Hydraulics Lab Manual
Hydraulics Lab Manual
Hydraulics Lab Manual
(DIP. DIV.)
NAME OF STUDENT:
YEAR: SEMESTER:
REGISTRATION NO.:
ROLL: NO.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
THEORY:
When an incompressible fluid is flowing through a closed conduit, it may be subjected to various forces,
which may cause change of velocity, acceleration or energies involved. The major forces involved are
pressure and body forces. Due to elevation of conduit, pressure may change or due to change of cross-
section, velocity of fluid may change. But though there is change of velocity, pressure also changes
accordingly. In other words, if velocity energy of fluid raised, its pressure will drop, i.e. total energy of
fluid is constant at any two points in the path of flow. The theorem is known as Bernoullis Theorem.
Mathematically,
P V2
+ +Z=C
w 2g
Where, P= pressure
V = velocity
Z = Potential Head from datum
APPARATUS:
CALCULATION:
Volume of the measuring tank, =
Volume
Discharge, Q = = m3/sec
t
Q
Velocity V = =
Area
1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Reading of piezometric
Tube
Area of cross section
under the foot of each
point
Velocity of water under
foot of each point
V2/2g
P/w
E = V2/2g + P/w
DISCUSSION:
NAME OF STUDENT:
YEAR: SEMESTER:
REGISTRATION NO.:
ROLL: NO.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
PAGE NO. ...
NAME OF THE EXPERIMENT: Determination of Co-efficient of Discharge for A Given
Triangular Notch
THEORY:
A notch may be defined as a sharp-edged obstruction over which flow of liquids occurs. The sheet of
water discharged by a notch is called Nappe or vein. Notches are used for measuring the flow of water
from reservoirs, open channel and are generally rectangular, trapezoidal or triangular in shape. The basic
principle is that discharge is directly related to the water depth above the crotch (bottom) of the V-
notch, this distance is called the head(h). The V-notch design causes small changes in discharge to have
a large change in depth allowing more accurate head measurement than with a rectangular weir. The V-
notch is especially good for measuring a low flow rate, because the flow area decreases rapidly as the
head over the notch gets small.
The flow through a Venturimeter and hence through the pipe is given by,
Q
Cd = act.
Qth
Qact.
Cd = 5
8
15
2gtan(2 )H2
APPARATUS:
CALCULATION:
Volume of the measuring tank, V=
V
Discharge, Qact. = = m3 /sec
t
OBSERVATION TABLE:
DISCUSSION:
NAME OF STUDENT:
YEAR: SEMESTER:
REGISTRATION NO.:
ROLL: NO.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
THEORY:
Venturimeter is the most widely used device to measure the discharge through a pipe. it consists of an
inlet section, the diameter of it is same as the pipe diameter. A converging cone of about 20 cone angle,
a cylindrical Throat, a diverging cone of about 7 cone angle and a cylindrical exit section. It can be
installed in any position horizontal, Vertical or inclined, but is generally kept horizontal. The Reduction in
diameter between inlet and throat causes the velocity of the fluid to increase correspondingly, a pressure
difference is established between the inlet and throat. This pressure difference is measured with a
differential U-tube manometer.
The flow through a Venturimeter and hence through the pipe is given by
1 2 2
Q=
1 2 +2 2
APPARATUS:
CALCULATION:
1. Volume of the measuring tank, V=
V
3. Discharge, Q = = m3/sec
t
OBSERVATION TABLE:
DISCUSSION:
NAME OF STUDENT:
YEAR: SEMESTER:
REGISTRATION NO.:
ROLL: NO.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
THEORY:
Pitot probe, is a pressure measurement instrument used to measure fluid flow velocity. The pitot tube is
used to measure the local flow velocity at a given point in the flow stream and not the average flow
velocity in the pipe or conduit.
The pitot tube is used to measure the velocity of flow of air or any fluid. Let us consider a horizontal pipe
through which air flows. A manometer filled with mercury of density m is connected to the pipe as
shown in fig. 12. One end of the manometer is connected such that the circular area of cross section 'a'
is parallel to the flow of air and the end 'q' is connected such that 'a' is perpendicular to the flow.
The Bernoulli's theorem for the present problem can be written as,
1
P +2 v2 = Constant
WORKING PRINCIPLE:
1. If the velocity of flow at a point becomes zero, the pressure increased there due to the conversion of
the kinetic energy into pressure energy.
2. The point at which the velocity becomes zero is called stagnant point.
3. The pressure at stagnant point is called total pressure or head or stagnation pressure.
Pitot tube
PROCEDURE:
1. Start the flow of water in the pipe line. By operating the screw assembly lifts the Pitot tube to the
maximum top level.
2. Then connect the open end of pitot tube to the manometer. The liquid in the manometer will be
displaced due to pressure head in the Pitot tube.
3. Note down the reading or deflection of manometer. Operate the screw assembly & slowly lower the
Pitot tube & note down the deflection on manometer.
4. Enter the readings in observation table.
USE:
1. Pitot tube is used in wind tunnel and on airplanes to measure flow speed.
2. Pitot tubes are used on aircraft as speedometer.
3. Pitot tube is commonly used for measuring fluid flow velocity.
4. It is widely used to determine the airspeed of an aircraft, water speed of a boat, and to measure
liquid, air and gas flow velocities in certain industrial applications.
NAME OF STUDENT:
YEAR: SEMESTER:
REGISTRATION NO.:
ROLL: NO.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
THEORY:
Centrifugal pumps are used to transport liquids/fluids by the conversion of the rotational kinetic energy
to the hydro dynamics energy of the liquid flow. The rotational energy typically comes from an engine or
electric motor or turbine. In the typical simple case, the fluid enters the pump impeller along or near to
the rotating axis and is accelerated by the impeller, flowing radially outward into a diffuser or volute
chamber (casing), from where it exits. commonly used as metering pumps to pump precise volumes of
liquid for treating water (e.g., drinking water, waste water, boiler water, swimming pool water, etc.).
They are used in process applications where very high pressures are required, where metering of fluids
is needed.
Casing: It is an air tight passage surrounding the impeller. It is designed in such a way that the
kinetic energy of the water discharged at the outlet of the impeller is converted into pressure
energy before the water leaves the casing and enters the delivery pipe. Types of casing:
a) Volute casing: It is spiral type of casing in which area of flow increase gradually. The increase
in area of flow decreases the velocity of flow and increases the pressure of water.
b) Vortex casing: if a circular chamber is introduced between casing and the impeller, the casing
is known as vortex casing.
c) Casing with guide blades: the impeller is surrounded by a series of guide blades mounted on
a ring know as diffuser.
Suction pipe: a pipe whose one ends is connected to the inlet of the pump and other end dip into
water in a pump.
Delivery pipe: a pipe whose one end is connected to the outlet of the pump and other end is
involved in delivering the water at a required height.
Impeller: It is the main rotating part that provides the centrifugal acceleration to the fluid.
Classification of impeller:
The first step in the operation of a pump is priming i.e. the suction pipe and casing are filled with water
so that no air pocket is left. Now the revolution of the pump impeller inside a casing full of water
produces at the centre. This causes the water in the suction pipe to rush into the eye. The speed of the
pump high enough to produce centrifugal head sufficient to initiate discharge against delivery end.
Mechanical action of the pump is to impart a velocity to the water. A water particle with a given velocity
will rise to the same vertical height through which any particle should fall freely under gravity in order to
attain the same velocity starting from rest. The required relation therefore is
v2
v = 2 or, H =
2g
Thus if the outlet velocity of water in the pump is v, the pump can theoretically deliver against a head of
v2
.
2g
NAME OF STUDENT:
YEAR: SEMESTER:
REGISTRATION NO.:
ROLL: NO.
DATE OF EXPERIMENT:
THEORY:
A reciprocating pump is a class of positive-displacement pumps which includes the piston pump, plunger
pump and diaphragm pump. Reciprocating pumps are self priming and are suitable for very high heads
at low flows. When well maintained, reciprocating pumps will last for years or even decades; however,
left untouched, they can undergo rigorous wear and tear. It is often used where a relatively small quantity
of liquid is to be handled and where delivery pressure is quite large. In reciprocating pumps, the chamber
in which the liquid is trapped, is a stationary cylinder that contains the piston or plunger. Reciprocating
pump operates on the principle of pushing of liquid by a piston that executes a reciprocating motion in
a closed fitting cylinder. a) Piston or plunger: a piston or plunger that reciprocates in a closely fitted
cylinder.
A Cylinder in which Piston works. The movement of Piston is obtained by a Connecting Rod, which
connects the Piston and the Rotating Crank.
A Suction Pipe, connecting the source of Water and the Cylinder.
A Delivery Pipe, into which the Water is discharged from the Cylinder.
A Suction Valve, which admits the flow from the Suction Pipe into the Cylinder.
A Delivery Valve, which admits the flow from the Cylinder into the Delivery Pipe
1. Suction Stroke
When the crank rotates from IDC (Inner Dead Centre) to ODC (Outer Dead Centre) the piston moves
towards right in the cylinder. This is called suction stroke.
Now, the volume covered by the piston within the cylinder increases. On the free surface of water in
the sump, atmospheric pressure acts. Thus there is a pressure different at the two ends of the suction
pipe which connects the sump and the cylinder. This pressure difference between the free surface
and inside of the cylinder causes the flow of water from the sump into the cylinder through the
suction valve, which is kept open.
During this stroke, the non-return valve at the delivery side will be closed by the atmospheric
pressure existing in the delivery pipe. At the end of this stroke, the cylinder will be full of water, the
piston reaches the right end, which is called outer dead centre since, the water is continuously sucked
into the cylinder, this stroke is called suction stroke. At the end of this stroke, since the pressure in
the cylinder is atmospheric, the suction valve is closed.
Q = discharge in m3/sec
A = cross-section of piston or cylinder in m2
L = length of stroke in meter
N = speed of crank in r. p. m.