Mindlin's
Mindlin's
Mindlin's
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196 RAYMOND D. MINDLIN
The notion of such half-space nuclei of strain where: X, Y, Z are the Galerkin functions,
suggests some interesting possibilities. By em- i, j, k constitute an orthogonal system of unit
vectors
ploying these half-space nuclei as unit solutions,
F=iX +j Y +kZ is the Galerkin vector,
it may be possible to find solutions analogous to LI. is Laplace's operator,
those obtained from the Kelvin nuclei but with G is the modulus of rigidity,
the additional feature that a new plane boundary p. is Poisson's ratio.
terms of a vector stress function whose scalar The solutions given in sections 4 and 5 were
coefficients are the Galerkin functions. The dis- obtained by superposition of nuclei of strain for
placements are given, in Westergaard's form of an unlimited solid. It has been found con-
the Galerkin vector, b y 9
venient, in applying the method of superposition,
U= (1j2G)[2(1-M)~X - (ajax) div F], to express the nuclei of strain in terms of Galerkin
v=(1j2G)[2(1-M)~Y-(ajay) divF], (1) vectors.
W= (1j2G)[2(1- M)~Z - (ajaz) div F], In the following list of functions, A, B,
C, ... H are constants and R= (X2+y2+Z2)!.
6 H.. M. Westergaard, Lectures on Elasticity while
Visiting Professor at the University of Michigan (Summer It may be observed that each of the functions
Session, 1934).
7 B. Galerkin, Comptes rendus 190, 1047 (1930).
satisfies the biharmonic equation and that the
8 P. F. Papkovitch, Comptes rendus 195, 513, 754 stresses derived from them vanish at infinity.
(1932).
9 H. M. Westergaard, Bull. Am. Math. Soc. 41, 695
(1935). 10 Love, p. 274; Timoshenko, p. 309.
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FORCE IN THE INTERIOR OF A SOLID 197
GALERKIN VECTORS FOR NUCLEI OF STRAIN IN AN (3) kH[y log (R+y)-RJ (type G(3) along y axis from
UNLIMITED SOLID y = 0 to y = - (0)
A. Single force (Kelvin's problem). (4) iH[y log (R+y) - RJ (type G(1) along y axis from
(1) iAR (single force in x direction) y=O to y= - 00)
(2) JAR (single force in y direction) (5) jH[z log (R+z)-RJ (type G(2) along z axis from
(3) kAR (single force in z direction) z = 0 to z = - 00)
(6) kH[x log (R+x) - RJ (type G(3) along x axis from
B. Double force
x = 0 to x = - 00)
(1) iBx/ R (double force in x direction)
(2) jBy/R (double force in y direction)
(3) kBz/ R (double force in z direction) 4. FORCE NORMAL TO THE BOUNDARY OF A
C. Double force with moment SEMI-INFINITE SOLID
(1) iCz/ R (double force in x direction with moment
about yaxis) The semi-infinite solid is considered to be
(2) jCx/ R (double force in y direction with moment bounded by the plane z=O, the positive z axis
about z axis) penetrating into the body. A force P is applied
(3) kCy/R (double force in z direction with moment
at point (0, 0, +c) and acts in the pOSitive z
about x axis)
(4) iCy/R (double force in x direction with moment
direction (Fig. 1).
about z axis) Since the stress will be symmetrical about the
(5) jCz/ R (double force in y direction with moment z axis, we need consider only the k component of
about x axis) F. Transforming to cylindrical coordinates
(6) kCx/ R (double force in z direction with moment r, 0, z and noting that Z is independent of 0, we
about y axis)
find, from Eqs. (1) and (2), the following ex-
D. Line of double forces with moment
pressions for the displacements and stresses III
(1) iDz log (R+x) (type C(1) along x axis from x=O
to x= - 00) symmetrical cylindrical coordinates :10
(2) jDx log (R+y) (type C(2) along y axis from y=O
to y= - 00)
u= -(1/2G)(a 2Z/araz),
(3) kDy log (R+z) (type C(3) along z axis from z=O
to z= - 00)
(4) iDy log (R+x) (type C(4) along x axis from x=O ITr = (a/ aZ)[M~Z - a2z/ ar 2J,
to x= - 00) (4)
(5) jDz log (R+y) (type C(5) along y axis from y=O ITo = (a/ az) [M~Z - (l/r) (az/ ar) J,
to y= - 00)
(6) kDx log (R+z) (type C(6) along z axis from z=O
to z= - 00)
E. Center of compression or dilatation
(1) iE log (R+x)
(2) jE log (R+y) (All three yield the same stresses)
(3) kE log (R+z)
F. Line of compression or dilatation of constant strength
(1) iF[x log (R+x)-RJ (along x axis from x=O to 4-------~~-\------~~
x=-oo)
(2) jF[y log (R+y)-RJ (along y axis from y=O to
y= - 00)
(3) kF[z log (R+z)-RJ (along z axis from z=O to
z=-oo)
G. Doublet (double center of compression-dilatation)
(1) iG(I/R) (axis of doublet parallel to x axis)
(2) jG(1/R) (axis of doublet parallel to yaxis)
(3) kG(I/ R) (axis of doublet parallel to z axis)
H. Linearly varying line of doublets with strength propor-
tional to distance from the origin
(1) iH[z log (R+z)-RJ (type G(l) along z axis from
z = 0 to z = - 00)
(2) jH[x log (R+x)-RJ (type G(2) along x axis from FIG. 1. Force normal to the boundary in the interior of a
x = 0 to x = - 00) semi-infinite solid.
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198 RAY:\'10ND D. MINDLIN
We first apply the Kelvin solution at point found to satisfy these conditions if the proper
(0,0, +e) by replacing R with R l = (rz+(z-e)Z)! values are assigned to the constants A, B, E, F
in solution A (3) of section 3. We note that and G.
stresses (}"z and Trz are produced on the plane To transfer nuclei of strain from. the origin to
z=o. The boundary conditions for z=o are (0, 0, -e), we replace z with (z+e) and R with
R 2 = (r2 + (z+e)2)! in the formulas of section 3.
[O"zJz=o= [Tr.]z=O=O. (5)
The values of the constants are obtained from
It is therefore necessary to add further solutions the boundary 'Eqs. (5) and the equilibrium
to remove the boundary stresses and these solu- condition
tions must introduce no new singularities in the
region z::';O. Nuclei of strain of types A(3), B(3), P= - j""21rrO"zdr, (z>e). (6)
E(3), F(3) and G(3), applied at (0, 0, -e), are o
W=
P [3--4J.t
-+
8(1-J.t)2- (3-4,u) (z-e)2 (3 -4,u)(z+e)Z-2ez 6eZ(z+e)2]
+--+ +,
167rG(1-J.t) Rl R2 R l3 R 23 R 25
P [(1-2J.t)(Z-e) (1-2J.t)(z+7e) 4(1-,u)(1-2J.t) 3r 2(z-e)
O"r = +------
87r(1-J.t) R l3 R 23 R 2 (R 2+z+e) R l5
2
+6e(1-2J.t)(z+e)2-6e (z+e) -3(3 -4J.t)r 2(z-e) 30er 2Z(z+e)], (9)
R 25 R27
2
P(1-2J.t)[(Z-e) (3-4J.t)(z+e)-6e 4(1-J.t) 6e(z+e)2 6e (z+e) ],
0"9=
87r(1- J.t)
--+
R 3 R 23 R 2(R 2 +z+e)
+---
R (1- 2J.t)R 25
l 25
O"z= P [ (1-2,u)(z-e) + (1-2,u)(z-e) 3(z-e)3
87r(1-J.t) R l3 R 23 R l5
3(3 -4J.t)z(z+e)2- 3e(z+e)(5z -e) 30eZ(z+e)3],
R~ R? .
Trz= Pr [_1-2J.t +1-2J.t 3(z-e)2 3(3-4J.t)z(z+e)-3e(3z+e) 30eZ(z+e)2].
87r(1- J.t) R l3 R 23 R l5 R 25 R27
----
Jl R. D. Mindlin, Comptes rendus 201,536 (1935).
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FORCE IN THE INTERIOR OF A SOLID 199
f}fJ iz-
tJ.6
R r~
--t;?p
-Ill
I"
\
at
/
~C
'-LUI \L
\ -4L ~
p
'"
\'VU
-liD
FIG. 2. Normal stress on planes parallel to boundary for the FIG. 3. Vertical deflection of the surface for the case of a
case of a force normal to the boundary (I' = 0.3). force normal to the boundary (1'=0.3).
Fig. 2 shows the distribution of normal stress on horizontal planes, and Fig. 3 shows the vertical
deflection of the surface of the semi-infinite solid.
When C-7oo all terms in Eqs. (9) containing R2 vanish and the solution becomes that for Kelvin's
problem where the force is applied at (0, 0, +c) in the positive z direction. The corresponding Galerkin
vector is
F=k[PRI/87r(1-,u)]' (10)
When C-70 Eqs. (9) give the stresses and displacements for Boussinesq's problem.I 2 These stresses
are represented by the Galerkin vector
The solution for the problem of Boussinesq was given by Professor Westergaard 6 in the form of the
Galerkin vector
(12a)
As a further verification of the solution, we may compare the stresses with those obtained for the
corresponding two-dimensional case by E. Melan. 13 While the approach to the solution in three
dimensions was simplified through the use of cylindrical coordinates, the comparison with Melan's
formulas is facilitated by referring the components of stress to rectangular coordinates. Eqs. (9) then
become:
12 The stresses and displacements for the problems of 13 E. Melan, Zeits. f. angew. Math. und Mech. 12, 343
Boussinesq and Cerruti are given by F. Vogt, Del Norske (1932). This comparison was suggested by Professor S.
Videnskaps Akademi i Oslo, Math.-Naturv. klasse, No.2, Timoshenko.
pp. 5, 20 (1925).
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200 RAYMOND D. MINDLIN
4(1-M)(1-2 M)( x2
1------
R 2(R 2+z+c) R 2(R 2+z+c)
(Jy=~_[(1-2M)(Z-C) _ 3y2(Z-~+ (1-2M)[3(z-c) -4M(Z+C)]
87r(1- M) R I3 R I5 R 23
3(3 -4M)y2(Z-C) - 6c(z+c)[(1- 2M)Z- 2MC] 30 cy2Z(Z+C)
4(1-M)(1-2M)( y2 y2)]
- R 2(R 2+z+c) 1- R 2(R 2+z+c) - R22 ' (14)
and the equilibrium condition semi-infinite solid, parallel to the boundary, the
solution is obtained by superposition of six nuclei
p= -4f."'f'" Tzxdydx, (z>e). (16) of strain for the unlimited solid: (1) a single force
o 0 at (0, 0, +e); (2) a single force at (0, 0, -e);
(3) a doublet at (0, 0, -c); (4) a semi-infinite line
The result of these operations is the Galerkin of doublets extending from Z= -e to z= - if.;
vectorll with strength proportional to the distance from
F = [P /87r(1-,u) J(ilR I + R 2- 2e 2/ R2 Z= -e; (5) a double force with moment at
(0, 0, -c); (6) a semi-infinite line of double
+4(1-,u)(1- 2,u)[(z+e) log (R 2 +z+e) -R2JI forces with moment extending from Z= -e to
+k! 2ex/ R 2 + 2 (1- 2,u)x log (R 2 +z+e) I). (17) z=-oo.
The displacements and stresses, obtained from
Thus, for the case of a force in the interior of a Eqs. (1), (2) and (17), are found to be:
Py [
Txy= 87r(1-,u)
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202 RAYMOND D. MINDLIN
lu
~'" ..
'"
+-----~;7,I~~------~~ ff1 dI
\
'/
C Iii \ I. 1\
-t .,J/ (J
~
f"tIU i'-
ref
~ la:'
'" \ -tl., /,
'/
\j
'"
-<2J
FIG. 4. Force parallel to the boundary in the interior of a FIG. 5. Normal stress along lines parallel to the x axis on
semi-infinite solid. planes parallel to the boundary for the case of a force
parallel to the boundary (,u = 0.3).
Fig. 5 shows the distribution of normal stress on
horizontal planes, and Fig. 6 shows the vertical ......
deflection of the surface of the solid along the
~ ~'.r-..
y
x axis.
When c~ 00 all terms in Eq. (18) containing
R2 vanish and the solution becomes that for '4111 l
I
\
Kelvin's problem with the force apolied at , "- >-.....
(0, 0, +c) in the positive x direction. The cor-
responding Galerkin vector is
- .'~
f'..
-f r"
11.4,,
-4_
(19) \ / ."N
1'--'
When c~O Eqs. (18) give the stresses and ,*0.0"
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