Surveys
Surveys
Surveys
hcr correction due to curvature and refraction INPUT MODE [2] (CMPLX) RESULTS
k horizontal distance TRAVERSE
A fr. N w/ sign a + b SHIFT [2][3] r
R radius of earths curvature
L; NE L L
Derived Formula L; NW L(360 ) L
For R = 6400 km Lat + Dep LA fr. N
L; SE L(180 ) (L )
m hcr = 0.067k2 km L; SW L(180 + ) (L)
L:Length of Course Azimuth from North: Bearing STORE Every Traverse in Every Letter (A-F)
For R = 6350 km :Bearing clockwise from North (+)clockwise
m hcr = 0.0675k2 km ()counter cw NOTE: Abs(LA fr. N) = L
All
arg(LA fr. N) = A fr. N
General Formula (+)from North
()from South
6 k2
km hcr = ( ) km
7 2R
Latitude, Departure, Linear Error of Closure
LA fr. N (using the table) = ( Lat) + ( Dep)
Principles khor
klevel hcr ( Lat) + ( Dep) SHIFT [2][3] r LECLEC
1) khorizontal = klevel
2) k y1 and k y2 R Corrected Latitude and Departure
R
Elevation Compass Rule
A L
el. A = el. ins. +hcr + y1 LA fr. N course
L
[( Lat) + ( Dep)] = Corr. Lat + Corr. Dep
y1
y1 = k tan k Transit Rule
|Latcourse |
hcr LA fr. N |Lat| [( Lat) + ( Dep)] = Corr. Lat + b
el. B = el. ins. +hcr y2 y2 |Depcourse |
LA fr. N [( Lat) + ( Dep)] = a + Corr. Dep
y2 = k tan B |Dep|
Bearing DMDlast = Deplast Lat2 Dep2 DMD2 2A2
MODE [3][2]
NE, NW, SE, SW 2Acourse = DMD Lat x for DMD
Due North, Due East, Due West, Due South 1 y for Lat Lat n DepnDMDn 2An
Atotal = | 2Acourse | SHIFT [1][3][5]
If AB : NE then AB : SW 2 1
A total = 2 | xy|
AB = BA NW
Azimuth BY DPD
Dep Lat DPD 2A
Clockwise from N (Land) DPDfirst = Lat first
Dep1 Lat1DPD1 2A1
Clockwise from S (Navigation) DPDnext = DPDfirst + Lat first + Lat next
A fr. N Dep2 Lat 2 DPD2 2A2
A 180 = A A fr. S DPDlast = Lat last MODE [3][2]
2Acourse = DPD Dep x for DPD
1 y for Dep Depn Lat nDPDn 2An
Atotal = | 2Acourse | SHIFT [1][3][5]
TRAVERSE (Linear Measurement) 2 1
A total = 2 | xy|
Lat
OMITTED MEASUREMENTS
Dep SIMPLE CURVES
Latitude Departure Radius of Curvature
Lat = L cos Dep = L sin Arc Basis (20m arc) 20 m LC
1145.916 20 RI
180
Rec(L, ) = Lat, Dep R= D
D
= I R D
R I
Transit Rule
|Lat|course
CLat = Lat |Lat|
|Dep| course
CDep = Dep |Dep|