Diokno, Debielyn M.

Fernandez, Zyra Joyce C.

Javier, Tracy Anne M.
Masongsong, Myrabeth B.
Mendoza, Hazel
Reyes, Chiara Marie M.
Zalamea, Jesusa B.
 Psychodynamic therapy vs.
Psychoanalysis
Freuds theories were psychoanalytic, whereas the
term psychodynamic refers to both his theories
and those of his followers. Freuds psychoanalysis is
both a theory and a therapy.

Psychodynamic therapy does not include all of the

different analytical techniques and is not
conducted by psychoanalytically trained analysts.
 Freud and Psychoanalysis
According to Freud (1925), behaviour is motivated
by internal or psychological forces, and abnormality
is caused by an imbalance in the internal forces that
motivate behaviour.

He believed that mental illness arises from unresolved

conscious conflicts, and these usually occur in early
childhood (e.g. the Oedipus complex).
 Freud & Psychoanalysis
Psychodynamic
- Emphasis on unconscious intrapsychic
dynamics, in the form of attachments, conflicts, &
motivations

Unconscious processes within the mind

Belief in the importance of early childhood

 Freud & Psychoanalysis
Belief that development occurs in fixed stages

Focus on fantasies and symbolic meanings of events

Unconscious motives, guilty secrets, unspeakable
yearnings, & conflicts between desire & duty

The unconscious reveals itself in art, dreams, jokes,

apparent accidents, & slips of the tongue

Reliance on subjective rather than objective methods

 The Structure of Personality
3 major systems
Any action we take
or problem we have,
results from the
interaction & degree
of balance among
these systems.
 ID
Pleasure principle"
Operates according to the pleasure principle:
Present at birth
Primitive and unconscious part of personality
Reservoir of unconscious psychic energy & the
motives to avoid pain & obtain pleasure
Libido sexual energy
Fights with the Superego
Life or sexual instinct
Death or aggressive instinct
 Superego
Moral Principle
Moral ideals and conscience
Judges the activities of the id
Develops around 5/6 years old.
Child internalises moral of society

Fights with the ID

 Ego
Reality Principle
Operates according to the reality principle:
Mediates between id and superego
Represents reason & good sense
Summary of Freuds Model of the Mind
 Defense Mechanism
What is defense mechanism?
Defense Mechanisms protects our conscious self
from the anxiety produced by the unconscious
intra-psychic conflict if this is unsuccessful, the
anxiety may reveal itself through clinical disorders
e.g. Phobias, anxiety disorders.
 Defense Mechanism
If a person feels anxious or threatened when
the wishes of the Id conflict with social roles,
the ego has weapons to relieve the tension.

Defense mechanisms deny or distort reality

but also protect us from conflict & anxiety
 [Repression]
This was the first defense mechanism that Freud
discovered, and arguably the most important.
It is an unconscious mechanism employed by the ego
to keep disturbing or threatening thoughts from
becoming conscious.
Thoughts that are often repressed are those that
would result in feelings of guilt from the superego. For
example, in the Oedipus complex, aggressive
thoughts about the same sex parents are repressed.
This is not a very successful defense in the long term
since it involves forcing disturbing wishes, ideas or
memories into the unconscious, where, although
hidden, they will create anxiety.
 [Projection]
This involves individuals attributing their own
thoughts, feeling and motives to another person.

Thoughts most commonly projected onto another

are the ones that would cause guilt such as
aggressive and sexual fantasies or thoughts.

For instance, you might hate someone, but your

superego tells you that such hatred is
unacceptable. You can 'solve' the problem by
believing that they hate you.
 [Displacement]
Displacement is the redirection of an impulse
(usually aggression) onto a powerless substitute
target.
The target can be a person or an object that can
serve as a symbolic substitute. Someone who feels
uncomfortable with their sexual desire for a real
person may substitute a fetish. Someone who is
frustrated by his or her superiors may go home and
kick the dog, beat up a family member, or engage
in cross-burnings.
 [Sublimation]
This is similar to displacement, but takes place when
we manage to displace our emotions into a
constructive rather than destructive activity. This
might for example be artistic. Many great artists
and musicians have had unhappy lives and have
used the medium of art of music to express
themselves. Sport is another example of putting our
emotions (e.g. aggression) into something
constructive.
 [Reaction Formation]
This is where a person goes beyond denial and
behaves in the opposite way to which he or she thinks
or feels. By using the reaction formation the id is
satisfied while keeping the ego in ignorance of the
true motives. Conscious feelings are the opposite of
the unconscious. Love - hate. Shame - disgust and
moralizing are reaction formation against sexuality.
Usually a reaction formation is marked by showiness
and compulsiveness. For example, Anal fixation
usually leads to meanness, but occasionally a person
will react against this (unconsciously) leading to over-
generosity.
 [Regression]
This is a movement back in psychological time
when one is faced with stress.
When we are troubled or frightened, our behaviors
often become more childish or primitive. A child
may begin to suck their thumb again or wet the
bed when they need to spend some time in the
hospital. Teenagers may giggle uncontrollably
when introduced into a social situation involving the
opposite sex.
 [Denial]
Denial involves blocking external events from
awareness.
If some situation is just too much to handle, the
person just refuses to experience it.
As you might imagine, this is a primitive and
dangerous defense - no one disregards reality and
gets away with it for long!
It can operate by itself or, more commonly, in
combination with other, more subtle mechanisms
that support it. For example, smokers may refuse to
admit to themselves that smoking is bad for their
health.
The Development of Personality
Freud believed that children goes through a series
of stages where the instinctive energy of the ID
looks for gratification from different areas of the
body erogenous zones.

If a child is under or over gratified at any stage the

child may become fixated and this could affect
their adult behaviour.
 Stage 1: Oral Stage
Birth to 18 months
Occurs during the first year of life when
babies experience the world through their
mouths
Adults seek oral gratification by smoking,
overeating, nail biting, or chewing on pens
 Stage 2: Anal Stage
18 months to 3 years
When toilet training & control of bodily
wastes are the key issues.
May become anal retentive holding
everything in, obsessive about neatness &
cleanliness or anal expulsive messy &
disorganized.
 Stage 3: Phallic (Oedipal)
18 months to 4/5 years
Most important to the
formation of a person.
Child unconsciously
wishes to possess the
parent of the other sex
& to get rid of the
parent of the same sex
Oedipus Complex
Freud believed that
during the oedipal stage, little
boys fantasize about marrying
their mothers and regard their
fathers as rivals.
 Stage 3: Phallic (Oedipal)
Boys are discovering the pleasure & pride of
having a penis, seeing a girl he gets worried &
starts to identify with his father
Girls dont have the motivation to give up the
oedipal feelings leading to penis envy
By 5 or 6 personality is fundamentally formed
Unconscious conflicts with parents, unresolved
fixating, guilt & attitudes towards the same &
opposite sex will continue to replay themselves
throughout life
 Stage 4: Latency Stage
4/5 years to adolescence
No further psychosexual development takes
place during this stage (latent means
hidden). The libido is dormant. Freud thought
that most sexual impulses are repressed during
the latent stage and sexual energy can be
sublimated (re: defense mechanisms) towards
school work, hobbies and friendships.
Much of the child's energy is channeled into
developing new skills and acquiring new
knowledge and play becomes largely confined
to other children of the same gender.
 Stage 5: Genital Stage
Adolescence
It is a time of adolescent sexual experimentation,
the successful resolution of which is settling down
in a loving one-to-one relationship with another
person in our 20's. Sexual instinct is directed to
heterosexual pleasure, rather than self pleasure
like during the phallic stage.
For Freud, the proper outlet of the sexual instinct
in adults was through heterosexual
intercourse. Fixation and conflict may prevent
this with the consequence that sexual perversions
may develop.
Other Psychodynamic
Approaches
 Jungian Theory
Carl Jung

In 1912 while on a lecture tour of America Jung publicly

criticized Freuds theory of the Oedipus complex and his
emphasis on infantile sexuality. The following year this led
to an irrevocable split between them and Jung went on to
develop his own version of psychoanalytic theory.

Most of Jung's assumptions of his analytical psychology

reflect his theoretical differences with Freud. For example,
while Jung agreed with Freud that a persons past
and childhood experiences determined future behavior,
he also believed that we are shaped by our future
(aspirations) too.
 [Archetypes]
Archetypes (Jung, 1947) are images and
thoughts which have universal meanings across
cultures which may show up I dreams, literature,
art or religion.

Jung believes symbols from different cultures are

often very similar because they have emerged
from archetypes shared by the whole human
race. For Jung, our primitive past becomes the
basis of the human psyche, directing and
influencing present behavior. Jung claimed to
identify a large number of archetypes but paid
special attention to four.
 [persona]
The persona (or mask) is the outward face we
present to the world. It conceals our real self and
Jung describes it as the conformity archetype.

This is the public face or role a person presents to

others as someone different to who we really are
(like an actor).
 [anima/animus]
The anima/animus is the mirror image of our
biological sex, that is, the unconscious feminine side
in males and the masculine tendencies in women.

Each sex manifests attitudes and behavior of the

other by virtue of centuries of living together.

The psyche of a woman contains masculine

aspects (the animus archetype) and the psyche of
a man contains feminine aspects (the anima
archetype).
 [shadow]
This is the animal side of our personality (like
the id in Freud). It is the source of both our
creative and destructive energies. In line with
evolutionary theory it may be that Jungs
archetypes reflect predispositions that once
had survival value.
 [self]
Finally there is the self which provides a sense of
unity in experience.

For Jung the ultimate aim of every individual is to

achieve a state of selfhood (similar to self-
actualisation) and in this respect Jung (like Erikson) is
moving in the direction of a more humanist
orientation.
 Adlerian Theory
Alfred Adler was the first to explore and
develop a comprehensive social theory of the
psychodynamic person. He founded a school
of psychology called individual psychology,
which focuses on our drive to compensate for
feelings of inferiority.

Inferiority Complex - which describes a

persons feelings that they lack worth and
dont measure up to the standards of others
or of society.
 Adlerian Theory
He eventually came to call this motivating force
the striving for perfection, a term which
encapsulates the desire we all have to fulfill our
potential, to realize our idealsa process strikingly
similar to the more popular idea of self-
actualization.
Striving for Success or Superiority
Adler called the single dynamic force striving for
superiority. In his nal theory, however, he limited
striving for superiority to those people who strive for
personal superiority over others and introduced the
term striving for success to describe actions of
people who are motivated by highly developed
social interest (Adler, 1956). Regardless of the
motivation for striving, each individual is guided by
a nal goal.
 Safeguarding Tendencies
Adler believed that people create patterns of behavior
to protect their exaggerated sense of self-esteem
against public disgrace. These protective devices,
called safeguarding tendencies, enable people to hide
their inated self-image and to maintain their current
style of life.

Freudian defense mechanisms operate unconsciously to

protect the ego against anxiety, whereas Adlerian
safeguarding tendencies are largely conscious and
shield a persons fragile self-esteem from public
disgrace. Also, Freuds defense mechanisms are
common to everyone, but Adler (1956) discussed
safeguarding tendencies only with reference to the
construction of neurotic symptoms
Safeguarding Tendencies
Excuses
The most common of the safeguarding tendencies
are excuses, which are typically expressed in the
Yes, but or If only format.
In the Yes, but excuse, people rst state what they
claim they would like to dosomething that sounds
good to others then they follow with an excuse.
A woman might say, Yes, I would like to go to
college, but my children demand too much of my
attention. An executive explains, Yes, I agree with
your proposal, but company policy will not allow it.
Safeguarding Tendencies
Aggression
Adler (1956) held that some people use
aggression to safeguard their exaggerated
superiority complex, that is, to protect their fragile
self-esteem. Safeguarding through aggression
may take the form of depreciation, accusation,
or self-accusation.
Depreciation is the tendency to undervalue other
peoples achievements and to overvalue ones own
Accusation, the second form of an aggressive
safeguarding device, is the tendency to blame others
for ones failures and to seek revenge, thereby
safeguarding ones own tenuous self-esteem.
Self-accusation is marked by self torture and guilt.
Safeguarding Tendencies
Withdrawal
Personality development can be halted when
people run away from difculties. Adler
referred to this tendency as withdrawal, or
safeguarding through distance.
Moving backward
Standing Still
Hesitating
Constructing Obstacles
 Adlerian therapy
uses birth order, early
recollections, and dreams
to foster courage, self-
esteem, and social
interest.