Study of Composite Sandwich Structure and Bending Characteristics - A Review
Study of Composite Sandwich Structure and Bending Characteristics - A Review
Study of Composite Sandwich Structure and Bending Characteristics - A Review
Review Article
Accepted 20 March 2015, Available online 23 March 2015, Vol.5, No.2 (April 2015)
Abstract
The use of sandwich structure is increased rapidly in various fields which uses many applications ranging from
satellite, aircraft, ships, automobile, railcars, bridge construction and many more the purpose of following review
paper is to provide general introduction to sandwich structure and discussion on structural mechanics including
types of loads acting, failure modes observed in sandwich construction and typical three point bending analysis of
sandwich structure.
Keywords: sandwich structure, honeycomb core, failure modes, defects, bending analysis.
concerning sandwich construction was written by orientated in the panel to take the best advantage of
Marguerre in 1944 dealing with sandwich panels this attribute.
subjected to in-plane compressive loads. Early Stiffness: Sandwich structures are frequently used
theoretical work was all restricted to uniform lateral to maximize stiffness at very low weights. Because of
loads, and simply supported boundary conditions. the relatively low shear modulus of most core
During the early post World War II period, the USFPL materials, however, the deflection calculations must
was the primary group in the development of analysis allow for shear deflection of the structure in addition
and design methods for sandwich structures. (Jack R to the bending deflections usually considered.
Vinson 2001). Adhesive Performance: The adhesive must rigidly
attach the facings to the core material in order for
3. Constituents of Honeycomb Sandwich Structure
loads to be transmitted from one facing to the other.
A honeycomb sandwich structure consists of two thin Suitable adhesives include high modulus, high strength
face sheets attached to both sides of a lightweight core materials available as liquids, pastes or dry films. As a
(see figure 3.1). The design of sandwich structures general rule, a low peel strength, or relatively brittle
allows the outer face sheets to carry the axial loads, adhesive should never be used with very light
bending moments, and in- plane shears while the core sandwich structures which may be subjected to abuse
carries the normal flexural shears. Sandwich structures or damage in storage, handling or service.
are susceptible to failures due to large normal local Cell Size: A large cell size is the lower cost option,
stress concentrations because of the heterogeneous but in combination with thin skins may result in
nature of the core and face sheet assembly. Component telegraphing, i.e. a dimpled outer surface of the
mounting must therefore use potted inserts to
sandwich. A small cell size will give an improved
distribute the point loads from connections. Sandwich
panel face sheets are commonly fabricated using surface appearance, and provides a greater bonding
metals like aluminium, steel or graphite/epoxy area, but at higher cost.
composite panels. The core is typically fabricated using Cell Shape: Normally supplied with hexagonal cell
a honeycomb or aluminium construction. shapes, a few honeycomb types can be supplied with
rectangular cell shapes.
The skin and core materials should be able to The compressive modulus of the facing skin and the
withstand the tensile, compressive and shear stresses core compression strength must both be high enough
induced by the design load. The skin to core adhesive to prevent a skin wrinkling failure
must be capable of transferring the shear stresses
between skin and core.
4.2 Excessive deflection For a given skin material, the core cell size must be
small enough to prevent intra cell buckling.
The sandwich panel should have sufficient bending and
shear stiffness to prevent excessive deflection.
5.2 Delamination in Honeycomb structure: (Jeom Kee Paik et al 1999) This theory is based on
these assumptions:
This type defect is incurred due the change in the
temperature conditions and the impact load on the 1. The beam bends in a cylindrical manner with no
specific point. Local compression may lead to the curvature in lateral plane.
delamination of the skin or adhesive contact between 2. Cross-sections which are plane and perpendicular to
the core and the adhesive. the longitudinal axis of the beam remain so when the
bending takes place.
5.3 Core crushing in Honeycomb structure 3. The sandwich structure is assumed to act
compositely.
In this type of damage in honeycomb structure the
sudden impact may result in the inner part of the
honeycomb to be damaged by getting crushed at some
parts. Maximum deflection, local compression and
shear wrinkling may result in the crushed core.
Where are modulus of elasticity and moment The future for sandwich construction looks bright
of inertia of face sheet respectively. While indeed. Sandwich construction will continue to be the
are cross sectional area of honeycomb core and primary structure for satellites. In aircraft, sandwich
average value of elastic shear modulus of the construction will be increasingly used particularly for
honeycomb core cell respectively. The first term of the large aircraft, such as the Global Range Transport.
right hand side in Eq. (5) is due to bending effect alone Many countries are using composite sandwich
and the second one account for the shear effect. It is constructions for their navies' ship hulls. However one
clear that the shear stress related effects brought on by
of the largest uses may be for bridge constructions.
the honeycomb core cannot be neglected. A simplified
formula for predicting the critical value of applied
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