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Juno (spacecraft)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Juno

Artist's rendering of the Juno spacecraft

Mission type Jupiter orbiter

Operator NASA / JPL

COSPAR ID 2011-040A

SATCAT 37773

Website
www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/juno/main/index.ht

ml
 www.missionjuno.swri.edu

Mission duration 6 years total

Cruise: 5 years

Science phase: 20 months

Spacecraft properties

Manufacturer Lockheed Martin

BOL mass 3,625 kg (7,992 lb)[1]

Power solar, 400 W at Jupiter;

two 55-ampere-hour lithium-ion batteries[2]

Start of mission

Launch date August 5, 2011 16:25:00 UTC

(4 years, 11 months and 8 days ago)

Rocket Atlas V 551 (AV-029)

Launch site Cape Canaveral SLC-41

Contractor United Launch Alliance

Orbital parameters

Reference system Zenocentric

Regime Polar orbit[3]

Inclination 90 degrees

Period 53 days

[show]Instruments

Juno mission insignia

 New Frontiers program
New Horizons OSIRIS-REx

Wikinews has related

news:NASA's Juno
spacecraft enters Jupiter
orbit

Juno is a NASA space probe currently orbiting the planet Jupiter. It was launched from Cape
Canaveral Air Force Station on August 5, 2011, as part of the New Frontiers program, and entered
Jupiter orbit on July 4, 2016.[4][5][6] The spacecraft is in apolar orbit to study Jupiter's
composition, gravity field, magnetic field, and polar magnetosphere. Juno will also search for clues
about how the planet formed, including whether it has a rocky core, the amount of water present
within the deep atmosphere, mass distribution, and its deep winds, which can reach speeds of 618
kilometers per hour (384 mph).[7]
Juno is the second spacecraft to orbit Jupiter, following Galileo, which orbited from 1995 to 2003.
The Juno spacecraft is powered by solar arrays, commonly used by satellites orbiting Earth and
working in the inner Solar System, whereas radioisotope thermoelectric generators are commonly
used for missions to the outer Solar System and beyond. For Juno, however, three solar array
wings, the largest ever deployed on a planetary probe, play an integral role in stabilizing the
spacecraft as well as generating power.[8]
The spacecraft's name comes from Greco-Roman mythology. "The god Jupiter drew a veil of clouds
around himself to hide his mischief, but his wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the
clouds and see Jupiter's true nature."[9] The mission had previously been referred to by
the backronym JUpiter Near-polar Orbiter in a list of NASA acronyms.[10]

Contents
[hide]

1Overview

o 1.1Flight trajectory

1.1.1Launch

1.1.2Earth fly-by

1.1.3Insertion into Jupiter's orbit

1.1.4Orbit and environment

1.1.5Deorbit and disintegration

o 1.2Team

o 1.3Cost
 o 1.4Scientific objectives

2Scientific instruments

3Operational components

o 3.1Solar panels

o 3.2Telecommunications

o 3.3Propulsion

4Galileo plaque and Lego minifigures

5Timeline

6See also

7References

8External links

Overview[edit]

Juno's interplanetary trajectory; tick marks at 30-day intervals.

Juno spacecraft trajectory animation

Juno completed a five-year cruise to Jupiter, arriving on July 4, 2016.[5] The spacecraft traveled over
a total distance of roughly 2.8 billion kilometers (18.7 AU; 1.74 billion miles) to reach Jupiter.[11] The
spacecraft will orbit Jupiter 37 times over the course of 20 months.[4][12] Juno's trajectory used
a gravity assist speed boost from Earth, accomplished through an Earth flybyin October 2013, two
years after its launch on August 5, 2011.[13] On July 5, 2016, the spacecraft performed an orbit
insertion burn to slow it enough to allow capture. It will make two 53-day orbits before performing
another burn on October 19 that will bring it into a 14-day polar orbit.
Once in the 14-day orbit, infrared and microwave instruments will begin to measure the thermal
radiation emanating from deep within Jupiter's atmosphere. These observations will complement
previous studies of its composition by assessing the abundance and distribution of water, and
therefore oxygen. These data will provide insight into Jupiter's origins. Juno will also investigate
the convection that drives general circulation patterns in Jupiter's atmosphere. Other instruments
aboard Juno will gather data about its gravitational field and polar magnetosphere. The Juno mission
is set to conclude in February 2018, after completing 37 orbits of Jupiter, when the probe will be de-
orbited to burn up in Jupiter's outer atmosphere,[4][12] so as to avoid any possibility of impact and
biological contamination of one of its moons.[14]
Flight trajectory[edit]
Launch[edit]
Juno was launched atop the Atlas V at Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida. The Atlas V (AV-
029) used a Russian-designed and -built RD-180 main engine, powered by kerosene and liquid
oxygen. At ignition it underwent checkout 3.8 seconds prior to the ignition of five strap-on solid rocket
boosters (SRBs). Following SRB burnout, approximately 1 minute 33 seconds into the flight, two of
the spent boosters fell away from the vehicle, followed 1.5 seconds later by the remaining three.
When heating levels had dropped below predetermined limits, the payload fairing that
protected Juno during transit through the thickest part of the atmosphere separated, about 3 minutes
24 seconds into the flight. The Atlas V main engine cut off 4 minutes 26 seconds after liftoff. Sixteen
seconds later, the Centaur second stage ignited and burned for approximately 6 minutes, putting the
satellite into an initial parking orbit.[15] The vehicle coasted for approximately 30 minutes, and then the
Centaur was re-ignited for a second firing of 9 minutes, placing the spacecraft on an Earth escape
trajectory in a heliocentric orbit.
Prior to separation, the Centaur stage used onboard reaction engines to spin Juno up to 1.4 RPM.
About 54 minutes after launch, the spacecraft separated from the Centaur and began to extend
its solar panels. Following the full deployment and locking of the solar panels, Juno's batteries began
to recharge. Deployment of the solar panels reduced Juno's spin rate by two-thirds. The probe is
spun to ensure stability during the voyage and so that all instruments on the probe are able to
observe Jupiter.[14][16]
The voyage to Jupiter has taken five years, which included an Earth flyby on October 10, 2013.[17]
[18]
On August 12 in 2013, Juno had traveled half of its journey to Jupiter. As it reached the Jovian
system, Juno had traveled approximately 19 AU.[19]


Launch

Lift-off

Launch video
Earth fly-by[edit]

Earth as seen by JunoCam on its October 2013 Earth flyby

Video of Earth and Moon taken by theJuno spacecraft

After traveling for two years in an elliptical heliocentric orbit, Juno returned to pass by Earth in
October 2013. It used Earth's gravity to help propel itself toward the Jovian system in a maneuver
called a gravitational slingshot.[20] The spacecraft received a boost in speed of more than 8,800 mph
(3.9 km/s) and was set on a course to Jupiter.[20][21][22] The fly-by was also used as a rehearsal for
the Juno science team to test some instruments and practice certain procedures before the arrival to
Jupiter.[20][23]
Insertion into Jupiter's orbit[edit]
Jupiter's gravity accelerated the approaching spacecraft to ca. 266,000 km/h (74 km/s). On July 5,
2016, between 03:18 and 03:53 UTCEarth-received time, an insertion burn lasting 2,102 seconds
decelerated Juno by 542 m/s[24] and changed its trajectory from ahyperbolic (fly-by) orbit to
an elliptical, polar Jovian orbit with a period of about 53.5 days.[25] An eccentricity-reducing burn is
planned for October 19, 2016, after which the orbital period will be 14 days. [26]
Orbit and environment[edit]

Juno's elliptical orbit and the Jovian radiation belts

Juno's highly elliptical polar orbit takes it close to the planetwithin 4,300 kilometers (2,700 mi)but
then far beyond even Callisto's orbit.[27] Each of the lower science-gathering orbits takes 14 days and
the spacecraft is expected to complete 37 orbits until the end of the mission.
This orbit minimizes contact with Jupiter's dense radiation belts that can damage spacecraft
electronics and solar panels.[27] The "Juno Radiation Vault", with 1-centimeter-thick titanium walls, will
also aid in protecting and shielding Juno's electronics. [28] Despite the intense radiation, JunoCam and
Jovian Infrared Auroral Mapper (JIRAM) are expected to endure at least eight orbits, while the
microwave radiometer should endure at least eleven orbits.[29] In comparison,Juno will receive much
lower levels of radiation than the Galileo orbiter at its equatorial orbit.
Deorbit and disintegration[edit]
Juno is scheduled to reach the end of the mission during its 37th orbit and perform a controlled
deorbit and disintegrate into Jupiter's atmosphere. During the mission, the spacecraft will be
exposed to high levels of radiation from Jupiter's magnetosphere, which may cause future failure
and risk collision with Jupiter's moons. The controlled deorbit will eliminate space debris and risks of
contamination in accordance with NASA's Planetary Protection Guidelines. The procedure will take
5.5 days, during which the spacecraft will end communications and descend into Jupiter's
atmosphere. Because of the high velocity collision of the spacecraft and the dense atmosphere,
Juno will burn up and disintegrate.[30][31]
Team[edit]
Scott Bolton of the Southwest Research Institute in San Antonio, Texas is the principal investigator
and is responsible for all aspects of the mission. The Jet Propulsion Laboratoryin California manages
the mission and the Lockheed Martin Corporation was responsible for the spacecraft development
and construction. The mission is being carried out with the participation of several institutional
partners. Co-investigators include Toby Owen of the University of Hawaii, Andrew
Ingersoll of California Institute of Technology, Frances Bagenal of the University of Colorado at
Boulder, and Candy Hansen of the Planetary Science Institute. Jack Connerney of the Goddard
Space Flight Center served as instrument lead.[32][33]
Cost[edit]
Juno was originally proposed at a cost of approximately US$700 million (fiscal year 2003) for a
launch in June 2009. NASA budgetary restrictions resulted in postponement until August 2011, and a
launch on board an Atlas V rocket in the 551 configuration. As of June 2011, the mission was
projected to cost $1.1 billion over its life.[34][dated info]
Scientific objectives[edit]

Jupiter imaged using the VISIR instrument on the VLT. These observations will inform the work to be
undertaken by Juno.[35]

The Juno spacecraft's suite of science instruments will:[36]

Determine the ratio of oxygen to hydrogen, effectively measuring

the abundance of water in Jupiter, which will help distinguish among
prevailing theories linking Jupiter's formation to the Solar System.

Obtain a better estimate of Jupiter's core mass, which will also help
distinguish among prevailing theories linking Jupiter's formation to
the Solar System.

Precisely map Jupiter's gravitational field to assess the distribution

of mass in Jupiter's interior, including properties of its structure and
dynamics.

Precisely map Jupiter's magnetic field to assess the origin and

structure of the field and how deep in Jupiter the magnetic field is
created. This experiment will also help scientists understand the
fundamental physics of dynamo theory.

Map the variation in atmospheric composition, temperature,

structure, cloud opacity and dynamics to pressures far greater than
100 bars (10 MPa; 1450 pound/sq inch) at all latitudes.
 Characterize and explore the three-dimensional structure of
Jupiter's polar magnetosphere and its auroras.[37]

Measure the orbital frame-dragging, known also as LenseThirring

precession caused by the angular momentum of Jupiter,[38][39] and
possibly a new test of general relativity effects connected with the
Jovian rotation.[40]

Scientific instruments[edit]
The Juno mission's scientific objectives will be achieved with a payload of nine instruments on board
the spacecraft:[41][42][43][44][45]

Illustration Instrument name Abbr. Description and scientific objective

The microwave radiometer comprises six antennas

mounted on two of the sides of the body of the
probe. They will perform measurements
of electromagnetic waves on frequencies in
the microwave range: 600 MHz, 1.2, 2.4, 4.8, 9.6
and 22 GHz, the only microwave frequencies which
are able to pass through the thick Jovian atmosphere.
The radiometer will measure the abundance of water
Microwave radiometer MWR
and ammonia in the deep layers of the atmosphere
up to 200 bar pressure or 500 to 600 km deep. The
combination of different wavelengths and the
emission angle should make it possible to obtain a
temperature profile at various levels of the
atmosphere. The data collected will determine how
deep the atmospheric circulation is.[46][47] (Principal
investigator: Mike Janssen, Jet Propulsion Laboratory)

The spectrometer mapper JIRAM, operating in

the near infrared (between 2 and 5 m), conducts
surveys in the upper layers of the atmosphere to a
depth of between 50 and 70 km where the pressure
reaches 5 to 7 bars. JIRAM will provide images of
the aurora in the wavelength of 3.4 m in regions
Jovian Infrared Auroral with abundant H3+ ions. By measuring the heat
JIRAM
Mapper radiated by the atmosphere of Jupiter, JIRAM can
determine how clouds with water are flowing
beneath the surface. It can also detectmethane, water
vapor, ammonia and phosphine. It was not required
that this device meets the radiation resistance
requirements.[48][49][50] (Principal investigator: Angioletta
Coradini, Italian National Institute for Astrophysics)
 The magnetic field investigation has three goals:
mapping of the magnetic field, determining the
dynamics of Jupiter's interior, and determination of
the three-dimensional structure of the polar
magnetosphere. The magnetometer experiment
Magnetometer MAG consists of the Flux Gate Magnetometer (FGM),
which will measure the strength and direction of the
magnetic field lines, and the Advanced Stellar
Compass (ASC), which will monitor the orientation
of the magnetometer sensors. (Principal investigator:
Jack Connerney, NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center)

The purpose of measuring gravity by radio waves is

to establish a map of the distribution of mass inside
Jupiter. The uneven distribution of mass in Jupiter
induces small variations in gravity all along the orbit
followed by the probe when it runs closer to the
surface of the planet. These gravity variations drive
small probe velocity changes. The purpose of radio
Gravity Science GS science is to detect the Doppler effect on radio
broadcasts issued by Juno toward Earth in Ka
band and X band, which are frequency ranges that
can conduct the study with fewer disruptions related
to the solar wind or the ionosphere.[51][52][53] (Principal
investigator: John AndersonJet Propulsion
Laboratory. Principal investigator (Juno's Ka-band Translator
KaT): Luciano Iess, Sapienza University of Rome)

The energetic particle detector JADE will measure

the angular distribution, energy, and the velocity
vector of ions and electrons at low energy (ions
Jovian Auroral between 13 eV and 20 KeV, electrons of 200 eV to
Distributions JADE 40 KeV) present in the aurora of Jupiter. On JADE,
Experiment like JEDI, the electron analyzers are installed on
three sides of the upper plate which allows a
measure of frequency three times higher.[53]
(Principal investigator: David McComas, Southwest
[54]

Research Institute)

Jovian Energetic JEDI The energetic particle detector JEDI will measure
Particle Detector the angular distribution and the velocity vector of
Instrument ions and electrons athigh energy (ions between
20 keV and 1 MeV, electrons from 40 to 500 keV)
present in the polar magnetosphere of Jupiter. JEDI
has three identical sensors dedicated to the study of
particular ions
of hydrogen, helium, oxygen and sulfur.[53][55](Principal
 investigator: Barry Mauk, Applied Physics Laboratory)

This instrument will identify the regions of auroral

currents that define Jovian radio emissions and
Radio and Plasma
Waves acceleration of the auroral particles by measuring
Wave Sensor
the radio and plasma spectra in the auroral region.
(Principal investigator: William Kurth, University of Iowa)

UVS will record the wavelength, position and arrival

time of detected ultraviolet photons during the time
when the spectrograph slit views Jupiter during each
Ultraviolet Imaging turn of the spacecraft. Using a 1024 256 micro
UVS
Spectrograph channel plate detector, it will provide spectral
images of the UV auroral emissions in the polar
magnetosphere. (Principal investigator: G. Randall
Gladstone,Southwest Research Institute)

A visible light camera/telescope, included in the

payload to facilitate education and public outreach.
It is anticipated that it will operate for only seven
JunoCam JCM orbits around Jupiter due to the planet's damaging
radiation and magnetic field. (Principal
investigator:Michael C. Malin, Malin Space Science
Systems)

Operational components[edit]
Solar panels[edit]

Illumination test on one of Juno's solar panels

Juno is the first mission to Jupiter to use solar panels instead of the radioisotope thermoelectric
generators (RTG) used by Pioneer 10,Pioneer 11, the Voyager program, Ulysses, Cassini
Huygens, New Horizons, and the Galileo orbiter. It is also the farthest solar-powered trip in the
history of space exploration.[56] Once in orbit around Jupiter, Juno will receive 4% as much sunlight as
it would on Earth, but the global shortage of Pu-238,[57][58][59][60] as well as advances made in solar cell
technology over the past several decades, makes it economically preferable to use solar panels of
practical size to provide power at a distance of 5 AU from the Sun.
The Juno spacecraft uses three solar panels symmetrically arranged around the spacecraft. Shortly
after it cleared Earth's atmosphere the panels were deployed. Two of the panels have four hinged
segments each, and the third panel has three segments and amagnetometer. Each panel is 2.7
meters (8.9 ft) by 8.9 meters (29 ft) long,[61] the biggest on any NASA deep-space probe.[62]
The combined mass of the three panels is nearly 340 kg (750 lb).[63] If the panels were optimized to
operate at Earth, they would produce 12 to 14 kilowatts of power. Only about 486 W will be
generated when Juno arrives at Jupiter, declining to near 420 W as radiation degrades the cells.
[64]
The solar panels will remain in sunlight continuously from launch through the end of the mission,
except for short periods during the operation of the main engine and eclipses by Jupiter. A central
power distribution and drive unit monitors the power that is generated by the solar panels, distributes
it to instruments, heaters and experiment sensors as well as batteries that are charged when excess
power is available. Two 55-amp-hour lithium-ion batteries that are able to withstand the radiation
environment of Jupiter will provide power when Juno passes through eclipse.[65]
Telecommunications[edit]
Juno uses in-band signaling ("tones") for several critical operations as well as status reporting during
cruise-mode,[66] but it is expected to be used infrequently. Communications are via the 70-meter
(230 ft) antennae of the NASA Deep Space Network (DSN) utilizing an X band direct link.[65] The
command and data processing of the Juno spacecraft includes a flight computer capable of
providing ~50 Mbit/s of instrument throughput. Gravity science subsystems use the X-band and Ka-
band doppler tracking and autoranging.
Due to telecommunications constraints, Juno will only be able to return about 40 megabytes of
camera data during each 11-day orbital period. This photography downlink average data rate of less
than 337 bit/s will limit the number of images that are captured and transmitted during each orbit to
somewhere between 10 and 100 depending on the compression level used. [67] This is comparable to
the previous Galileo mission that orbited Jupiter, which captured thousands of images [68] despite its
slow data rate of 1000 bit/s (at maximum compression levels) due to antenna problems that crippled
its planned 135,000 bit/s communications link.
Propulsion[edit]
Juno uses a bipropellant LEROS 1b main engine, manufactured by Moog
Inc in Westcott, Buckinghamshire in England.[69] It uses hydrazine and nitrogen tetroxide for
propulsion and provides a thrust of 645 newtons. The engine bell is enclosed in a debris shield fixed
to the spacecraft body, and is used for major burns. For control of the vehicle's orientation (attitude
control) and to perform trajectory correction maneuvers, Juno utilizes a monopropellant reaction
control system (RCS) consisting of twelve small thrusters that are mounted on four engine modules.
[65]

Galileo plaque and Lego minifigures[edit]

Galileo plaque
Lego minifigures aboard the Juno spacecraft

Juno carries a plaque to Jupiter, dedicated to Galileo Galilei. The plaque was provided by theItalian
Space Agency and measures 7.1 by 5.1 centimeters (2.8 by 2.0 in). It is made of flight-grade
aluminum and weighs 6 grams (0.21 oz).[70] The plaque depicts a portrait of Galileo and a text in
Galileo's own hand, penned in January 1610, while observing what would later be known to be
the Galilean moons.[70] The text translates as:
On the 11th it was in this formation - and the star closest to Jupiter was half the size than the other
and very close to the other so that during the previous nights all of the three observed stars looked
of the same dimension and among them equally afar; so that it is evident that around Jupiter there
are three moving stars invisible till this time to everyone.

The spacecraft also carries three Lego minifigures representing Galileo, the Roman god Jupiter, and
his wife, Juno. In Roman mythology, The god Jupiter drew a veil of clouds around himself to hide his
mischief. Jupiter's wife, the goddess Juno, was able to peer through the clouds and reveal Jupiter's
true nature. Juno holds a magnifying glass as a sign of searching for the truth, and her husband
holds a lightning bolt. The third Lego crew member, Galileo Galilei, has his telescope with him on the
journey.[71] Although most Lego toys are made of plastic, Lego specially made these minifigures of
aluminum to endure the extreme conditions of space flight. [72]

Timeline[edit]

Date Event Status

August 2011 Launched Completed

August 2012 Completed

Trajectory corrections[73]
September
2012

Earth flyby for speed boost (from 78,000 miles per hour (126,000 km/h) to
October 2013 Completed
93,000 miles per hour (150,000 km/h))[74]

July 4, 2016 Arrival at Jupiter & polar orbit insertion (1st orbit)[4][12] Partly
 completed

Initiation
October 2016 Science phase: 37 orbits planned over 20 months
phase

September 1,
Earliest expected JunoCam failure
2017

February 2018 Spacecraft disposal in the form of a controlled deorbit into Jupiter (Orbit 39)
[4][12]

See also[edit]
Atmosphere of Jupiter

Comet ShoemakerLevy 9

Europa Multiple-Flyby Mission

Exploration of Jupiter

Jupiter Icy Moon Explorer

List of missions to the outer planets

Moons of Jupiter

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External links[edit]
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