, acronyms, and reduplication are also methods used to form new words.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Download as odt, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    WORD FORMATION

    Different methods though a word can be created.

    Neologism or Coining: The creation of a new word, through different means.

    BORROWINGS

    It consists on taking a word directly from other language, for example: Piano (Italian), yogurt
    (Turkish) etc.

    -Calques or Loan translation: Special type of borrowing in which a word is literally translated
    into another language. For example -> Gratte-ciel -> Scrape-sky (Skyscraper) -> Rascacielos

    "El momento de la verdad" -> The moment of truth (Calque from Spanish).

    COMPOUNDING

    It consists on the combination of two entire words: E.g. -> Wallpaper, textbook, etc. And we use
    them as single words even with their particular plural form, conjugations (in case of verb) etc.

    -Blending, type of compounding, it consists on the combination of two words but taking a part of
    each word, not the entire word, usually the first part of one word and the last part of the second.

    E.g. -> Brucn (breakfast/lunch), motel (motor/hotel)


    But also taking the beginning of both words -> Modem, Velcro etc.

    -This process is also use to describe the mixing of languages, for example Spanglish, Franglais etc.

    CLIPPING

    It consists on the reduction of a word of more than one syllable. E.g Gasoline -> Gas,
    advertisement -> ad, brassiere -> bra etc. It is the same with names Thomas -> Tom, Edward -> Ed

    -Hypochorism, particular type of reduction + derivation, it consists on the reduction of a word


    and then adding it -y or -ie. E.g. Moving picture -> movie Television -> Telly

    -Backformation, type of reduction, usually a word is reduced to another type of word (Usually
    verb) (Clipping + Conversion). Television > Televise, Donation > donate

    CONVERSION
    A change in the function of a word, usually to a verb but without reduction. Bottle> To bottle,
    spy> to spy, doctor > to doctor (bad sense). Sometimes the original meaning or the stress can
    change. (Pervert > To pervrt)

    COINAGE
    It is the use of a totally new term, usually names of branches that become the general term such as
    Kleenex, nylon etc.

    -Eponym: new words based on names of people or places. E.g. jeans (Genoa, Italy), teddy bear
    (Theodore Roosevelt), sandwich (Earl of Sandwich)
    ACRONYMS

    It consists on the creation of new words formed with the initial letter of a set of words.

    -Pronunciation of each letter separately: CD, DJ


    -Pronounced as single words: NATO, NASA
    -Some of them became everyday terms and usually have lost their capital letters: Laser, radar etc.

    -Orthographic initalism: A word that is shorten by means of acronymy but it is pronounced as the
    whole word, such as the abbreviations NY (New York), Mr, Mrs (mister, misses), Jr (junior)

    -Another subtype of acronym is the one in which words are formed with random letters within a
    single word: television TV, Identification Id

    DERIVATION

    It is the most common type of word formation it consists on adding an affix to a word.

    -Prefixes: Added at the beginning of a word (UN, MIS, DIS etc.) unbelievable, misunderstand,
    dishonour
    -Suffixes; Added at the end of a word (Less, ful, ish), flawless. Useful, selfish. Two suffixes can
    happen together Selfishness
    -Prefixes and suffixes can happen together in a single word dis-respect-ful

    -infixes, less common of them, added in the middle of a word unfuckingbelievable

    RETRONYMS

    It is a recent method which consists on adding a new name for something that already exists, to
    differentiate the original from the more recent version, usually consists on adding a modifier rather
    than replacing the whole word.

    -Watch digital watch


    -Phone mobile phone

    REDUPLICATION

    Forming new words by means of doubling an entire free morpheme or part of it. In some languages
    this method is used to form the plural of a word.

    -knock knock
    -mama /dada
    -hocus pocus
    -tutti frutti

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