Location via proxy:   [ UP ]  
[Report a bug]   [Manage cookies]                
Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 45 views

    Computational Fluid Dynamics Course: Grid Generation

    Uploaded by

    Vishu Bhatt
    The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics course material on grid generation for body-conforming grids. Key points include: - Grid generation transforms conservation equations from Cartesian to curvilinear coordinates using metric terms. - Good grids have orthogonal, smooth grid lines with appropriate density near walls, shear layers, etc. to capture gradients. - Grid generation methods include elliptic, algebraic, hyperbolic, and adaptive approaches. Structured, unstructured, and hybrid grids are discussed. - Elliptic grid generation solves partial differential equations to control grid point placement, ensuring orthogonality and other desired properties.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Computational Fluid Dynamics Course: Grid Generation

    Uploaded by

    Vishu Bhatt
    45 views19 pages
    The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics course material on grid generation for body-conforming grids. Key points include: - Grid generation transforms conservation equations from Cartesian to curvilinear coordinates using metric terms. - Good grids have orthogonal, smooth grid lines with appropriate density near walls, shear layers, etc. to capture gradients. - Grid generation methods include elliptic, algebraic, hyperbolic, and adaptive approaches. Structured, unstructured, and hybrid grids are discussed. - Elliptic grid generation solves partial differential equations to control grid point placement, ensuring orthogonality and other desired properties.

    Original Title

    6

    Copyright

    © Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics course material on grid generation for body-conforming grids. Key points include: - Grid generation transforms conservation equations from Cartesian to curvilinear coordinates using metric terms. - Good grids have orthogonal, smooth grid lines with appropriate density near walls, shear layers, etc. to capture gradients. - Grid generation methods include elliptic, algebraic, hyperbolic, and adaptive approaches. Structured, unstructured, and hybrid grids are discussed. - Elliptic grid generation solves partial differential equations to control grid point placement, ensuring orthogonality and other desired properties.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    45 views19 pages

    Computational Fluid Dynamics Course: Grid Generation

    Uploaded by

    Vishu Bhatt
    The document summarizes computational fluid dynamics course material on grid generation for body-conforming grids. Key points include: - Grid generation transforms conservation equations from Cartesian to curvilinear coordinates using metric terms. - Good grids have orthogonal, smooth grid lines with appropriate density near walls, shear layers, etc. to capture gradients. - Grid generation methods include elliptic, algebraic, hyperbolic, and adaptive approaches. Structured, unstructured, and hybrid grids are discussed. - Elliptic grid generation solves partial differential equations to control grid point placement, ensuring orthogonality and other desired properties.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 19

    Computational Fluid Dynamics Course

    Grid Generation

    Ramesh K. Agarwal
    Washington University in St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
    Phone: +1-314-935-6091, Email: rka@wustl.edu

    SV National Institute of Technology, Surat, India, 5-9 July 2010


    GRID GENERATION
    Body-Conforming Grids
     Determine the Metric of Transformation from a Cartesian System to a Curvilinear
    Orthogonal System
    • 2D Conservation Equations in Cartesian Coordinates

    ∂Q ∂E ∂F
    + + =0
    ∂t ∂x ∂y
    • 2D Conservation Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates

    ∂Qˆ ∂Eˆ ∂Fˆ


    + + =0
    ∂t ∂ξ ∂η
    Qˆ = JQ , Eˆ = J (ξ t Q + ξ x E + ξ y F ) , Fˆ = J (η t Q + η x E + η y F )
    J = ( xξ yη - yξ xη )
    yη xη yξ xξ
    ξx = J
    , ξy = -
    J
    , ηx = -
    J
    , ηy =
    J
    Grid Requirements for a Given Problem

     The generation of appropriate grid for a problem is very critical in obtaining an


    accurate solution efficiently. A coarse grid will result in a less accurate solution; on
    the other hand a fine grid will be inefficient.

     There are certain general guidelines that are normally employed in generating a
    suitable grid for a given application. Near solid or porous walls, the grid must be
    very fine for calculating skin-friction and heat transfer. For turbulent flow, the first
    grid point away from the wall should be at y+ < 2, if a low Reynolds number form of
    the two-equation turbulence model is employed. With standard model, with the use
    of wall functions, y+ ~ 20 may be O.K. However, the use of wall functions in general
    is not recommended, especially for complex flows.

     In other regions of high flow or temperature gradients such as shear layers, jets
    and wakes, the grid should be fine enough to capture the gradients using a second-
    order solver. This requires some knowledge of the expected flow features on the part
    of the user unless a solution-adaptive grid approach is employed which
    automatically arranges the grid density appropriately.
    Grid Requirements for a Given Problem (Cont.)
     In practice, the solution should be computed on at least two grids, a coarse
    and a fine grid. It provides the user some idea about the dependence of the
    solution on grid density. Based on these two solutions, an appropriate grid can
    be generated that would result in almost grid independent solution.

     In viscous flow regions such as boundary layers, a structured grid is


    recommended. An unstructured grid is not desirable because it will require too
    many cells to resolve the turbulent boundary layer accurately or will result in
    an inaccurate solution due to long elongated wafer-like triangular cells.
    The best approach in these situations is to employ a hybrid grid as mentioned
    before. The solver will not know the difference so long as the two types of grids
    are properly matched point-by-point at the interface.

     It is very difficult to determine a good grid a-priori except using the above
    guidelines. The visualization can be very helpful in generating a good grid as a
    first guess.
    Grid Generation

    • Elliptic grid generation

    • Algebraic (multi-surface method and transfinite


    interpolation)

    • Hyperbolic grid generation

    • Parabolic grid generation

    • Mesh morphing
    Geometric Complexity – Grid Types
    • Single block structured
    • Multiple block structured (zonal)
    • Single block unstructured
    • Multiple block unstructured
    • Patched and overset grids
    • Cartesian grids with nested refinement
    • Adaptive meshes
    • Moving meshes
    Grid Types
    Cartesian Single Block
    Structured

    Multi-Block Chimera/
    Structured Overset

    Unstructured Hybrid
    Properties of Good Grids
    Structured Grids: It should be noted that the governing equations of fluid flow
    are almost always written in orthogonal coordinate system. A good grid should
    reflect this property for obtaining a good solution, when solving the equations in
    differential form. Thus, the grid lines should be orthogonal as much as possible.
    Additionally, they should not be skewed and should not have any cross-overs and
    kinks. Even with the finite-volume method, these properties are important for
    accurate calculation of fluxes across the cell faces and cell volumes (Jacobians).

    Unstructured Grids: These grids are used with finite-volume or finite-element


    methods. While orthogonality is not an issue with these grids, the skewness is a
    major concern. The elongated wafer-like cells are not desirable. These grids are
    most widely employed today, especially for treating complex configurations.

    Hybrid Grids: In some applications, a combination of structured and


    unstructured grids is preferable to make use of the good features of each type to
    preserve the accuracy in all regions (boundary layers, shear layers etc.) of the
    flow. In such cases, it should be ensured that the grid points at the interface of
    two types of grids are exactly matched. Mismatch gives rise to inaccuracy and
    instability in the solution process.
    GRID GENERATION
    Body-Conforming Grids
    Metric of Transformation from a Cartesian System to a Curvilinear Orthogonal System

    • 2D Conservation Equations in Cartesian Coordinates

    ∂Q ∂E ∂F
    + + =0
    ∂t ∂x ∂y
    • 2D Conservation Equations in Curvilinear Coordinates

    ∂Qˆ ∂Eˆ ∂Fˆ


    + + =0
    ∂t ∂ξ ∂η
    Qˆ = JQ , Eˆ = J (ξ t Q + ξ x E + ξ y F ) , Fˆ = J (η t Q + η x E + η y F )
    J = ( xξ yη - yξ xη )
    yη xη yξ xξ
    ξx = J
    , ξy = -
    J
    , ηx = -
    J
    , ηy =
    J
    GRID GENERATION
    2D Body-Conforming Structured Grids

    C-Grid:

    H-Grid:

    O-Grid:

    Hybrid Topologies: The combination of the above two


    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    Body-Conforming Structured Grids
    Orthogonal Net

    Example: Potential Flow Past a Circular Cylinder

    Potential lines and Stream lines form a orthogonal net and represent a body conforming
    orthogonal curvilinear grid around the circular cylinder.
    ∂Φ
    ∇2Φ = 0 , = 0 at r = a
    ∂r
    ∇ 2 Ψ = 0 , Ψ = 0 at r = a
    Φ − lines

    Ψ=0
    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    Body-Conforming Structured Grids

    O-Topology:

    C-Topology:
    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    2-D Body-Conforming Structured Grids

    • Governing Equations:

    ∂ 2ξ ∂ 2ξ ∂ 2η ∂ 2η
    + 2 =0 , + 2 =0
    ∂ x ∂ y
    2
    ∂ x ∂ y
    2

    • Grid Point Control in the Interior of the Domain

    ξ xx + ξ yy = P (ξ ,η )
    η xx + η yy = Q (ξ ,η )
    • Governing Equations with (x, y) as Dependent Variables:

    α xξξ − 2β xξη + γ xηη = − J 2 ( Pxξ + Qxη )


    α yξξ − 2β yξη + γ yηη = − J 2 ( Pyξ + Qyη )
    α = xη 2 + yη 2 , β = xξ xη + yξ yη , γ = xξ 2 + yξ 2
    J = xξ yη − xη yξ
    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    2-D Body-Conforming Structured Grids
    • Governing Equations due to Middlecoff & Thomas
    P (ξ ,η ) = α ⋅ Φ (ξ ,η ) , Q (ξ ,η ) = γ ⋅ Ψ (ξ ,η )
    α ( xξξ + Φxξ ) − 2β xξη + γ ( xηη + Ψxη ) = 0
    α ( yξξ + Φyξ ) − 2 β yξη + γ ( yηη + Ψyη ) = 0

    • Θ = π/2 for orthogonal grids

    • We want to control grid spacing ∆s


    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    2-D Body-Conforming Structured Grids

    • Orthogonality Condition
    ⇒ ∇ξ ⋅ ∇η = ∇ξ ⋅ ∇η ⋅ cosθ
    1

    ξ xη x + ξ yη y = (ξ x + ξ y
    2 2
    )(η x
    2
    + η y )  cosθ
    2 2
    (1)
    1

    or xξ xη + yξ yη = − ( xξ 2 + yξ 2 )( xη 2 + yη 2 )  cosθ 2
    (2)

    ⇒ ∇ξ × ∇η = ∇ξ ⋅ ∇η ⋅ sin θ
    1 1

    ds = ( dx ) + ( dy )  = ( xξ d ξ + xη dη ) + ( yξ d ξ + yη dη ) 
    2 2 2 2 2 2
       
    Along ξ = constant line , d ξ = 0
    1 1
    ⇒ ds = ( xη + yη ) dη or = sη = ( xη + yη )
    2 2 2 ds 2 2 2

    dη
    ⇒ Equations (1) and (2) become
    xξ xη + yξ yη = − sη ( xξ 2 + yξ 2 ) cosθ (3)

    xξ yη − xη yξ = sη ( xξ 2 + yξ 2 ) sin θ (4)
    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    2-D Body-Conforming Structured Grids

    • Boundary Condition

    For θ=π/2, solve Equations (3) and (4) for xη and yη


    1 1
    xη = −sη yξ ( xξ 2 + yξ )
    2 2
    , yη = sη xξ ( xξ 2 + yξ )
    2 2

    • On the boundary:
     1
      1

    ( η )b ( η )b  yξ
    x = − s ( xξ 2 + yξ )
    2 2
     b ( η )b ( η )b xξ
    , y = s ( xξ 2 + yξ )
    2 2

       b
    • Determine Φ and Ψ on the boundary:
    2β γ
    Φ = − ( yη xξξ − xη yξξ ) + ( xξη yη − yξη xη ) −
    ( yη xηη − xη yηη )
    α α
    2β γ
    Ψ = ( yξ xηη − xξ yηη ) − ( x y
    ξη ξ − yξη ξ )
    x + ( yξ xξξ − xξ yξξ )
    α α
    ELLIPTIC GRID GENERATION
    2-D Body-Conforming Structured Grids

    • Numerical Solution Procedure:

    1. Determine Φ and Ψ in the interior of the domain by interpolating the


    boundary data. This gives an initial data surface for Φ and Ψ at iteration n =
    0
    2. Determine the initial data surface for x and y in the interior of the domain by
    interpolating the boundary data for x and y (n = 0)
    3. Discretize the elliptic grid generation equations due to Middlecoff and
    Thomas by second-order central difference and use a relaxation algorithm
    (Point Gauss-Seidel for example) for the solution starting from the initial data
    at n = 0
    4. Repeat steps (1) – (3) until the convergence is achieved to a user specified
    tolerance

    You might also like