c


Y
First, he would quote God's Law, and after quoting God's Law He would often quote the
accuser's law and use that against them as well. For example, Jesus would say, "Did ye never
read in the |

|..." and then 
| . Then he would turn around and say, "Is it
not written in 
..." and  
 ! His accusers would have no answer, they
could not overcome Him. How could anyone overcome somebody who is obeying both God's
Law and man's law!? If a man made law is just, it will be in harmony with God's Law. Y

This is the purpose of this article. These maxims are the foundation and principles of the laws
that man passes today. Unfortunately, men enforce their own will more than they enforce law.
So, this is why, in addition to knowing God's Law, it is also important to know man's law,
because man's law is based upon God's Law. And when you are accused of "breaking the law,"
you can do what Jesus did, and use both God's Law and man's law to justify your lawful acts, for
this is the only thing that will excuse you. Y

It is important to distinguish between commercial law and maxims of law, when quoting from
their law. We should never, ever quote their codes, rules, regulations, ordinances, statutes,
common law, merchant law, public policies, constitutions, etc., because these are commercial in
nature, and if we use their commercial law, they can presume we are engaged in commerce
(which means we are of the world), which will nullify our witness (because we are not of the
world). Maxims of law are not commercial law, but are mostly based upon scripture and truth.Y

Here is a court case which demonstrates a typical example of the fruitlessness of describing
oneself in the terms of the world, as distinguished from who and what our Heavenly Father has
already told us we are.Y

It was rendered by JOHN V. PARKER, Chief Judge:Y

"Petitioner's shield of the "Common Law" as an "Unenfranchised Sovereign Individual of the

United States of America, a Republic," provides him with the same degreee of protection from
federal income taxation as did the Ghost Dance of the Sioux warrior from the repeating rifles of
the federal Calvary - ZERO." ‰



 





 






!




"
#
$ 
%&'&()'#

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!
!
" 



+ !

$ ,-


 %&
Y

Many insist on using the "common law" to defend themselves. The reason we should not is
because, first and foremost, you do not see the term "common law" in scripture. Bondservants
of Christ are only to use God's Law. Secondly, the common law is a commerical law today,
created by merchants, influenced by Roman Law, and used for commercial purposes. The
following definitions are taken from "#
 

+.

-
/,
"
#! 

% 0."Y

|  
| A system of customs, originating among merchants, and allowed for the
benefit of trade as part of the common law. º
0)0.Y


   
| The rules applicable to commercial paper were
transplanted into the common law from the law merchant. They had their origin in the customs
and course of business of merchants and bankers, and are now recognized by the courts
because they are demanded by the wants and conveniences of the mercantile world. º!

()' (.Y

Ñ  The common law of England has been largely influenced by the Roman law, in
several respects:«Through the development of commercial law. º
). Y

All of man's laws, except for many maxims of law, are commercial in nature.Y

The following are the definitions of "maxims," and then the relevant maxims of law will be listed.Y

c (X 1!
+.
 

%‰ ): An established principle or proposition. A principle of
law universally admitted, as being just and consonant with reason. Y
Î. Maxims in law are somewhat like axioms in geometry. 
X
" ,
%. They are principles and
authorities, and part of the general customs or common law of the land; and are of the same
strength as acts of parliament, when the judges have determined what is a maxim; which
belongs to the judges and not the jury. ,!

+2
 
3





%. Maxims of the
law are holden for law, and all other cases that may be applied to them shall be taken for
granted. 
4!

(2
&



" ,

%2
º .
(

- Y

o. The application of the maxim to the case before the court, is generally the only difficulty. The
true method of making the application is to ascertain how the maxim arose, and to consider
whether the case to which it is applied is of the same character, or whether it is an exception to
an apparently general rule. Y

4. The alterations of any of the maxims of the common law are dangerous. 
4!
). Y

c (William C. Anderson's #
 

+., (189o), page 666): So called«because it's
value is the highest and its authority the most reliable, and because it is accepted by all persons
at the very highest. Y

Î. The principles and axioms of law, which are general propositions flowing from abstracted
reason, and not accommodated to times or men, are wisely deposited in the breasts of the
judges to be applied to such facts as come properly before them.Y

o. When a principle has been so long practiced and so universally acknowledged as to become
a maxim, it is obligatory as part of the law. Y

c   (X51!
+.
 

0
 

6 007


(): An established principle
of proposition. A principle of law universally admitted as being a correct statement of the law, or
as agreeable to reason. Coke defines a maxim to be "a conclusion of reason" " 5

+ 


. He says in another place, "A maxim is a proposition to be of all men confessed and granted
without proof, argument, or discourse." " 5

+ 
(
Y

c (X51!
+.
 

&
 ): Maxims are but attempted general statements of
rules of law and are law only to the extent of application in adjudicated cases." Y

These maxims are taken directly from man's law dictionaries and court cases. The following
books were referenced for this article:Y
 1. Bouvier's Law Dictionary, by John Bouvier, (1856)
Î. Legal Maxims, by Broom and Bouvier, (1856)
o. A Dictionary of Law, by William C. Anderson, (189o)
4. Black's Law Dictionary, by Henry Campell Black, (ord, 4th, 5th, and 6th
Editions, 19oo-1990)
5. Maxims of Law, by Charles A. Weisman, (1990)

*Comments in [brackets] are added and not part of the maxim itself*Y

 |  
Y
× An act of God does wrong to no one.
× The act of God does no injury; that is, no one is responsible for inevitable accidents.
× No one is held to answer for the effects of a superior force, or of an accident, unless his own
fault has contributed.
× J     |  

× An action is not given to one who is not injured.
× An action is not given to him who has received no damages.
× He who suffers a damage by his own fault, has no right to complain.
× Mistakes, neglect, or misconducts are not to be regarded as accidents.
× Whoever pays by mistake what he does not owe, may recover it back; but he who pays,
knowing he owes nothing; is presumed to give.
× 0  |           
 !
    

 !
  [If the IRS accuses you of owing them money, if you want to go to court
to dispute it, you must pay them in full what they demand and then sue them to get it back.
Which places the burden of proof upon the accused rather than the accuser]
× No man ought to be burdened in consequence of another's act.
× There may be damage or injury inflicted without any act of injustice.
× Not every loss produces and injury.
× A personal injury does not receive satisfaction from a future course of proceeding.
× Wrong is wiped out by reconciliation.
× An injury is extinguished by the forgiveness or reconcilement of the party injured. [Luke 17:o-
4, Î Corinthians Î:7-8]

X|  "
!|
× Favors from government often carry with them an enhanced measure of regulation.
×   
    
  
|  
× No one is obliged to accept a benefit against his consent.
× He who receives the benefit should also bear the disadvantage.
× d  
!|   
       |!|  
× He who enjoys the benefit, ought also to bear the burden.
× He who enjoys the advantage of a right takes the accompanying disadvantage.
×  
! | |  
  
! 
× A privilege is a personal benefit and dies with the person.
× One who avails himself of the benefits conferred by statute cannot deny its validity.
× 0  
!   
    
! 
    |   
     |
    | 
 
× He who does any benefit to another for me is considered as doing it to me.



× "
,  (let the buyer beware).
× Let the purchaser beware.
× Let the seller beware.
× The payment of the price stands in the place of a sale.
× J    
     |  |  
|
× Goods are worth as much as they can be sold for.
× Mere recommendation of an article does not bind the vendor of it.
× It is settled that there is to be considered the home of each one of us where he may have his
habitation and account-books, and where he has made an establishment of his business.
× No rule of law protects a buyer who willfully closes his ears to information, or refuses to make
inquiry when circumstances of grave suspicion imperatively demand it.
× Let every one employ himself in what he knows.
× He at whose risk a thing is done, should receive the profits arising from it.
× Usury is odious in law. [Exodus ÎÎ:Î5, Leviticus Î5:o6-o7, Nehemiah 5:7,10, Proverbs Î8:8,
Ezekiel 18:8,1o,17; ÎÎ:1Î]

 #|
× 0      
× It is a fault to meddle with what does not belong to or does not concern you.
× Many men know many things, no one knows everything.
× u |  
| ||  
||
× It avails little to know what ought to be done, if you do not know how it is to be done.
× d  ||  
| 
× What ever is done in excess is prohibited by law.
× No one is bound to give information about things he is ignorant of, but every one is bound to
know that which he gives information about.
× No man is bound to have foreknowledge of a Divine or a future event.
× No one is bound to arm his adversary.

|  
 |
× Consent makes the law. A contract is a law between the parties, which can acquire force only
by consent.
× Consent makes the law: the terms of a contract, lawful in its purpose, constitute the law as
between the parties.
× To him consenting no injury is done.
× d  || 
 !  

× Consent removes or obviates a mistake.
× He who mistakes is not considered as consenting.
× ÿ!
 | !!|  |||   
 ||| |   ||

!! |
× A contract founded on a base and unlawful consideration, or against good morals, is null.
× One who wills a thing to be or to be done cannot complain of that thing as an injury.
× The agreement of the parties makes the law of the contract.
× J 
  |  
× Agreements give the law to the contract.
× The agreement of the parties overcomes or prevails against the law.
× Advice, unless fraudulent, does not create an obligation.
× No action arises out of an immoral consideration.
× No action arises on an immoral contract.
× In the agreements of the contracting parties, the rule is to regard the intention rather than the
words.
× The right of survivorship does not exist among merchants for the benefit of commerce.
× When two persons are liable on a joint obligation, if one makes default the other must bear the
whole.
× >       
× He who contracts, knows, or ought to know, the quality of the person with whom he contracts,
otherwise he is not excusable.
× He who approves cannot reject.
× If anything is due to a corporation, it is not due to the individual members of it, nor do the
members individually owe what the corporation owes.
× 
 |        
|| 
|  
| |
|
|  
| |    
× Manner and agreement overrule the law.
× The essence of a contract being assent, there is no contract where assent is wanting.


  "|
× There can be no plea of that thing of which the dissolution is sought.
× A false plea is the basest of all things.
× There can be no plea against an action which entirely destroys the plea.
× d  |   | [A well-known rule of pleading]
× No one is believed in court but upon his oath.
× An infamous person is repelled or prevented from taking an oath.
× In law none is credited unless he is sworn. All the facts must, when established by witnesses,
be under oath or affirmation.
× An act of the court shall oppress no one.
× The practice of a court is the law of the court.
× There ought to be an end of law suits.
× It concerns the commonwealth that there be an end of law suits.
× It is for the public good that there be an end of litigation.
× A personal action dies with the person. This must be understood of an action for a tort only.
× Equity acts upon the person.
× Œ   |     

 
 
 
[This is why we should avoid voluntarily appearing in court]
×  
 
  
|   


  
 ||   ! |
!   
× Certain legal consequences are attached to the voluntary act of a person.
× The presence of the body cures the error in the name; the truth of the name cures an error in
the description
× An error in the name is immaterial if the body is certain.
× An error in the name is nothing when there is certainty as to the person.
× The truth of the demonstration removes the error of the name.


  "|
× A madman is punished by his madness alone.
× The instigator of a crime is worse than he who perpetrates it.
× J  |          |  !|   |
× Acting and consenting parties are liable to the same punishment.
× No one is punished for his thoughts.
× Œ  | | 

   

× He who has committed iniquity, shall not have equity.
× He who is once bad, is presumed to be always so in the same degree.
× He who is once criminal is presumed to be always criminal in the same kind or way.
× Whatever is once bad, is presumed to be so always in the same degree.
× d  |  
 
    | | 
× He who does not blame, approves.
× He is clear of blame who knows, but cannot prevent.
× Œ  |   | 

 

  

× Œ   |    |   
× Gross negligence is held equivalent to intentional wrong.
× Misconduct binds its own authors. It is a never-failing axiom that everyone is accountable only
for his own offence or wrong.
× In offenses, the will and not the consequences are to be looked to.
× It is to the intention that all law applies.
× The intention of the party is the soul of the instrument.
× Every act is to be estimated by the intention of the doer.
×    |     
 || |  

× An act does not make a person guilty, unless the intention be also guilty. This maxim applies
only to criminal cases; in civil matters it is otherwise.
× In offenses, the intention is regarded, not the event.
× The intention amounts to nothing unless some effect follows.
× Take away the will, and every action will be indifferent.
× Your motive gives a name to your act.
× An outlaw is, as it were, put out of the protection of the law.
× Vainly does he who offends against the law, seek the help of the law.
× Drunkenness inflames and produces every crime.
× Drunkenness both aggravates and reveals every crime.
× He who sins when drunk shall be punished when sober.
× Punishment is due if the words of an oath be false.
×  
| | ||  
 |  |     

× J| | |
 
 | 
 |!
  | | 
× Punishment ought not to precede a crime.
×   |  || 
 
  |   
 | 
    

 

 [Deuteronomy 19:18]

||  $||
×     |   
   | | 


× Custom is the best expounder of the law.
× Custom is another law.
× A prescriptive and legitimate custom overcomes the law.
× | |    | 

|  
× Usage is the best interpreter of things.
× Custom is the best interpreter of laws.
× What is done contrary to the custom of our ancestors, neither pleases nor appears right.
× Where two rights concur, the more ancient shall be preferred.

ÿ
|||  0
|
× J   
| |  |
    [Romans 8:Î]
× The propriety of words is the safety of property.
×  | 
 
  !| | ||  
| 
  |  |
× It matters not whether a revocation be by words or by acts.
× What is expressed renders what is implied silent.
× An unequivocal statement prevails over an implication.
× In ambiguous expressions, the intention of the person using them is chiefly to be regarded.
× The expression of those things which are tacitly implied operates nothing.
× The expression of one thing is the exclusion of another.
× A general expression is to be construed generally.
× A general expression implies nothing certain.
× General words are understood in a general sense.
× 0  
|    
 
 |    



× Every interpretation either declares, extends or restrains.
× J | 

 |  
 | 
      
× Words are to be interpreted according to the subject-matter.
× He who considers merely the letter of an instrument goes but skin deep into its meaning.
× Frequently where the propriety of words is attended to, the meaning of truth is lost.
× Words are to be taken most strongly against him who uses them.
× Multiplicity and indistinctness produce confusion; and questions, the more simple they are, the
more lucid.
× When two things repugnant to each other are found in a will, the last is to be confirmed.
× Bad or false grammar does not vitiate a deed or grant.
× Many things can be implied from a few expressions.
× Language is the exponent of the intention.
× 0
| 
  
|    

× Speech is the index of the mind. [James 1:Î6]
× Laws are imposed, not upon words, but upon things.

" |
× A fiction is a rule of law that assumes something which is or may be false as true.
× 0
 
 |     |  |
× There is no fiction without law.
× Fictions arise from the law, and not law from fictions
× Fiction is against the truth, but it is to have truth.
× In a fiction of law, equity always subsists.
×      
|  
× Fiction of law is wrongful is it works loss or injury to any one.

"
  % 
×  | |
   !    !
×   !
|  
|
× Fraud lies hid in general expressions.
× A concealed fault is equal to a deceit.
× Out of fraud no action arises.
× A forestaller is an oppressor of the poor, and a public enemy to the whole community and the
country.
× It is a fraud to conceal a fraud.
× Gross negligence is equivalent to fraud.
× Once a fraud, always a fraud.
× 0 
| |   |    |  
  
  |  
|
× He is not deceived who knows himself to be deceived.
× Let him who wishes to be deceived, be deceived.
× He who does not prevent what he can, seems to commit the thing.
× He who does not prevent what he can prevent, is viewed as assenting.
× He who does not forbid what he can forbid, seems to assent.
× He who does not forbid, when he might forbid, commands.
× d  | 
  
     | 
× Often it is the new road, not the old one, which deceives the traveler.
× Deceit is an artifice, since it pretends one thing and does another.

  Ñ
×  !
  
   
  !
   


    

   
 [Acts 5:Î9]
× That which is against Divine Law is repugnant to society and is void.
× He who becomes a soldier of Christ has ceased to be a soldier of the world. [Î Timothy Î:o-4]
× Where the Divinity is insulted the case is unpardonable.
× Human things never prosper when divine things are neglected.
× No man is presumed to be forgetful of his eternal welfare, and particularly at the point of
death.
× The church does not die.
× That is the highest law which favors religion.
× The law is from everlasting.
× He who acts badly, hates the light.
× He who does not willingly speak the truth, is a betrayer of the truth.
× d  |  |  
 |  

  

× The truth that is not sufficiently defended is frequently overpowered; and he who does not
disapprove, approves.
× Suppression of the truth is equivalent to the expression of what is false.
× Truth, by whomever pronounced, is from God.
× Truth fears nothing but concealment.
× We can do nothing against truth. [Î Corinthians 1o:8]
× Truth is the mother of justice.
× To swear is to call God to witness, and is an act of religion.
× Earlier in time, is stronger in right. First in time, first in right.
× He who is before in time, is preferred in right.
× 0 | 
| | 
|   | 
|   | |  
× No man is ignorant of his eternal welfare.
× All men know God. [Hebrews 8:11]
× J |   
 |   |
× J  
       
     !
 
|
! 
    
× No man warring for God should be troubled by secular business.
× What is given to the church is given to God.

!
|  &
| 
× J   ||  ||
 
    |     |   
 
   
   '
||( |
× J 
  | 
! '

(   

  
    |

! '
(. [Romans 1o:1]
× J 

 | |   !
  
|
!|  | 
|  '  

|(.
× Jurisdiction is a power introduced for the public good, on account of the necessity of
dispensing justice.
× Every jurisdiction has its own bounds.
× The government cannot confer a favor which occasions injury and loss to others.
× A minor ought not to be guardian of a minor, for he is unfit to govern others who does not
know how to govern himself.
× The government is to be subject to the law, for the law makes government.
× The law is not to be violated by those in government.

d
|
×
      
 [Romans 8:16]
× God alone makes the heir, not man.
× Co-heirs are deemed as one body or person, by reason of the unity of right which they
possess. [Romans 8:17, Ephesians 5:o1-oÎ]
× Œ     
 
  | 
× An heir is either by right of property, or right of representation.
× An heir is the same person with his ancestor. [Because the ancestor, during his life, bears in
his body (of law) all his heirs].
× 'Heir' is a collective name or noun [so it is not private, and has no private rights].
× Several co-heirs are as one body, by reason of the unity of right which they possess. [Romans
8:17, Ephesians 5:o1-oÎ]
× The law favors a man's inheritance.
× Heir is a term of law, son one of nature.
× An heir is another self, and a son is a part of the father.
× The heir succeeds to the restitution not the penalty.

&|  &

× Let justice be done, though the heavens should fall.
× One who commands lawfully must be obeyed.
× 0!
|        | 
   !  
  !   |  |  ||
   [Isaiah oo:ÎÎ, "For the LORD is our
judge«"]
× Where a person does an act by command of one exercising judicial authority, the law will not
suppose that he acted from any wrongful or improper motive, because it was his bounden duty
to obey.
× A judgment is always taken as truth.
× If you judge, understand.
× It is the duty of a good judge to remove the cause of litigation. [Acts 18:1Î-16]
× The end of litigation is justice.
× To a judge who exceeds his office or jurisdiction no obedience is due.
× One who exercises jurisdiction out of his territory is not obeyed with impunity.
× A twisting of language is unworthy of a judge.
× A good judge decides according to justice and right, and prefers equity to strict law.
× Of the credit and duty of a judge, no question can arise; but it is otherwise respecting his
knowledge, whether he be mistaken as to the law or fact.
× It is punishment enough for a judge that he is responsible to God. [Psalms Î:10-1Î, Romans
1o]
× That is the best system of law which confides as little as possible to the discretion of the
judge.
× That law is the best which leaves the least discretion to the judge; and this is an advantage
which results from certainty.
× He is the best judge who relies as little as possible on his own discretion.
× Whenever there is a doubt between liberty and slavery, the decision must be in favor of
liberty.
× He who decides anything, a party being unheard, though he should decide right, does wrong.
× He who spares the guilty, punishes the innocent. [Mark 15:6-15, Luke Îo:17-Î5, John 18:o8-
40]
× The judge is condemned when a guilty person escapes punishment.
× What appears not does not exist, and nothing appears judicially before judgment.
× It is improper to pass an opinion on any part of a sentence, without examining the whole.
× Hasty justice is the step-mother of misfortune.
× Faith is the sister of justice.
× Justice knows not father not mother; justice looks at truth alone.
×   |      | 
|  

     
!   

   
    | 
× No one should be judge in his own cause.
× No one can be at once judge and party.
×   |       
× It is the duty of a judge to declare the law, not to enact the law or make it.
× Definite, legal conclusions cannot be arrived at upon hypothetical averments.
× A judge is the law speaking. [the mouth of the law]
× A judge should have two salts: the salt of wisdom, lest he be insipid; and the salt of
conscience, lest he be devilish.
× d  |  ||| | 
× No man should be condemned unheard.
× The judge is counsel for the prisoner.
× Everyone is presumed to be innocent until his guilt is established beyond a reasonable doubt.
× Justice is neither to be denied nor delayed.
× It is the property of a Judge to administer justice, not to give it.
× Justice is an excellent virtue, and pleasing to the Most High.


× A maxim is so called because its dignity is chiefest, and its authority most certain, and
because universally approved of all.
×   | 
 
! 
  |    || 
 || 
  | 
 %! "
! 
× Nothing is so becoming to authority [God] as to live according to the law [of God].
× d  | 
  |  |    [Ecclesiastes 1Î:1o]
× Law is the safest helmet; under the shield of the law no one is deceived. [Ephesians 6:1o-17,
1 Thessalonians 5:8]
× An argument drawn from authority [scripture] is the strongest in law.
× An argument drawn from a similar case, or analogy, avails in law.
× That which was originally void, does not by lapse of time become valid.
× The law does not seek to compel a man to do that which he cannot possibly perform.
× The law requires nothing impossible.
× J  |        | ||| 
||
× No one is bound to do what is impossible
× Impossibility excuses the law.
× No prescription runs against a person unable to act.
× The law shall not, through the medium of its executive capacity, work a wrong.
× The law does wrong to no one.
× An act of the law wrongs no man.
× The law never works an injury, or does him a wrong.
× The construction of law works not an injury.
× An argument drawn from what is inconvenient is good in law, because the law will not permit
any inconvenience.
× Nothing inconvenient is lawful.
× Nothing against reason is lawful.
× J    !
| 

| |  | |    !
| !|
'|| |(
× Nothing against reason is lawful.
× The laws sometimes sleep, but never die.
× A contemporaneous exposition is the best and most powerful in the law.
× The law never suffers anything contrary to truth.
× Law is the dictate of reason.
× The law does not notice or care for trifling matters.
×  |  |
 |!
 
   | ! 
 

× It is a wretched state of things when the law is vague and mutable.
× Examples illustrate and do not restrict the law.
× The disposition of law is firmer and more powerful than the will of man.
× Law is established for the benefit of man. [Mark Î:Î7]
× To be able to know is the same as to know. This maxim is applied to the duty of every one to
know the law.
× We may do what is allowed by law.
× Ignorance of fact may excuse, but not ignorance of law.
× Ignorance of facts excuses, ignorance of law does not excuse.
× In a doubtful case, that is the construction of the law which the words indicate.
× In doubt, the gentler course is to be followed.
× In doubt, the safer course is to be adopted.
× In a deed which may be considered good or bad, the law looks more to the good than to the
bad.
× In things favored what does good is more regarded than what does harm.
× In all affairs, and principally in those which concern the administration of justice, the rules of
equity ought to be followed.
× In ambiguous things, such a construction is to be made, that what is inconvenient and absurd
is to be avoided.
× Law is the science of what is good and evil.
× J  || |
× Reason and authority are the two brightest lights in the world.
× The reason of the law is the soul of the law.
× The reason ceasing, the law itself ceases.
× When the reason, which is the soul of a law, ceases to exist, the law itself should lose its
operative effect.
× In default of the law, the maxim rules.
× d | 
 
 !  
×  |  
     
|!    

× If you depart from the law you will wander without a guide and everything will be in a state of
uncertainty to every one. [Joshua 1:8]
× Where there is no law there is no transgression, as it regards the world. [Romans 4:15]
× Everything is permitted, which is not forbidden by law.
× All rules of law are liable to exceptions. [Matthew 1Î:1-5]
× What is inconvenient or contrary to reason, is not allowed in law.
× The laws serve the vigilant, not those who sleep upon their rights.
× Relief is not given to such as sleep on their rights.
× Nothing unjust is presumed in law.
× Acts required by law to be done, admit of no qualification.
× To know the laws, is not to observe their mere words, but their force and power. [John 6:68]
× We are all bound to our lawgiver, regardless of our personal interpretation of reality. [Isaiah
oo:ÎÎ, James 4:1Î]
× Legality is not reality
× The law sustains the watchful.
× Those awake, not those asleep, the laws assist. [1 Timothy 1:9]
× Legal remedies are for the active and vigilant.
× What is good and equal, is the law of laws.
× Whose right it is to institute, his right it is to abrogate.
× | 
 
 

   | 
     
 
× The civil law is what a people establishes for itself. [It is not established by God]
× Many things have been introduced into the common law, with a view to the public good, which
are inconsistent with sound reason. [The law of merchants was merged with the common law]
× The people is the greatest master of error.
×          
| 
  

× To investigate [inquire into] is the way to know what things are truly lawful. [Î Timothy Î:15]
× Those who do not preserve the law of the land, they justly incur the awesome and indelible
brand of infamy.
× An exception to the rule should not destroy the rule.
× Laws should bind their own maker.
× Œ || !

|  
× Necessity makes that lawful which otherwise is not lawful.
× Things which are tolerated on account of necessity ought not to be drawn into precedents.
×  |  |    
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× The law favors dower; it is the reward of chastity; therefore let it be preserved. [Exodus ÎÎ:17]
× d|   
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|   [Genesis Î:Î4]
× A wife is not her own mistress, but is under the power of her husband.
× The union of a man and a woman is of the law of nature.
× Marriages ought to be free.
× All things which are of the wife, belong to the husband. [Genesis o:16]
× Although the property may be the wife's, the husband is the keeper of it, since he is the head
of the wife.
× |    |  


× Insanity prevents marriage from being contracted, because consent is needed.
× A wife follows the domicile of her husband.
× Husband and wife cannot be a witness for, or against, each other, because of the union of
person that exists.
× The right of blood and kindred cannot be destroyed by any civil law. [Acts 17:Î6-Î8]
× Children are the blood of their parents, but the father and mother are not of the blood of the
children.

c| |
× He who has the risk has the dominion or advantage.
× There is no disputing against a man denying principles.
× The immediate, and not the remote cause, is to be considered.
× A consequence ought not to be drawn from another consequence.
× He who takes away the means, destroys the end.
× He who destroys the means, destroys the end.
× He who seeks a reason for everything, subverts reason.
× Every exception not watched tends to assume the place of the principle.
× Where there is a right, there is a remedy.
× For every legal right the law provides a remedy.
× He who uses the right of another [belonging to Christ] ought to use the same right [of Christ].
[In other words, don't use something new, or something outside of Christ].
× Liberty is an inestimable good.
× All shall have liberty to renounce those things which have been established in their favor.
× Power is not conferred, but for the public good.
× Power ought to follow, not to precede justice.
× To know properly is to know the reason and cause of a thing.
× J |   ||| |  |

× Where there is no act, there can be no force.
× One may not do an act to himself.
× A thing done cannot be undone.
× No man is bound for the advice he gives.
× He who commands a thing to be done is held to have done it himself.
× 0  |  !
        | | |

× The principal part of everything is the beginning.
× To refer errors to their origin is to refute them.
× The origin of a thing ought to be inquired into.
× d 
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× Anger is short insanity.
× It is lawful to repel force by force, provided it be done with the moderation of blameless
defense, not for the purpose of taking revenge, but to ward off injury.
× J ||   
| | |  | 

× A person is a man considered with reference to a certain status.
× The partner of my partner is not my partner.
× Use is the master of things, experience is the mistress of things.
× "
  
|   |  |  
 
× Error artfully colored is in many things more probable than naked truth; and frequently error
conquers truth and reasoning.

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|
× 
     |   | |     |    |

 
  
× Summonses or citations should not be granted before it is expressed under the circumstances
whether the summons ought to be made.
× A delegated power cannot be again delegated. A deputy cannot appoint a deputy.
× An office ought to be injurious to no one.
× A neglected duty often works as much against the interests as a duty wrongfully performed.
× Failure to enforce the law does not change it.
× It is contrary to the Law of Nations to do violence to Ambassadors.
×  ||
|          | |  |   
 |
 | |    |
× The greatest enemies to peace are force and wrong.
× Force and wrong are greatly contrary to peace.
× Force is inimical to the laws.

"||||
× No one gives who does not have.
× Œ   !   |  
× One cannot transfer to another a right which he has not.
× He gives nothing who has nothing.
× Two cannot possess one thing each in entirety.
× A gift is rendered complete by the possession of the receiver.
× What is mine cannot be taken away without my consent.
× He that gives never ceases to possess until he that receives begins to possess.
×  
|  |||| |    
!   |||||   
× Things taken or captured by pirates and robbers do not change their ownership.
× Things which are taken from enemies immediately become the property of the captors.
×  |    ||||  | 
   ||||
× Possession of the termer, possession of the reversioner.
 "

  
× Land lying unoccupied is given to the first occupant.
× What belongs to no one, naturally belong to the first occupant.
× Possession is a good title, where no better title appears.
×  |||| 
 | 
  ||||  |  
  


|  
× When a man has the possession as well as the right of property, he is said to have ½!

, - a double right, forming a complete title.
× Ñ|   
 
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× Possessor has right against all men but him who has the very right.
× Enjoy your own property in such a manner as not to injure that of another person.
× He who owns the soil, owns up to the sky.
× J 
      | !
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× Of whom is the land, of him is it also to the sky and to the deepest depths; he who owns the
land owns all above and all below the surface.
× Every person has exclusive dominion over the soil which he absolutely owns; hence such an
owner of land has the exclusive right of hunting and fishing on his land, and the waters covering
it.
× Every man's house is his castle.
× A citizen cannot be taken by force from his house to be conducted before a judge or to prison.
× The habitation of each one is an inviolable asylum for him.
× Whatever is affixed to the soil belongs to it.
× Rivers and ports are public, therefore the right of fishing there is common to all.
× Land comprehends any ground soil, or earth whatsoever; as meadows, pastures, woods,
moors, waters, and marshes.

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× A right cannot arise from a wrong.
× You are not to do evil that good may come of it.
×  |     !      
× That interpretation is to be received, which will not intend a wrong.
× It is better to suffer every wrong or ill, than to consent to it.
×  | 

    
  

× To lie is to go against the mind.
× The multitude of those who err is no excuse for error. [Exodus Îo:Î]
× No one is considered as committing damages, unless he is doing what he has no right to do.
× No one shall take advantage of his own wrong.
× No man ought to derive any benefit of his own wrong.
× No one ought to gain by another's loss.
× No one ought to enrich himself at the expense of others.
× No one can improve his condition by a crime.
× He who uses his legal rights, harms no one.
×  



|| | 
!
× He who is silent appears to consent.
× Things silent are sometimes considered as expressed.
× To conceal is one thing, to be silent another.
×     
 | *! +  |   | |
× Suppression of fact, which should be disclosed, is the same in effect as willful
misrepresentation.
× Evil is not presumed.
× It is safer to err on the side of mercy.

#


× $ |      [Î Corinthians 6:14]
× Things unite with similar things.
× The law is no respecter of persons. [Acts 10:o4]
× Time runs against the slothful and those who neglect their rights. [Proverbs Î4:o0-o1]
× Debts follow the person of the debtor.
× J | !
 |
  |  
|| [Exodus ÎÎ:5-6,1Î]
× Where damages are given, the losing party should pay the costs of the victor.
×   |
| 
 | | [Proverbs 11:14; 15:ÎÎ; Î4:6]
× Ñ!    |
 
 

  [Luke 6:48-49]
× A legacy is confirmed by the death of the testator, in the same manner as a gift from a living
person is by delivery alone. [Hebrews 9:16]
× The will of a testator is ambulatory (alterable, revocable) up to his death. [Hebrews 9:16-17]
× Every will is completed at death. A will speaks from the time of death only. [Hebrews 9:16-17]
× The last will of a testator is to be fulfilled according to his real intention.
× To insult the deity is an unpardonable offense. [Matthew 1Î:o1]
× Women are excluded from all civil and public charges or offices. [1 Timothy Î:1Î, 1
Corinthians 14:o4].
× He who is in the womb, is considered as born, whenever it is for his benefit. [Job o1:15, Isaiah
49:1,5, Jeremiah 1:5]
× He who first offends, causes the strife. [Matthew 5:ÎÎ]
× He who pays tardily, pays less than he ought. [Leviticus 19:1o, Deuteronomy Î4:14-15]
× J   |  |     |  |  [Jeremiah 6:16]

#
!|  #!|
× Whatever is acquired by the servant, is acquired for the master.
×  |! |   
|
×  |!  !
  |! | |  | |

× He who acts by or through another, acts for himself.
× He who does anything through another, is considered as doing it himself.
× The master is liable for injury done by his servant.
× d |  
|  |  |  

|  | 

| |

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× If you know not the names of things, the knowledge of things themselves perishes; and of you
lose the names, the distinction of the things is certainly lost.
× Names are mutable, but things immutable.
× Names of things ought to be understood according to common usage, not according to the
opinions of individuals.
× A name is not sufficient if a thing or subject for it does not exist by law or by fact.
× Not to believe rashly is the nerve of wisdom.
× Reason is a ray of the Divine Light. [Isaiah 1:18]
× Abundant caution does no harm.
× External acts indicate undisclosed thoughts.
× External actions show internal secrets.
× u
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|
× Remove the cause and the effect will cease.
×
!  |   
 
| |  
 
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× A witness is a person who is present at and observes a transaction. [The government only
has over persons, not substance. Any video tape, audio tape, computer printout, etc. that are
used as witnesses
× J |
  || |   
 [Deuteronomy 19:15]
× The testimony of one witness, unsupported, may not be enough to convict; for there may then
be merely oath against oath.
× This is a maxim of the civil law, where everything must be proved by two witnesses. [Matthew
18:16, Î Corinthians 1o:1]
× In law, none is credited unless he is sworn. All facts must, when established by witnesses, be
under oath or affirmation.
×  ||   
 |  

    

× No man is bound to produce writings against himself.
× No one can be made to testify against himself or betray himself.
× No one is bound to accuse himself.
× No one ought to accuse himself, unless before God.
× One making a voluntary confession, is to be dealt with more mercifully.
× He ought not to be heard who advances a proposition contrary to the rules of law.
× False in one (particular), false in all.
× Deliberate falsehood in one matter will be imputed to related matters.
× d  | 
 
 | |    | 
× Proofs are to be weighed not numbered; that is, the more worthy or credible are to be
believed. [It doesn't matter how many men say something, because the Word of God is superior
to all. It does not matter how many people believe a lie, it's still a lie. And in a democracy, a lie is
the truth].
×  
|  |    

 | 
!
× The presumption is always in favor of the one who denies.
× All things are presumed to be lawfully done and duly performed until the contrary is proved.
× When the plaintiff does not prove his case, the defendant is absolved.
× When opinions are equal, a defendant is acquitted.
×       |   |    
× What does not appear and what is not is the same; it is not the defect of law, but the want of
proof.
× The faculty or right of offering proof is not to be narrowed.
× The latter decisions are stronger in law.
× No one is restrained from using several defenses.
× No one is bound to inform about a thing he knows not, but he who gives information is bound
to know what he says.
× No one is bound to expose himself to misfortune and dangers.
× Plain truths need not be proved.
× What is clearly apparent need not be proved.
× One eye witness is better than ten ear ones.
× An eye witness outweighs others.
× What appears to the court needs not the help of witnesses.
× It is in the nature of things, that he who denies a fact is not bound to prove it.
× The burden of proof lies upon him who affirms, not on him who denies.
× The claimant is always bound to prove: the burden of proof lies on him.
× $       
||    
!
× Upon the plaintiff rests the proving ± the burden of proof.
× The necessity of proving lies with him who makes the charge.
× When the law presumes the affirmative, the negative is to be proved.
× When the proofs of facts are present, what need is there of words.
×  | !  
!     
!     
 |
× Facts are more powerful than words.
× Negative facts are not proof.
× Witnesses cannot testify to a negative; they must testify to an affirmative.
× Better is the condition of the defendant, than that of the plaintiff.
× 0 |  
!   |  | 
  |  |       
  

× Principles prove, they are not proved.
× There is no reasoning of principles.
× All things are presumed to have been done in due and solemn form.
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