Republic of the Philippines

SUPREME COURT
Manila

SECOND DIVISION

A.C. No. 3773 September 24, 1997

ANGELITA C. ORCINO, complainant,

vs.
ATTY. JOSUE GASPAR, respondent.

PUNO, J.:

On June 14, 1992, complainant Angelita C. Orcino filed with this Court a letter-complaint dated December 10, 1991
against respondent Atty. Josue Gaspar, her former counsel. Complainant prayed that this Court impose disciplinary
sanctions on respondent for abandoning his duties and for failing to return the legal fees she fully paid for his services.

The complaint arose from the following facts: Complainant engaged the services of respondent to prosecute a criminal
case she intended to file against several suspects in the slaying of her husband. In consideration thereof, complainant
bound herself to pay respondent legal fees of P20,000.00 P10,000.00 to be paid upon signing of the contract and the
balance to be paid on or before the conclusion of the case. Complainant was also to pay P500.00 per appearance of
respondent before the court and fiscal. This agreement was embodied in a contract executed on February 22, 1991. 1

In accordance with the contract, complainant paid respondent the sum of P5,000.00 on February 25, 1991, 2 another
3 4
P5,000.00 on March 31, 1991, and P10,000.00 on May 21, 1991, for a total of P20,000.00.

Forthwith, respondent entered into his duties. He interviewed witnesses and gathered evidence to build a case against the
suspects. He drew up the necessary sworn statements and dutifully attended the preliminary investigation. The case was
thereafter filed with the Regional Trial Court, Branch 37, Baloc, Sto. Domingo, Nueva Ecija. 5

As private prosecutor, respondent religiously attended the bail hearings for the accused although these hearings were
postponed on motion of the accused's counsel. Respondent however failed to attend the hearing scheduled in August 1991.
It was at this nearing that the court, over complainant's objections, granted bail to all the accused. After the hearing,
complainant immediately went to respondent's residence and confronted him with his absence. 6 Respondent explained that
he did not receive formal notice of the hearing. 7 Complainant became belligerent and started accusing him of jeopardizing the
case by his absence. Respondent said that her suspicions were based on rumors and intrigues fed to her by her relatives. 8
Complainant, however, continued accusing him belligerently. She asked for the records of the case saying that she could refer
them to another lawyer. Stung by her words, respondent gave her the records. 9

Complainant never returned the records nor did she see respondent. On September 18, 1991, respondent filed before the
trial court a "Motion to Withdraw as Counsel." 10 The motion did not bear the consent of complainant.

On October 23, 1991, the court issued an order directing respondent to secure complainant's consent to the motion "and his
appearance as private prosecutor shall continue until he has secured this consent." 11

Complainant refused to sign her conformity to respondent's withdrawal. 12

Meanwhile, the hearings in the criminal case
continued. Respondent did not appear at the hearings nor did he contact complainant. Complainant was thus compelled to engage
the services of another lawyer. Hence, the letter-complaint.

We referred the letter-complaint to the Integrated Bar of the Philippines, Commission on Bar Discipline, for investigation,
report and recommendation.

The rule in this jurisdiction is that a client has the absolute right to terminate the attorney-client relation at any time with or
without cause. 13 The right of an attorney to withdraw or terminate the relation other than for sufficient cause is, however,
considerably restricted. 14 Among the fundamental rules of ethics is the principle that an attorney who undertakes to conduct an
action impliedly stipulates to carry it to its conclusion. 15 He is not at liberty to abandon it without reasonable cause. 16 A lawyer's
right to withdraw from a case before its final adjudication arises only from the client's written consent or from a good cause. 17

Section 26 of Rule 138 of the Revised Rules of Court provides:

Sec. 26. Change of attorneys An attorney may retire at any time from any action or special proceeding, by the
written consent of his client filed in court. He may also retire at any time from an action or special proceeding,
without the consent of his client, should the court, on notice to the client and attorney, and on hearing, determine
that he ought to be allowed to retire. In case of substitution, the name of the attorney newly employed shall be
entered on the docket of the court in place of the former one, and written notice of the change shall be given to the
adverse party.

xxx xxx xxx

A lawyer may retire at any time from any action special proceeding with the written consent of his client filed in court and
copy thereof served upon the adverse party. Should the client refuse to give his consent, the lawyer must file an application
with the court. The court, on notice to the client and adverse party, shall determine whether he ought to be allowed to
retire. The application for withdrawal must be based on a good cause. 18

In the instant case, complainant did not give her written consent to respondent's withdrawal. The court thus ordered
respondent to secure this consent. Respondent allegedly informed the court that complainant had become hostile and
refused to sign his motion. 19 He, however, did not file an application with the court for it to determine whether he should be
allowed to withdraw.

Granting that respondent's motion without complainant's consent was an application for withdrawal with the court, we find
that this reason is insufficient to justify his withdrawal from the case. Respondent's withdrawal was made on the ground
that "there no longer exist[ed] the . . . confidence" between them and that there had been "serious differences between them
relating to the manner of private prosecution." 20

Rule 22.01 of Canon 22 of the Code of Professional Responsibility provides:

CANON 22 A LAWYER SHALL WITHDRAW HIS SERVICES ONLY FOR GOOD CAUSE AND UPON
NOTICE APPROPRIATE IN THE CIRCUMSTANCES.

Rule 22.01 A lawyer may withdraw his services in any of the following cases:

a) When the client pursues an illegal or immoral course of conduct in connection with the matter
he is handling;

b) When the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct violative of these canons and rules;

c) When his inability to work with co-counsel will not promote the best interest of the client;

d) When the mental or physical condition of the lawyer renders it difficult for him to carry out
the employment effectively;

e) When the client deliberately fails to pay the fees for the services or fails to comply with the
retainer agreement;

f) When the lawyer is elected or appointed to public office; and

g) Other similar cases.

A lawyer may withdraw his services from his client only in the following instances: (a) when a client insists upon an unjust
or immoral conduct of his case; (b) when the client insists that the lawyer pursue conduct violative of the Code of
Professional Responsibility; (c) when the client has two or more retained lawyers and the lawyers could not get along to
the detriment of the case; (d) when the mental or physical condition of the lawyer makes him incapable of handling the
case effectively; (e) when the client deliberately fails to pay the attorney's fees agreed upon; (f) when the lawyer is elected
or appointed to public office; (g) other similar cases.

The instant case does not fall under any of the grounds mentioned. Neither can this be considered analogous to the grounds
enumerated. As found by the Commission on Bar Discipline, this case arose from a simple misunderstanding between
complainant and respondent. Complainant was upset by respondent's absence at the hearing where bail was granted to the
suspected killers of her husband. She vehemently opposed the grant of bail. It was thus a spontaneous and natural reaction
for her to confront respondent with his absence. Her belligerence arose from her overzealousness, nothing more.
Complainant's words and actions may have hurt respondent's feelings considering the work he had put into the case. But
her words were uttered in a burst of passion. And even at that moment, complainant did not expressly terminate
respondent's services. She made this clear when she refused to sign his "Motion to Withdraw as Counsel."

Assuming, nevertheless, that respondent was justified in terminating his services, he, however, cannot just do so and leave
complainant in the cold unprotected. The lawyer has no right to presume that his petition for withdrawal will be granted by
the court. 21 Until his withdrawal shall have been approved, the lawyer remains counsel of record who is expected by his client as
well as by the court to do what the interests of his client require. 22 He must still appear on the date of hearing 23 for the attorney-
client relation does not terminate formally until there is a withdrawal of record. 24

Respondent expressly bound himself under the contract to bring the criminal case to its termination. He was in fact paid in
full for his services. Respondent failed to comply with his undertaking, hence, it is but fair that he return to complainant
half of the amount paid him. The peculiar circumstances of the case have rendered it impossible for respondent and
complainant to continue their relation under the contract.

IN VIEW WHEREOF, respondent is admonished to exercise more prudence and judiciousness in dealing with his clients.
He is also ordered to return to complainant within fifteen (15) days from notice the amount of ten thousand pesos
(P10,000.00) representing a portion of his legal fees received from the latter with a warning that failure on his part to do so
will result in the imposition of stiffer disciplinary action.

SO ORDERED.

Regalado and Torres, Jr., JJ., concur.

Mendoza, J., is on leave.