Concepts of

Rotational Motion
„ Angular
Chapter 7 Displacement ∆θ = θ f − θi
Angular ∆θ
„
ωav =
Rotational Motion Velocity ∆t
and ∆ω
The Law of Gravity „ Angular α av =
Part 2 Acceleration ∆t
1 2

Rotational Motion under

Units in Rotational Motion Constant Angular Acceleration
„ Angular „ Described by a set of equations of
Displacement motion:
[∆θ ] = rad ω = ωi + α t
Angular Velocity
„
1
[ωav ] = rad ∆θ = ωi t + αt 2
s 2
Angular
„
Acceleration ω = ωi + 2α∆θ
2 2

[α av ] = rad2 „ Similar to one-dimensional kinematics

s 3 4

Relationship Between Angular

and Linear Quantities Centripetal Acceleration
„ Displacement „ Due to the change in
∆s = ∆θ ⋅ r direction of the tangential
„ Tangential speed velocity
v t = ∆θ / ∆t = ω ⋅ r
„ The acceleration is
„ Tangential acceleration directed toward the
at = ∆ω / ∆t = α ⋅ r center of the circle of
„ Every point on the rotating object has the same motion
angular motion r r r
„ Every point on the rotating object does not have ∆v = v f − v i
the same linear motion
5 6

1
 Forces Causing Centripetal
Total Acceleration Acceleration
„ The tangential component of the „ Newton’s Second Law: the centripetal
acceleration is due to changing speed acceleration is accompanied by a force
The centripetal component of the
„
acceleration is due to changing direction
„
Fc = mac
„ Total acceleration can be found from „ Fc stands for any force that keeps an
these components object following a circular path
r r r r r
r
ati
ati r a =a +a t c „ Tension in a string
aci r r aci „ Gravity
r atf a = at2 + aC2 Force of friction
a
„
a
O cf
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Centripetal Acceleration Example: Problem #63

„ In many cases object moves with „ α = 68o
constant speed, therefore total
„ r = 0.33 m
acceleration
a = ac ω -?
„

„ Expressions for centripetal acceleration

r
v2 r nr
a c = t = rω 2 Fg ac
r α
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Applications of Forces Causing

Example: Problem #50 Centripetal Acceleration
A
„ m = 70 kg „ Many specific situations will use
r θ forces that cause centripetal
„ r=4m
T acceleration
„ vi = 0 r B
Fg cos θ „ Level curves
„ hB = 1.5 m h
r C h=0
„ Banked curves
Fg „ Horizontal circles
„ TA, TB, TC - ? „ Vertical circles

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2
 Level Curves Banked Curves
„ Friction is the force that „ A component of the
produces the centripetal normal force adds
acceleration to the frictional
f s = µ ⋅ n = µ ⋅ mg force to allow
higher speeds
„ Can find the frictional
force, µ, or v

v = µrg
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Newton’s Law of Universal

Vertical Circle Gravitation
„ Look at the forces „ Every particle in the Universe
at the top of the attracts every other particle with a
circle force that is directly proportional
„ The minimum to the product of the masses and
speed at the top
inversely proportional to the
of the circle can
be found square of the distance between
them.
v top = gR m1m2
F =G
r2
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Universal Gravitation, 2 Universal Gravitation, 3

„ G is the constant of universal „ The force that
mass 1 exerts on
gravitational, determined mass 2 is equal
experimentally and opposite to
„ G = 6.673 x 10-11 N m² /kg² the force mass 2
exerts on mass 1
„ This is an example of an inverse „ The forces form a
square law Newton’s third
law action-
reaction

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3
 Applications of Universal
Universal Gravitation, 4 Gravitation
„ The gravitational force exerted by „ Acceleration due
a uniform sphere on a particle to gravity
outside the sphere is the same as „ g will vary with
the force exerted if the entire altitude
mass of the sphere were ME
g=G
concentrated on its center r2
„ This is called Gauss’ Law

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Gravitational Potential
Energy Example: Problem #29
„ PE = mgy is valid only near the „ d = 384000 km
earth’s surface
„ For objects high above the „ m = 3 x 104 kg
earth’s surface, an alternate Earth
expression is needed Moon
„ FE - ?
Mm
PE = −G E „ FM - ?
r FM FE
„ PEg is equal to negative of a work Useful Constants:
done by Fg in moving an object
„ Zero reference level is infinitely far mE = 5.98 x 1024 kg
from the earth mM = 7.36 x 1022 kg
G = 6.68 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
21 22

Escape Speed Various Escape Speeds

„ The escape speed is the speed needed „ The escape
for an object to soar off into space and speeds for
not return various members
of the solar
2GME system
v esc =
RE „ Escape speed is
„ For the earth, vesc is about 11.2 km/s one factor that
„ Note, v is independent of the mass of determines a
planet’s
the object
atmosphere

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4
 Kepler’s Laws Kepler’s Laws, cont.
„ All planets move in elliptical orbits „ These laws are consequences of
with the Sun at one of the focal the gravitational force between
points. any two objects together with
„ A line drawn from the Sun to any Newton’s laws of motion
planet sweeps out equal areas in
equal time intervals.
„ The square of the orbital period of
any planet is proportional to cube
of the average distance from the
Sun to the planet. 25 26

Kepler’s First Law Kepler’s Second Law

„ All planets move „ A line drawn from
in elliptical orbits the Sun to any
with the Sun at planet will sweep
one focus. out equal areas in
„ Any object bound equal times
to another by an „ Area from A to B
inverse square law and C to D are the
will move in an same
elliptical path
„ Second focus is
empty
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Kepler’s Third Law Example: Problem #39

„ The square of the orbital period of any „ m = 200 kg
planet is proportional to cube of the
„ h = 200 km
average distance from the Sun to the
planet. „ circular orbit
T 2 = Kr 3 Useful Constants:
„ For orbit around the Sun, K = KS = „ a) T-?
2.97x10-19 s2/m3 RE = 6.38 x 106 m
„ K is independent of the mass of the
„ b) vt-? mE = 5.98 x 1024 kg
planet „ c) Emin-? G = 6.68 x 10-11 Nm2/kg2
1 day = 86400 s
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5
Communications Satellite
„ A geosynchronous orbit
„ Remains above the same place on the
earth
„ The period of the satellite will be 24 hr
„ Height:
h= 3.6x104 km
„ Still independent of the mass of the
satellite

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