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    Snakes and Ladders in Chemistry (Eamcet Special)

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    sriniwaas chhari th
    1. The document outlines various orders and relationships in chemistry, including the order of electromagnetic wave energies, hydrogen spectral lines, filling of electron sublevels, and properties across periods and groups. 2. Key concepts discussed include ionization potentials, electron affinities, electronegativity, bond lengths and energies, and acid-base properties. 3. Orders of reactivity, stability, and other properties are provided for families of compounds like noble gases, hydrides, and oxyacids.

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    Snakes and Ladders in Chemistry (Eamcet Special)

    Uploaded by

    sriniwaas chhari th
    492 views11 pages
    1. The document outlines various orders and relationships in chemistry, including the order of electromagnetic wave energies, hydrogen spectral lines, filling of electron sublevels, and properties across periods and groups. 2. Key concepts discussed include ionization potentials, electron affinities, electronegativity, bond lengths and energies, and acid-base properties. 3. Orders of reactivity, stability, and other properties are provided for families of compounds like noble gases, hydrides, and oxyacids.

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    Snakes and Ladders in Chemistry (Eamcet Special)

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    1. The document outlines various orders and relationships in chemistry, including the order of electromagnetic wave energies, hydrogen spectral lines, filling of electron sublevels, and properties across periods and groups. 2. Key concepts discussed include ionization potentials, electron affinities, electronegativity, bond lengths and energies, and acid-base properties. 3. Orders of reactivity, stability, and other properties are provided for families of compounds like noble gases, hydrides, and oxyacids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    492 views11 pages

    Snakes and Ladders in Chemistry (Eamcet Special)

    Uploaded by

    sriniwaas chhari th
    1. The document outlines various orders and relationships in chemistry, including the order of electromagnetic wave energies, hydrogen spectral lines, filling of electron sublevels, and properties across periods and groups. 2. Key concepts discussed include ionization potentials, electron affinities, electronegativity, bond lengths and energies, and acid-base properties. 3. Orders of reactivity, stability, and other properties are provided for families of compounds like noble gases, hydrides, and oxyacids.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 11

    Snakes and ladders in chemistry (eamcet special)

    Order of energies: gamma rays > X rays > UV rays


    visible> I.R> micro wavws > T.V waves > T.V waves >
    radio waves

    Note: energy frequency /wave length wave number

    Order of energies of list line in H- spectrum

    :Lyman>balmer>paschen>brackett>pfund.

    :in a given series,1st line has least energy or longest


    wave length and last line has highest energy or least wave
    length

    In an atom as the n (orbit no.) value increases


    1. K.E
    2. P.E
    3. Total energy
    4. Velocity
    5. Energy difference between adjacent orbits
    decreases ()
    6. Distance between adjacent orbits increase es()
    Distance between two successive orbits = 0.529
    (m+n)A.,m and n are orbit numbers in increasing
    order
    If the velocities of electron (e), proton (P) neutron
    (n), o2, H2molecules are same, then the order of
    their deBrogiles wave length is > > >
    2 > 2
    Order of filling up of sublevels in 6th period: 6s, 4f,
    5d, 6p

    Order of sizes:A - > A > A+. i.e, anion > >neutral
    atom>cation

    Order of radii:N-3>O-2>F>Na+Mg+2>A1+3
    Order of different radii:vander waals> crys
    tal>covalent
    Order of ionisation potentials of 3rd period
    elements: Na< Mg>A1>Si<P>S<C1<Ar.

    Note:

    1. I.P of Si>I.P of Mg
    2. In e given period a) II A group element(ns) has
    greater I.P then IIIA group element b)VA group
    element (nsnp) has greater I.P then corresponding
    VI A group element
    Order of I.P: He>Ne>F>Ar>N>O>H;

    Order of I.P:Al+3>Mg+2>Na+

    Note: in ISO electronic ions, the ion with grater


    atomic number is 1. Smaller in size 2. Having greater I.P

    Order of 2ndionisation potentials is carbon ,


    nitrozen, oxygen and flourine is: O>F>N>C.

    Note: for 2nd IP, consider preceding element.


    Order of electron affinity: Cl>F>Br>I>S;
    Elements with maximum electron affinity: chlorine
    Order of E>A:IV Agroup elements > VA group
    elements (i.e carbon > nitrogen)
    Order of E.A(VI A)

    s>Se>Te>O(EA2:O>S>Se>Te)

    IIA group elements and Nitrogen have positive E.A


    Order of E.N:

    Fluorine (4) > oxygen(3.%)> Nitrogen (3.0) = Chlorine


    (3.0); (H - 2.1, C 2.5, P = 2.1; C= S = 1 = 2.5)

    Elements with maximum electronegativity is


    fluorine and lowest is Cs.
    = 2.8x (X= electro negativity)
    rder of E>N in IVA:C> Si = Ge = sn= Pb;
    Order of E.Nin IIIA:B >Tl>In>Ga>Al

    Order of ease of formation and stability of
    cations:Na+>Mg+2>Al+3
    Anions:F>O-2>N-3

    Note: smaller is charge on ion, greater is stability.

    Order of size of orbitals:sp3>sp2>sp.


    Order of ionic character: CsCI> RbCI> KCL>NaCl> LiCl
    Order of C-C bond length

    Ethane = diamond > graphite> benzerne> C2H4 > C2H4


    (sp3-s) (sp2- s) (sp-s)

    Order of O-Obond length H2O2>O3>o2


    Order of C-O bond length:
    32 >Co2>CO
    Order of bond energy ( single)
    C- C > -N-N->F-F>-O-O
    O-H bond length is 0.978Awhere as O---- H (H-
    bond) bond length is 1.76A
    Order of strengths of Hydrozen bond:
    F..H-F>F.H-F>OH-O>N..H-N
    Order of stength of the bond:
    > >
    Order of B.Pts among the Hydrides of
    1. IVA group: Sn4 >Ge4 > 4 > 4 (No Hydrozen
    bond)
    2. VA group:Sb3 >N3 > 3 > 3
    3. VIA: H2O> H2Te> H2e H2s
    4. VIIA group:HF>HI>HBr>HCl
    Order of ratesof diffusion: H2>He>CH4.
    Order of molecular velocities: > >Cp
    Order of number of molecules processing different
    velocities: CP > >
    : : =1:1.128 : 1.224 or 0.816 :0.921:1
    of D2O is graeter then 7 (at 250C) but it is
    neutral because of D2o is > 14 at 25C
    Order of radii of alkali metal ions in H2o:
    Li+ (aq)>Na+(aq)>K+(aq)>Rb+(aq)>Cs+(aq)

    Order of S.O.P of IIA: Ba>Sr = Ca>Mg>Be;E.N. ofCa =


    Sr
    Order of solubility of carbonates and hydroxides of
    IA group

    Li2CO3<Na2Co3<K2CO3<Rb2CO3<Cs2CO3LiOH<NaOH<KO
    H<RbOH<CsOH

    IIIA ghroup: highest M.Pts;Boron (2300C) because it


    exists as giant covalent polymer in both liquid and
    soild states. Latest M.Pt;gallium because it consists
    of Ga2molecules and laest B.P = Tl.
    The element with maximum liquid range is gallium
    IVA group element with highest M.Ptand B.Pt is
    carbon
    IV A group element with least M.Pt:sn(Tin) and least
    B.P = Pb
    Order of 1st I.P in IVA group:C>Si>Ge>Pb>sn
    Order of M-M bond energies and catention:

    C-C>Si-Si>Ge-Ge>Sn-Sn

    Order of calorific value:

    Coal gas > carburetted water gas > water gas


    (21000KJ/m) (15045KJ/m) (13000KJ/M)
    N2 is the major constituent in semi water gas and
    producer gas
    H2 is the major constituent in coal gas, carburetted
    water gas, water gas
    Order of abundance of noble gases in air by vol: Ar>
    Ne>Kr>Xe>He
    In noble gases, density, B.Pt, heat of vapourisation
    and solubility in water increases down the group.
    Among the hydrides of VA, VIA, VIIA group
    1. stability
    2. reducing character
    3. second hydrides is more volatile (PH3, H2, HCL)
    4. ease of formation decreases
    5. bond angle
    among the hydrides of VA group
    1. basiccharacter
    2. ease of substitution (replacement of hydrogen by Cl
    or alkyl)
    acidic character: N2O5> NO2>N2O3
    (+5) (+4) (+3)
    N2O, NO neutral
    order of basicity: H4P2O7 (P-O-P bond)

    >H3PO4>H3PO3>H3PO2;

    (H4P2O6 contains P-P bond)

    order of acidic nature among hydrides of VIA group:


    H2Te>H2Se>h2S>H2O

    order of reactivity , I.P, E.N, oxidising power, non


    metallic nature:

    F2>Cl2>Br2>I2

    order of size, M.pt, B.pt, density and vander walls


    forces: I2>Br2>Cl2>F2
    order of electron affinity : Cl>F>Br>1
    order of bond energy: Cl2>Br2>F2>I2
    order of acidic nature:
    1. HI>HBr>HCl>HF
    2. Cl2O7>Cl2O6>ClO2>Cl2O
    3. HclO4>HclO3>Hclo2>HOCl
    Order of basic nature:
    1. F> Cl> Br>
    2. ClO> Clo2> Clo3> Clo4
    Order of Ci O bond length in oxyacids of chlorine:

    HOCI>HclO2>HclO3>HCIO4

    Order of Ci O bond energy:

    Clo4> Clo3> Clo2> Clo

    Among oxyacids of chlorine:


    1. Strongest acid: perchloric acid (HciO4)
    2. Strongest oxidant: hypochlorous acid(HOCI)
    Order of acidic strengths:
    HF>HNO2>CH3COOH>H2CO3>H2S>HCN.
    In elecetro chemical series from Li to F2
    1. S.R.P
    2. Reducing character
    3. Oxidising character
    Order of electro chemical equivalent of Na, Mg and
    Al: ena>eMg>eAl(e = gram equivalent weight/96500)
    Order of heat of absorption: chemical> physical

    (40 400Kj. mol -1)(20-40K.J mol-1)

    Order of solute particle size: suspension (>10-6m)>


    colloid(10-6m to 10-9m)> true solutions(<10-9m)
    Most basic: secondary alphatic amines
    Least basic: teritary aromati amines

    Acids bases (chemistry)

    Acid base pair differing by proton is called


    conujgate acid base pair

    Acid -H+ conjugate base;base + H+ conjugate
    acid
    HCOO-, H2PO2, 32 will act as proton accptors
    only.
    Lewis acids: cation, BCl3, BF3, SiCl4, SF4, AnCl2, CO2,
    SO2, Cl2O7, atomic oxygen and sulphur.
    Lewis bases: anions, NH3, H2S, ROH, RNH2, SCl4, Sf4,
    C2H4, C2H2, Co, No etc.
    All lewis bases are bronsted bases but all lewis
    acids need notbe bronsted acids eg. BF3
    PH = - log [ + ] = /log 1[ + ] = 14 - POH
    POH = - log[ ] = log1/[ ]

    If PH = x.y then [ + ] = antilog (1-0.y) 10-(X+1)


    If equal volumes of two acids with different PH
    values are mixed, then PH of resulting solution =
    lowest PH + 0.3
    If equal volumes of bases with different PH values
    are mixed then PH of resulting solution = highest PH
    0.3
    If equal volumes of one acid and one base are
    mixed, then PH of resultinmg solution is 7, if sum of
    their PH values is equal to 14, eg: PH = 2 and 12; PH =
    4, 10
    The mixture ofweek acid and strong base will acts
    as acid buffer , if the number of equivalents of
    weak acid are grater than that of strong base. Eg:
    100ml. 0.1M HCN+50ml 0.1M NaoH
    The mixture of weak base and strong acid will act
    as basic buffer, if the no.of equivalents of weak
    base are graeter then that of strong acid. Eg:
    100ml. 0.1 M NH4OH + 20ml 0.2M HCl
    Aqueous solution os salts of weak acid and weak
    base will act as neutral buffers eg: CH3COONH4
    Buffer capacity = no. of moles of acid or base
    added per lt. solution. Change in pH
    A salt undergoes hydrolysis only if the
    corresponding acid or base or both of a salt are
    weak eg: NaCN, CuSO4, NH4Cl, (NH4)2CO3 etc.

    Relationship beween solubility (s) and solubility


    product (ksp)

    ksp = xx, yy (s)x+y (mol/lit)x+y

    x = number of cations given by one molecule

    y= number of anions given by one molecule



    s = solubility of salt in mol/litre [ =

    . 1/]

    The product of concentration of ions of a salt in a


    given solution is called Ionic product.

    Precipitation of a salt from a solution takes place only


    when its ionic product exceeds solubility product.

    Kinetics

    Rate of a reaction
    1. Can be expreseed interms of reactants or products
    2. Is equal either w.r.t to any reactant or product at a
    given instant
    3. Decreases exponentially with time
    4. Depends on nature of reactants, concentration,
    temperature and catlyst.
    Order of a reaction
    1. Can be whole number or fraction
    2. Can be deduced from rate equation (experimental
    quantity)
    3. Can be changed by changing experimental
    conditions
    4. Can not be deduced from stichiometric equation.
    In a reaction if a ractnt is taken in large excess, then
    order with respect to that reactant becomes zero
    Can be 910 1,2,3 and it cannot be zero or fraction
    (2) deduced from reaction mechanism (3) need not
    be equal to order

    Heat change (H) of forward reaction = - ,
    and are the activationenergies of forward and
    backward rections respectively.
    Units of rates constant for order raction
    (Mol)1-n(lit)n-1 sec-1
    Units of reaction rate does not chenge with order of
    reaction
    The units of reaction rate and rate constant are
    same for zero order reactions i.e mol.lit-1. Time -1

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