CD Disc Loss

Cd Discrete Loss Page 1 of 8
Cd Discrete Loss
To select a particular topic, click on the required link below:
1. Overview
2. How to Use the Component
3. Parameter Definitions
4. Simulation Description
5. Results
Overview
There is one component of this type that can be used in Compressible Steady State and
Transient simulations; namely:
l Cd Discrete Loss.
The component models a constant discharge with added pattern, i.e. multiple flow path
capability. It is designed to be used in Compressible aerospace applications. Figure 1a shows
the component symbol, Figure 1b shows a diagrammatical view of the component while Figure
1c shows the pressures, flows and dimensions.
mk:@MSITStore:C:\PROGRA~2\FLOWMA~1\FLOWMA~1\Help\CdDiscLoss.chm::... 2017/9/27
Figure 1: Cd Discrete Loss
Where:
D = Diameter
P1, P2 = Pressure at nodes 1 and 2
= Mass flow rates at arm 1 and 2
How to Use the Component
Modelling
The component exhibits Cd Valve behaviour, in that you set the discharge coefficient in a
variety of ways (see below). The component also has the ability to model multiple flow paths,
with each path acting as an orifice. Up to 10,000 separate flow paths can be specified. Figure 1
shows a diagrammatical view of the component.
Figure 1: Diagrammatical View of Component
The following assumptions are made:
1. The diameter set, is applicable to all flow paths.
2. All the loss paths are considered to be identical.
3. The geometry of a single path is not required to be scaled, summed or averaged.
Calculating the Flow Area
The specified diameter is considered as the 'single flow path' diameter. The flow area that is
calculated by this diameter is corrected to the total flow area, as follows:
Equation 1
Where:
At = Total flow area

d = Specified diameter
N = Number of flow paths
The mass flow rate is evaluated as follows:
Equation 2
Where:
Cd = Discharge coefficient
Pt1 = Total pressure at arm 1
Tt1 = Total temperature at arm 1
Z1 = Compressibility factor for arm 1
Rs = Gas constant
= Flow function, which is defined as follows:
Equation 3
Where:
= Ratio of specific heats

Pstat2 = Static pressure at arm 2
Tt1 = Total temperature at arm 1
The Flowmaster coefficients are evaluated as follows:
Equation 4
Where:
Pt1, Pt2 = Total pressures at arms 1 and 2
Setting the Discharge Coefficient
The Discharge Coefficient can be set in one of four ways:
1. By connecting a controller to the Discharge Coefficient SI input.
2. By setting on constant value on the component data form - If set as a constant value, it
defines the ratio of the actual rate of discharge Q to the ideal rate of discharge if there
were no friction and no contraction and all the static pressure were converted to velocity
pressure.
3. As a relation of the static pressure at the exit to the total pressure at the entrance, using
the (CD=f(Ps2/Pt1) curve.
4. As a curve of Discharge Coefficient v Time.
The following tables show the order of data entry for both Steady State and Transient use:
Table 1: Order of Data Entry for Steady State and Transient Use
Order of Priority
1 2 3 4
Controller CD=f(Ps2/Pt1) Curve Constant [real] Discharge Coefficient v Time Curve
Using the Rigorous Energy Solver
It is now possible to use this component with the new rigorous energy solver. In order to do
this, the circuit type must be set to the following setting:
l Complex Vapour Phase.
Using the MO Controller Connection
By connecting a gauge component to this output, you can measure any one of the features
shown below:
Figure 1: Available Features
The above dialog is displayed when you make the connection to the input of the gauge
component.
When you connect a gauge template to the component to measure or display one of the above
outputs, you need to set the following features for the component:
l Algorithm Type - This is set to 1: Output = Input
l Output Quantity - this is automatically set when you select the required feature from the
dialog shown above and then click OK. For example, if you selected 'Discharge Coefficient',
then the Output Quantity is set to: '1. Loss Coefficient'.
l Output Initial Value - this is set to the required value
l Output Clipping Min/Max Limits - these should be set as required
In addition to the above, if you wanted to display one of the above outputs in a plot window,
then you would need to set the following feature:
l Plot Window No. - this is set to: 1: 1'st Window.
Velocity Vectors and Impingement Losses
For details about Velocity Vectors and Impingement Losses, click-on the following link:
Velocity Vectors and Impingement Losses - Overview
Parameter Definitions
The parameter definitions are as follows:
Number of Flow Paths
The number of flow paths through the component. Up to 10,000 individual flow paths can be
specified.
Default = 1
Diameter
The diameter of the individual flow path orifice.

Default = NOTSET
Discharge Coefficient (CD)
The ratio of the actual rate of discharge Q to the ideal rate of discharge if there were no friction
and no contraction and all the static pressure were converted to velocity pressure.
Default = NOTSET
Curves
Discharge Coefficient v Time
A curve describing the variation of discharge coefficient (X axis) as a function of time (Y axis).
Default = NOTSET
CD=f(Ps2/Pt1)
A curve describing the variation of discharge coefficient (X axis) as a function of pressure ratio
(Y axis).
Default = NOTSET
Simulation Description
Exit Swirl Calculations
This is calculated as follows:
Equation 1
Where:
Vtf The fluid tangential velocity component, which is calculated as follows:
Equation 2
Where: VL is the component branch fluid velocity.
Results
The results are as follows:
l Mass flow rate at connections 1 and 2
l Mach number at connections 1 and 2
l Velocity at connections 1 and 2
l Total heat flow at connections 1 and 2
l Static pressure at connections 1 and 2
l Static temperature at connections 1 and 2
l Density at connections 1 and 2
l Viscosity at connections 1 and 2
l Reynolds number at connections 1 and 2
l Pressure drop
l Loss coefficient result
l Impingement loss coefficient
l Mass flow rate for a single path - only displayed when the 'Number of Flow Paths' is greater
than 1.
Component Specific Results
l Discharge coefficient
l Valve opening/position
l Compression ratio
l Critical pressure ratio
l Inlet specific heat ratio
l Mach number at (Reference area)
l Static pressure at (Reference area)
l Static temperature at (Reference area).

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Cd Discrete Loss Page 1 of 8

To select a particular topic, click on the required link below:

Figure 1: Cd Discrete Loss

= Mass flow rates at arm 1 and 2

How to Use the Component

Figure 1: Diagrammatical View of Component

The following assumptions are made:

1. The diameter set, is applicable to all flow paths.

2. All the loss paths are considered to be identical.

3. The geometry of a single path is not required to be scaled, summed or averaged.

Calculating the Flow Area

At = Total flow area

The mass flow rate is evaluated as follows:

= Ratio of specific heats

The Flowmaster coefficients are evaluated as follows:

Pt1, Pt2 = Total pressures at arms 1 and 2

Setting the Discharge Coefficient

The Discharge Coefficient can be set in one of four ways:

1. By connecting a controller to the Discharge Coefficient SI input.

4. As a curve of Discharge Coefficient v Time.

Controller CD=f(Ps2/Pt1) Curve Constant [real] Discharge Coefficient v Time Curve

Using the Rigorous Energy Solver

l Complex Vapour Phase.

Using the MO Controller Connection

Figure 1: Available Features

l Algorithm Type - This is set to 1: Output = Input

l Output Initial Value - this is set to the required value

l Output Clipping Min/Max Limits - these should be set as required

l Plot Window No. - this is set to: 1: 1'st Window.

Velocity Vectors and Impingement Losses

Velocity Vectors and Impingement Losses - Overview

The parameter definitions are as follows:

Number of Flow Paths

The diameter of the individual flow path orifice.

Discharge Coefficient (CD)

Discharge Coefficient v Time

Exit Swirl Calculations

This is calculated as follows:

Vtf The fluid tangential velocity component, which is calculated as follows:

Where: VL is the component branch fluid velocity.

The results are as follows:

l Mass flow rate at connections 1 and 2

l Mach number at connections 1 and 2

l Velocity at connections 1 and 2

l Total heat flow at connections 1 and 2

l Static pressure at connections 1 and 2

l Static temperature at connections 1 and 2

l Density at connections 1 and 2

l Viscosity at connections 1 and 2

l Reynolds number at connections 1 and 2

l Loss coefficient result

l Impingement loss coefficient

Component Specific Results

l Critical pressure ratio

l Inlet specific heat ratio

l Mach number at (Reference area)

l Static pressure at (Reference area)

l Static temperature at (Reference area).

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