Progress report

Progress in Human Geography

110
History and philosophy of The Author(s) 2016
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DOI: 10.1177/0309132516653285
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turbulent, and the dissenting

Innes M. Keighren
Royal Holloway, University of London, UK

Abstract
This report takes as its prompt John K. Wrights 1925 plea for the history of geography an early call for an
inclusive account of geographical thought and practice, embracing both professional and amateur ways of
knowing. In reflecting on the extent to which contemporary histories of geography realize the scope of
Wrights ambition, the paper considers how external pressures, such as neoliberalism and academias audit
culture, function to shape and constrain the writing of those histories. The paper argues for the value of slow
scholarship as an act of political resistance and as a sine qua non of nuanced and comprehensive historio-
graphy. The report concludes by examining how biographical and genealogical approaches to narrating
geographys histories have important implications for the decisions made about inclusion and exclusion,
about what and who counts in geography.

Keywords
biography, genealogy, geosophy, histories of geography, neoliberal academia, slow scholarship, John K.
Wright

The history of geography is often regarded as a by geographers and by historians of science

somewhat antiquarian and useless background to to the history of geographical ideas. By 1925
modern geography . . . or as the harmless hobby Wright considered his frustrations ripe enough
of collectors of old maps. (Wright, 1925a: 194) to warrant presentation before professional
The history of geography as a whole and in its societies, and thus he spent the Christmas vaca-
wider bearings has been neglected . . . or at least tion of that year attending the meetings of the
it has not received the attention which any enthu- History of Science Society (at Ann Arbor) and
siast may, perhaps, be permitted to regard as its the Association of American Geographers (at
due. (Wright, 1926: 477) Madison), delivering a pair of papers that he
hoped would set an agenda (Wright, 1966: 4).
Wrights vision for the history of geography
I Introduction more provocation than prescription was one
For much of the first half of the 1920s, John K.
Wright (18911969), then librarian of the
Corresponding author:
American Geographical Society, had a bee in Innes M. Keighren, Department of Geography, Royal
his bonnet. The source of Wrights irritation Holloway, University of London, UK.
was the evident lack of attention paid both Email: innes.keighren@rhul.ac.uk

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2 Progress in Human Geography

that proposed no fundamental distinction contemporary scholarship on the history and

between the professional and the lay, between philosophy of geography reflects the breadth
the scientific and the folkloric, between the of Wrights ambition and what, perhaps, yet
written and the oral. The history of geography, remains to be done. Ninety years on from
Wright argued, should range across geographi- Wrights plea for the history of geography,
cal ideas as they find spoken, graphic, or written what kinds of disciplinary and subject histories
expression irrespective of their perceived accu- do we have, what kinds of histories do we want,
racy, logic, or reason (Wright, 1926: 484). and what kinds of histories does the contempo-
Although Wrights scheme positioned sci- rary academic system allow us to tell?
entific geography (i.e. ideas systematically
worked out in conformity with the best intellec-
tual standards of their age) as the dominant
II Slow scholarship
focus for the history of geography, he consid- and artisanal craft
ered non-scientific expressions of geographical Historians of geography frequently come (per-
thought and imagination to be equally illumi- haps inevitably so) to occupy a dual position:
nating, equally valid, and thus a vital compo- that of scholar and custodian. In writing geogra-
nent of the larger project (Wright, 1926: 483, phys history, its authors become, en route, the
485). Wrights conviction that the ostensibly keepers of its memory. This much is certainly
objective and the evidently subjective true of Geoffrey J. Martin, who, since the 1960s,
demanded parallel consideration on the part of has emerged as the leading disciplinary histor-
geographys historians was later codified in his ian of US geography through a series of biogra-
advocacy of geosophy: a neologism coined to phical monographs on some of its foremost
describe the study of geographical knowledge protagonists: Mark Jefferson, Ellsworth Hun-
from any or all points of view, encompassing tington, and Isaiah Bowman (Martin, 1968,
the geographical ideas, both true and false, of 1978, 1980). The publication of Martins
all manner of people not only geographers, but American Geography and Geographers:
farmers and fishermen, business executives and Toward Geographical Science (2015) is, then,
poets, novelists and painters, Bedouins and Hot- both a personal and professional landmark
tentots (Wright, 1947: 12). the culmination not only of several decades of
Read from a contemporary perspective, it is, quiet scholarship but also, arguably, of a partic-
of course, tempting to see Wrights catholic ular mode of research and writing that an
scheme for geographys history as being ahead increasingly fast-paced and metrics-driven aca-
of its time seeming to prefigure (or, at least, demic system seems no longer to desire of its
hint at) a much later scholarly concern with the practitioners.
embodied, situated, contingent, and constructed For Martin, knowledge of the history of geo-
nature of knowledge (see Geertz, 1983; graphy is (at least for geographers themselves) a
Golinski, 1998; Haraway, 1988; Keighren, prerequisite to a larger comprehension and a
2005; Livingstone, 2003). While it is certainly fundamental part of the saga of intellection
the case that Wright was out-of-step with many that defines a practitioners sense of profes-
of his contemporaries it was not until the late- sional identity and his or her understanding
1960s and the emergence of humanistic geogra- of geographys place in the pantheon of
phy that his ideas gained currency (e.g. Low- both hard and soft sciences (Martin,
enthal and Bowden, 1976) it is perhaps more 2015: xvi). In Martins rendering, the history
productive, in the compass of this progress of disciplinary geography is the account of a
report, to reflect on the extent to which journey of the more-or-less meandering path

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Keighren 3

taken between a series of defined milestones itself, but it is clearly also somewhere we can
(selection of a subject matter, intellectual lose ourselves.
inquiry, development of a scientific viewpoint, While Martins reverence for his subject
establishment of a profession, and formation of matter has not been subject to censure, the
a discipline) and of those individuals who pio- critical response to American Geography and
neered the route, or who fell by the wayside Geographers has nevertheless been somewhat
(Martin, 2015: xvi). Martins account is, in that mixed and, in its identification of the books
sense, unreservedly progressivist; it is a 1210- limitations, offers some suggestion of what
page account of a discipline taking shape, iden- might still be considered wanting in our his-
tifying a common purpose, going somewhere. tories of geography. For Ron Johnston, Martins
American Geography and Geographers reliance upon primary material is both a
reveals a profoundly scholarly, yet deeply per- strength and a considerable weakness at once
sonal, commitment to its subject and its sources. enriching the account with detail but also con-
The sense of Martin as a custodian of American tributing to an unevenness in coverage, most
geographys memory is, perhaps, most obvi- especially in respect to women geographers,
ously exemplified by his accumulation over that betrays the differential survival of archival
the course of decades of a private research and institutional records (Johnston, forthcom-
archive in his Connecticut home. From among ing). Charles Withers has, likewise, identified
(by his reckoning) 115,000 sheets of paper a limitation brought about by Martins choice
both unique material and transcriptions and of sources: the books focus, following its
reproductions of items housed in approximately source material, is almost exclusively on disci-
one hundred institutional and private collections plinary geography rather than other forms of
Martin has constructed a history that, in its geographical practice or ways of knowing. As
detail, granularity, and authoritativeness (par- Withers notes, There is relatively little about
ticularly in respect to its coverage of the first popular geography, about geography in the U.S.
half of the 20th century), is unlikely ever to be public imagination or, for the period before the
paralleled. Martins faith in archives as reposi- Civil War, about Americans use of geography
tories of fact he describes them as devoid of as a form of U.S. history (Withers, 2015: 51) .
bias, dishonesty, and ignorance will, how- What is missing from American Geography and
ever, sit rather uneasily with scholars who have Geographers is, in that sense, the Wrightian
come to regard them often as quite the reverse geosophic.
(Burton, 2005; Martin, 2015: 1135). If not the last word on its subject, American
That combining the role of researcher and Geography and Geographers might, as Ronald
archivist is, at times, unsettling has recently F. Abler has suggested, very well be the last of
been signalled by Trevor Barnes in his amusing its kind, at least methodologically speaking
account of facing down a monster in a box a (Abler, 2015: 50). Martins status as a consum-
corrugated cardboard wine box in which he had mate artisanal archival worker marks him out
accumulated paperwork from more than five as atypical in an Anglophone academic system
years of interviews and archive research on the that, as Eric Sheppard has highlighted, increas-
history of geographys quantitative revolution ingly incentivizes short-termism: fast scho-
(Barnes, 2014: 202). For Barnes, his private larship (more frequent, shorter publications, in
archive became a personal burden a source journals with high citation counts) rather than
of anxiety over work unfinished and of data yet the slow geography of major monographs
to be sifted, sorted, and understood. The archive (Mathewson, 2015: 44; Sheppard, 2012: 3). In
is one of the places in which the discipline finds the British context, there is evidence for a

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4 Progress in Human Geography

decline in the relative number of monographs With time, in both our research and our writing,
submitted to its periodic national research eva- we gain humility and perspective. That Martins
luation events (the Research Assessment Exer- original manuscript for American Geography
cise (RAE) and the Research Excellent and Geographers was literally that a hand-
Framework (REF)). Although the Geography, written document is a delightfully scholarly
Environmental Studies and Archaeology Sub- raised middle finger to a neoliberal academy
Panel for the 2014 REF found that monographs that would have him quicken his pace.
were more likely than journal articles to achieve
the highest four-star grade reserved for work
judged world-leading in terms of originality, III Turbulence and iteration
significance and rigour it also expressed con- The task of narrating geographys history is one
cern about the impact of research assessment that depends on identifying coherence among
on the continuing health of monograph publica- what might otherwise seem multifarious and
tion in the discipline (HEFCE, 2015: 8, 32). If disassociated activities and ways of thinking.
the neoliberal structures of academia serve now Dealing with this abundance of turbulence
(at least in part) to disincentivize work on the even within the constraints of particular national
scale of Martins book or of the specificity of or linguistic geographical traditions is an
Robin Butlins valuable recent institutional his- iterative but also Sisyphean process, like trying
tories of geography at the University of Leeds to paint a portrait of a constantly fidgeting sub-
and of the Historical Geography Research Group ject (Johnston and Sidaway, 2016: 389). The
of the Royal Geographical Society (with Institute publication of the seventh edition of Geography
of British Geographers) what might be and Geographers: Anglo-American Human
expected from such work in the future (Butlin, Geography since 1945 (2016) is, then, some-
2013, 2015)? thing like an act of defiance and, as its authors
Almost certainly, future histories of geogra- acknowledge, a triumph of will over logic.
phy will increasingly be the product of colla- Since its first edition in 1979 (then authored
borative rather than lone-wolf scholarship; by Johnston alone), Geography and Geogra-
they will be multiauthored in their composition phers has functioned not only as a somewhat
and seek polyvocality in their selection of distanced record of the development and
source materials; they will be iterative rather expression of human geographys foci and
than definitive; they will look outside the disci- trends, but through its use as a teaching
pline more so than within it. We should not, resource has come, for more than one gener-
though, lose sight of the value of what is now ation of Anglo-American human geographers,
being championed as slow scholarship, nor of to shape their sense of professional self.
the craft of archival research; rather, we should Geography and Geographers, in that respect,
celebrate such work for its empirical contribu- has entered the metanarrative of Anglophone
tion and its political value as an act of resistance human geography.
to an assessment culture in academia that Like its near namesake Martins American
increasingly emphasizes rapidity, quantity, and Geography and Geographers Ron Johnston
impactfulness beyond the academy (Berg and and James Sidaways Geography and Geogra-
Seeber, 2016; Smart et al., 2014). As Joanne phers is an account profoundly concerned with
Norcup (2015a: 41) has recently argued, going the embodied and individual nature of geogra-
slow is more than a political statement, it is phical thought. Geographys philosophy is
often a scholarly desideratum; we need time in shown, quite rightly we might conclude, to be
which to coax and detect, glean and forage. inseparable from its practitioners, their

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Keighren 5

concerns, and the social and intellectual con- most prominent exponent, Jovan Cvijic (1865
texts of which they were part. Biography has, 1927).
as each of my predecessors has noted in their Geographers historical work on the Second
progress reports, a vibrant presence and con- World War, its prelude, and its Cold War after-
tinuing importance in scholarship on the history math, has made for some of the most compelling
and philosophy of geography (e.g. Barnes, recent contributions to the disciplines 20th-
2008, 2010; Kinna, 2016; McGeachan, forth- century history (e.g. Barnes, 2014, 2015a,
coming; Stott, 2016; Withers, 2007; Wulf, 2016). In part this is so because the conditions
2015). In part, such work exemplified most of war serve to make abundantly clear how, as
particularly by the valuable Geographers Biobi- Gy}ori and Gyuris (2015: 203) note, certain
bliographical Studies series, whose 34th vol- regimes tried to manipulate scientific disci-
ume has just been published (Lorimer and plines to benefit their own interest, how some
Withers, 2015), including a deeply moving bio- disciplines adapted to radical changes in politi-
graphy of one of this reports previous authors, cal systems and adjusted their theoretical con-
Neil Smith (Mitchell, 2015; Smith, 1990, 1992) cepts to new ideologies, and what efforts these
satisfies our collective curiosity, our nosiness, disciplines made to appear useful to those in
really, with origin stories, with the factors that power. During wartime these processes and
inspired geographys practitioners, that shaped activities, ordinarily ones that run more-or-less
their world view, that encouraged them in spe- benignly in the background, are suddenly made
cific directions while dissuading them from visible and often assume a life-or-death signifi-
others. cance. At such times, geography is at its most
The value of the biographical approach has turbulent.
been arrestingly illustrated, for example, in Much has been done recently to elucidate
recent studies of the Hungarian geographer the complex relationships between geography,
Alexander (Sandor) Rado (18991981) (Gy} ori, geographers, spatial science, and the Nazi
2015; Heffernan, 2015). Rados experiences project (Barnes, 2015b; Minca and Rowan,
during and after the Second World War var- 2015). While it has long been recognized that
iously as geographer, intelligence officer, and the geographical underpinnings of Nazi
prisoner read, on the one hand, like a Graham ideology exemplified through the concepts
Greene thriller, but also function as a compel- of lebensraum, volksboden, and so on were
ling means by which the more complex story of the result of partial and manipulated readings
20th-century Hungarian (and, indeed, more of Friedrich Ratzel, the outright complicity of
broadly communist) geography can be narrated certain 20th-century geographers in lending
(Gy}ori and Gyuris, 2015). Less dramatically, academic authority to Nazi policies makes for
indeed somewhat prosaically, elements of the deeply disturbing reading. Trevor Barness
post-Second World War history of Serbian geo- account of how Walter Christaller (1893
graphy have likewise been revealed through the 1969) allowed himself and his work to be used
biography of one of its leading hydrographers, for the most regressive political ends is impor-
Tomislav Rakicevic (Tasic, 2015). While tant for what it reveals about relationships
Tasics account of Rakicevics life lacks the between knowledge production, patronage,
vibrancy and contextual richness of either Gy} ori political power, and self-aggrandizement
or Heffernan on Rado, its value lies in incre- (Barnes, 2015b: 189). For those of us whose
mentally expanding Anglophone scholars school geography lessons were often occupied
understanding of Serbian geography a knowl- with sketching the hexagonal lattices illustrative
edge that is typically restricted to the work of its of Christallers central place theory, the models

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6 Progress in Human Geography

revealed status as the perfect theory for the includes both favourites and rogues, the admir-
Nazis raises questions about the whitewashing able and the despicable, the conformists and the
of our disciplinary histories, and how we, as a dissenters. While such categories are, by their
community of practitioners, choose to deal with very nature, relative rather than absolute, vary-
the dangerous, discredited, or distasteful ele- ing with time and between disciplinary con-
ments of our intellectual inheritance. There is texts, we arguably stand to gain more for an
a great deal more to be said about geography inclusive approach than we do from engaging
under the auspices, and in the service, of Nazi in historiographical topiary.
ideology, and the just-published collection The familial is, of course, not the only way in
Hitlers Geographies: The Spatialities of the which the development of a collective identity
Third Reich (Giaccaria and Minca, 2016), that or common purpose in geography might be
I shall cover in the next report, promises to add revealed. Recent work has shown, for example,
significantly to our understanding. that there is still value in the national as a scale
of explanation and a mode of narration (e.g.
Dulama and Ilovan, 2015; Oldfield and Shaw,
IV Descent and dissent 2015, 2016; Shaw, 2015). A great deal can be
The biographical impulse that continues to char- learned, too, about geographys practitioners
acterize much historical scholarship on geogra- through attention to the, occasionally transient,
phy (e.g. Ferretti, 2015) is one frequently linked periods when a shared political or pedagogical
with another instinctive concern: the genealogi- cause brought them together in association and
cal. The desire, at least in respect to geographys communal practice (e.g. Norcup, 2015b). In
disciplinary history, to trace lines of intellectual respect of geographys pre-disciplinary history,
descent, if only to write ourselves into that fam- its textual and visual products have long offered
ily structure, is a palpable one, but, as Lorimer important insights into the development of com-
and Withers (2015: 5) caution, it is alone insuf- mon ways of knowing, into what it meant to
ficient: To chart a subjects life and work think geographically, to imagine and represent
according to the academic equivalent of patrili- space, for particular social groups at specific
neal bloodline may be factually accurate in spe- historical moments (e.g. Stock, 2016; Young,
cific instances, but when too closely adhered to 2015). The last year has seen the coincidental
it may risk the resulting narrative being nar- publication of a number of innovative studies of
rowly reductionist or worse still, simply plain. Classical geography what we might describe
It takes more than a father to make a family. as ancient geosophy from scholars working in
Another concern with what Lorimer and and between geography, history, and classics.
Withers (2015: 5) call the dendritic model of Geographys status as an ancient practice and
historiography is its capacity for writing out the way of knowledge making (as the worlds
familial black sheep: lopping off particular second-oldest profession) has, for contempo-
branches of the family tree that represent, for rary practitioners, been used to some effect
contemporaries, undesirable ideologies or out- when seeking to defend the disciplines position
moded ways of thinking. Geographys disci- in the modern academy (Dunbar, 2001). Despite
plinary family if we are to consider that a there being rhetorical value in geographys
useful way of imagining its community, partic- venerability, existing scholarship on its Classi-
ularly in light of feminist critiques that have cal origins has been somewhat limited. This
exposed geographers tendency to trace pater- relative paucity is explained, in part, by the
nal lines of descent in ways that obscure the small number of surviving textual sources on
role of women (Rose, 1995: 414) is one that which our understanding is based; as Roller

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Keighren 7

(2015: 4) has noted, Only four geographical the topos and the cosmos della Dora has pro-
handbooks are extant from antiquity, a poor duced a work in which a concern for geosophy
showing of the nearly 250 known Greek and and geopiety is writ large. Of this, John K.
Roman geographers, most of whom are known Wright who explored related themes for medi-
solely through quotations from later authors, or eval Europe (Wright, 1925b) would certainly
by name alone. It is, perhaps, all the more have approved.
remarkable, then, that in the period covered by
this report two edited collections (Barker et al.,
2016; Bianchetti et al., 2015) together com- V Conclusion
prising 34 individual chapters and two mono- On the 50th anniversary of Wrights plea for a
graphs (della Dora, 2016; Roller, 2015) have history of geography, William A. Koelsch sur-
been published that add materially to our knowl- veyed the contemporary field and found it,
edge of geography as it was practised in the largely, to be still terra incognita (Koelsch,
ancient world. These works serve also to nuance 1976: 79). Forty years further on, where do we
our understanding of the relationship (and fre- stand? Notwithstanding the fact that the sub-
quent discontinuities) between ancient and discipline of the history and philosophy of
modern ways of seeing and representing the geography lacks certain markers of intellectual
world (see also Geus and Thiering, 2014). status and permanence (it has no dedicated,
Among such an abundance of valuable work international peer-reviewed journal for exam-
(much of it a testament to the continuing vigour ple), scholarship in this area is as this report
of slow scholarship) it is difficult, as the argues abundant, creative, and, increasingly,
restrictions of this report necessarily demand, written by non-geographers. The whiff of anti-
to single out a specific contribution, but Vero- quarianism that might once have characterized
nica della Doras Landscape, Nature, and the the task of narrating geographys disciplinary
Sacred in Byzantium (2016) stands out as a par- and discursive histories has been gainsaid by
ticularly rich example of what is to be gained by an expanding range of empirically rich, contex-
asking how the ancients understood their rela- tually aware work that shows geographical
tionship with the natural world, how they thought and practice to be, always, constructed,
engaged with and perceived space, and how contingent, and contested. Chronicling geogra-
they imagined and represented the geographies phy is no harmless hobby.
of which they were part. Indeed, della Doras Nine decades of scholarship have done much
study is attentive to the relationship between the to satisfy Wrights plea; a sub-discipline has
sacred and the geographical in shaping how the taken shape, a significant literature has evolved,
Byzantine imagination perceived particular understandings of geographys nature, place,
landscapes and physical features gardens, and role have become both fuller and more
caves, mountains, and rivers, among other topi. subtle. It is clear, however, that the vibrancy and
By bringing together geographical and patristic value of work on the history and philosophy of
sources, della Dora (2016: 258) outlines in her geography depends fundamentally upon us not
book what she calls Byzantine ways of seeing: being satisfied by what we currently have
perspectives that did not view geography, however authoritative, however comprehensive
theology, and natural philosophy as discon- but always, greedily, asking for more. Our
nected branches of knowledge . . . [but] as parts shared goal as historians of geography should
of a same whole. In explaining how the Byzan- not be definitiveness but nuance; our task is not
tine pious understood the world how they to agree a particular narrative, but to disrupt
thought about geography between the scale of established accounts and to find new ways of

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8 Progress in Human Geography

telling our stories. Progress in the history and Bianchetti S, Cataudella MR and Gehrke H-J (eds) (2015)
philosophy of geography is defined by revealing Brills Companion to Ancient Geography: The Inhab-
and revelling in geographys messiness, com- ited World in Greek and Roman Tradition. Leiden:
plexity, and relativism. Ours is not a simple Brill.
Burton A (ed.) (2005) Archive Stories: Facts, Fictions, and
story, plainly told.
the Writing of History. Durham, NC: Duke University
Acknowledgements Press.
Butlin R (2013) The Historical Geography Research
I am very grateful to Noel Castree for the invitation Group: A History. London: Royal Geographical
to compile this report (and the two that will follow). Society.
My particular thanks go to Chris Philo, who has been Butlin R (2015) The Origins and Development of Geogra-
an encouraging, constructive, and, most importantly, phy at the University of Leeds, c.18472015. Leeds:
patient editor. School of Geography, University of Leeds.
Della Dora V (2016) Landscape, Nature, and the Sacred
Declaration of conflicting interests
in Byzantium. Cambridge: Cambridge University
The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of inter- Press.
est with respect to the research, authorship, and/or Dulama ME and Ilovan O-R (2015) Development of the
publication of this article. geography school curriculum in Romania, from the
18th century to 1989. Transylvanian Review 24:
Funding 255284.
The author(s) received no financial support for the Dunbar GS (ed.) (2001) Geography: Discipline, Profes-
research, authorship, and/or publication of this sion and Subject since 1870: An International Survey.
article. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic.
Ferretti F (2015) Globes, savoir situe et education a la
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