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    Carbohydra 1 Biol

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    kalara
    1. The document discusses four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins and enzymes, lipids, and nucleic acids. 2. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth and are produced through photosynthesis. They serve roles in energy storage, structural components, and cellular recognition. 3. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include simple sugars like glucose and fructose and come in aldose and ketose forms with different stereochemical properties.

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    Carbohydra 1 Biol

    Uploaded by

    kalara
    25 views13 pages
    1. The document discusses four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins and enzymes, lipids, and nucleic acids. 2. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth and are produced through photosynthesis. They serve roles in energy storage, structural components, and cellular recognition. 3. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include simple sugars like glucose and fructose and come in aldose and ketose forms with different stereochemical properties.

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    Bio molecules Carbohydrate

    Original Title

    carbohydra 1 biol

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    1. The document discusses four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins and enzymes, lipids, and nucleic acids. 2. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth and are produced through photosynthesis. They serve roles in energy storage, structural components, and cellular recognition. 3. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include simple sugars like glucose and fructose and come in aldose and ketose forms with different stereochemical properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    25 views13 pages

    Carbohydra 1 Biol

    Uploaded by

    kalara
    1. The document discusses four main classes of biomolecules: carbohydrates, proteins and enzymes, lipids, and nucleic acids. 2. Carbohydrates are the most abundant biological molecules on Earth and are produced through photosynthesis. They serve roles in energy storage, structural components, and cellular recognition. 3. Carbohydrates can be monosaccharides, disaccharides, oligosaccharides, or polysaccharides. Monosaccharides include simple sugars like glucose and fructose and come in aldose and ketose forms with different stereochemical properties.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 13

    Bio molecules

    1. Carbohydrates
    2. Protein and enzymes
    3. Lipids
    4. Nucleic acids
    Carbohydrates

    Most abundant class of


    biological molecules on Earth

    Originally produced through


    CO2 fixation during
    photosynthesis
    General characteristics
    the term carbohydrate is derived from the french:
    hydrate de carbone

    compounds composed of C, H, and O


    empirical formula - CH2O)n when n = 5 then
    C5H10O5

    not all carbohydrates have this empirical formula:


    deoxysugars, aminosugars

    carbohydrates are the most abundant compounds


    found in nature (cellulose: 100 billion tons annually)
    General characteristics
    Most carbohydrates are found naturally in bound
    form rather than as simple sugars

    Polysaccharides (starch, cellulose, inulin, gums)


    Glycoproteins and proteoglycans (hormones, blood
    group substances, antibodies)
    Glycolipids (cerebrosides, gangliosides)
    Glycosides- sugar is bound to another functional
    group via a glycosidic bond eg. Saponin, coumarin
    Mucopolysaccharides (hyaluronic acid)
    Nucleic acids
    Roles of Carbohydrates

    Energy storage (glycogen,starch)

    Structural components (cellulose,chitin)

    Cellular recognition

    Carbohydrate derivatives include DNA, RNA,


    co-factors, glycoproteins, glycolipids
    Carbohydrates
    Monosaccharides (simple sugars) glucose,
    fructose

    Disacharides - ,sucrose, lactose

    Trisaccahride trehalose, raffinose

    Oligosaccharides = - usually 2 to 10

    Polysaccharides are polymers of the simple


    sugars starch, cellulose, glycogen
    Monosaccharides
    Aldoses and ketoses
    Empirical formula = (CH2O)n

    Aldoses O ketoses
    H
    C CH2OH

    H C* OH C O

    HO C* H HO C* H

    H C* OH H C* OH

    CH2OH CH2OH
    D-ribose D-ribulose
    Aldoses
    ketoses
    Monosaccharides are chiral
    Number of possible
    steroisomers = 2n (n = the
    number of chiral carbons)

    O
    H
    C CH2OH

    H C* OH C O

    HO C* H HO C* H

    H C* OH H C* OH

    H C* OH H C* OH

    CH2OH CH2OH
    D-glucose D-fructose
    Stereochemistry
    Enantiomers Diastereomers Epimers
    O O O O O O
    H H H H H H
    C C C C C C

    HO C* H H C* OH HO C* H H C* OH H C* OH HO C* H

    H C* OH HO C* H HO C* H HO C* H HO C* H HO C* H

    HO C* H H C* OH H C* OH HO C* H H C* OH H C* OH

    HO C* H H C* OH H C* OH H C* OH H C* OH H C* OH

    CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH CH2OH


    L-glucose D-glucose D-mannose D-galactose D-glucose D-mannose

    Enantiomers = mirror images


    Diastereomers - Pairs of isomers that have opposite
    configurations at one or more chiral centers but are
    NOT mirror images are
    Epimers = Two sugars that differ in configuration at
    only one chiral center
    Enantiomers and epimers
    H H
    H H C O C O
    C O C O HO C H HO C H
    H C OH OH C H HO C H HO C H
    H C OH OH C H H C OH HO C H
    CH2OH CH2OH
    H C OH H C OH
    these two aldotetroses are enantiomers.
    They are stereoisomers that are mirror CH2OH CH2OH
    images of each other
    these two aldohexoses are C-4 epimers.
    they differ only in the position of the
    hydroxyl group on one asymmetric carbon
    (carbon 4)

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