Jffy
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Jean-Pierre DEMAILLY
Universite de Grenoble I,
Institut Fourier, BP 74,
Laboratoire associe au C.N.R.S. n188,
F-38402 Saint-Martin dHeres
0. Statement of results.
1
Theorem 0.2. Let us denote by a E the irreducible tensor power
representation of Gl(E) of highest weight a Zr . If h {1, . . . , r 1} and
a1 a2 . . . ah > ah+1 = . . . = ar = 0 , then
H n,q (X, a E (det E)h L) = 0 for q 1 .
2
Theorem 0.6. For every vector bundle E and every line bundle L one
can define a canonical morphism
H p,q (X, 2 E L) H p+1,q+1 (X, S 2 E L) .
Under hypothesis 0.1, this morphism is one-to-one for p + q n + r 1 and
surjective for p + q = n + r 2 .
3
1. Basic definitions and tools.
We recall here a few basic facts and definitions which will be used repeatedly
in the sequel.
(1.1) Ample vector bundles (compare with Hartshorne [9]).
A vector bundle E on X is said to be spanned if the canonical map
H 0 (X, E) Ex is onto for every x X , and semi-ample if the symmetric
powers S k E are spanned for k k0 large enough.
E is said to be very ample if the canonical maps
(
H 0 (X, E) Ex Ey , x 6= y X ,
H 0 (X, E) O(E) Ox /M2x , x X ,
are onto, Mx denoting the maximal ideal at x X . If E is very ample, then the
holomorphic map from X to the Grassmannian of rcodimensional subspaces of
V = H 0 (X, E) given by
: X Gr (V ) , x 7 Wx = { V ; (x) = 0}
is an embedding, and E is the pull-back by of the canonical quotient vector
bundle of rank r on Gr (V ) . The embedding condition is in fact equivalent to E
being very ample if r = 1 , but weaker if r 2 .
At last, E is said to be ample if the symmetric powers S k E are very
ample for k k0 large enough. Denoting OE (1) the canonical line bundle on
Y = P (E ) associated to E and : Y X the projection, it is well-known
that OE (k) = S k E . One gets then easily
E spanned on X OE (1) spanned on Y ,
E (semi-)ample on X OE (1) (semi-)ample on Y .
Moreover, for any line bundle L on X , ampleness is equivalent to the existence of
a smooth hermitian metric on the fibers of L with positive curvature form ic(L) .
Since S k (E L) = S k E Lk , it is clear that
E, L semi-ample = E L semi-ample ,
E, L spanned, one of them very ample = E L very ample ,
E, L semi-ample, one of them ample = E L ample .
(1.2) Kodaira-Akizuki-Nakano vanishing theorem [1].
If L is an ample (or positive) line bundle on X , then
H p,q (X, L) = H q (X, pX L) = 0 for p + q n + 1 .
(1.3) Leray spectral sequence (cf. Godement [7]).
Let : Y X be a continuous map between topological spaces, S a
sheaf of abelian groups on Y , and Rq S on X .
S the direct image sheaves of
Then there exists a spectral sequence such that
E2p,q = H p (X, Rq
S)
p,qp
and such that the limit term E is the pgraded module associated to a
q
decreasing filtration of H (Y, S ) .
4
(1.4) Cohomology of a filtered sheaf.
We will need also the following elementary result. Let F be a sheaf of abelian
groups on X and
F = F0 F1 . . . Fp . . . FN = 0
L p
be a filtration of F such that the graded sheaf G , G p = F p /F p+1 , satisfies
H q (X, G p ) = 0 for q q0 . Then H q (X, F ) = 0 for q q0 .
Indeed, it is immediately verified by induction on p 1 that H q (X, F /F p)
vanishes for q q0 , using the cohomology long exact sequence associated to
0 G p F /F p+1 F /F p 0 .
The linear group Gl(V ) acts on M (V ) on the left, and there exist natural
equivariant left actions of Gl(V ) on all bundles V , Q , Qa . If : Br Gl(E)
is a representation of Br , we may associate to the manifold
EV, = Isom(Cr , V ) Br E = Isom(Cr , V ) E/
where denotes the equivalence relation (g, u) (, (g)u) , g Br . Then EV,
is a Gl(V )equivariant bundle over M (V ) , and all such bundles are obtained in
this way. It is clear that Qa is isomorphic to the line bundle CV,a arising from the
1dimensional representation of weight a :
a : T r = Br /Ur C , (t1 . . . tr ) 7 ta1 1 . . . tar r ;
Qa is induced by the map
the isomorphism CV,a
Isom(Cr , V ) C (, u) 7 u1a1 . . . rar Qa , = mod V .
5
We compute now the tangent and cotangent vector bundles of M (V ) . The action
of Gl(V ) on M (V ) yields
(2.2) T M (V ) = Hom(V, V )/W
where W is the subbundle of endomorphisms g Hom(V, V ) such that g(V ) V ,
1 r . Using the self-duality of Hom(V, V ) given by the Killing form
(g1 , g2 ) 7 tr(g1 g2 ) , we find
(
T M (V ) = Hom(V, V )/W = W
(2.3)
W = {g Hom(V, V ) ; g(V1 ) V , 1 r} .
If ad denotes the adjoint representation of Br on the Lie algebras gl:r , R
r , U r ,
then
(2.4) T M (V ) = (gl:r /R
r )V,ad , T M (V ) = (U r )V,ad
1
because W[] = R r , W[] = U r 1 at every point [] M (V ) . There exists
a filtration of T M (V ) by subbundles of the type
{g Hom(V, V ) ; g(V ) V() , 1 r}
in such a way that the corresponding graded bundle is the direct sum of the line
bundles Hom(Q , Q ) = Q1 Q , < ; their tensor product is thus isomorphic
to the canonical line bundle KM (V ) = det(T M (V )) :
(2.5) KM (V ) = Q11r . . . Q2r1
. . . Qr1
r = Qc
where c = (1 r, . . . , r 1) ; c will be called the canonical weight of M (V ) .
Case of incomplete flag manifolds.
More generally, given any sequence of integers s = (s0 , . . . , sm ) such that
0 = s0 < s1 < . . . < sm = r , we may consider the manifold Ms (V ) of incomplete
flags
V = Vs0 Vs1 . . . Vsm = {0} , codimC Vsj = sj .
On Ms (V ) we still have tautological vector bundles Vs,j of rank r sj and line
bundles
(2.6) Qs,j = det(Vs,j1 /Vs,j ) , 1 j m .
For any rtuple a Zr such that asj1 +1 = . . . = asj , 1 j m , we set
as a
Qas = Qs,11 . . . Qs,m
sm
.
If : M (V ) Ms (V ) is the natural projection, then
(2.7) Vs,j = Vsj , Qs,j = Qsj1 +1 . . . Qsj , Qas = Qa .
On the other hand, one has the identification
Ms (V ) = Isom(Cr , V )/Bs
where Bs is the parabolic subgroup of matrices (z ) with z = 0 for all , such
that there exists an integer j = 1, . . . , m 1 with sj and > sj . We define
Us as the unipotent subgroup of lower triangular matrices (z ) with z = 0 for
6
all , such that sj1 < 6= sj for some j (hence U s = R
s ). In the same
way as above, we get
(2.8) T Ms (V ) = Hom(V, V )/Ws , Ws = {g ; g(Vsj1 ) Vsj } ,
(2.9) T Ms (V ) = Ws = (U s )V,ad ,
s1 r s +sj r sm1
(2.10) KMs (V ) = Qs,1 j1
. . . Qs,j . . . Qs,m = Qc(s)
s
Proof.
(a) Let (Vs00 Vs01 . . . Vs0m ) Ms (V ) be an arbitrary flag and F, F subspaces
of V such that
Vs0j1 F Vs0j F Vs0j+1 , dim F = sj + 1 , dim F = sj 1 .
Let us consider the projective line P (F/F ) Ms (V ) of flags
Vs00 . . . Vs0j1 Vsj Vs0j+1 Vs0m
such that F Vsj F . Then
thus QasP (F/F ) O(asj asj+1 ) , which implies (a) and the only if part of
assertions (b), (c).
(b) Since Qs,1 . . . Qs,j = det(V /Vsj ) , we see that this line bundle is a quotient
of the trivial bundle sj V . Hence
O
(2.12) Qas = det(V /Vsj )asj asj+1 (det V )ar
1jm1
N
is spanned by sections arising from elements of S asj asj+1 (sj V ) (det V )ar
as soon as as1 . . . asm .
(c) If as1 > . . . > asm , it is elementary to verify that the sections of Qas arising from
(2.12) suffice to make Qas very ample (this is in fact a generalization of Pluckers
imbedding of Grassmannians).
Cohomology groups of Qa .
It remains now to compute H 0 (Ms (V ), Qas ) H 0 (M (V ), Qa ) when
a1 . . . ar . Without loss of generality we may assume that ar 0 , because
Q1 . . . Qr = det V is a trivial bundle.
7
Proposition 2.13. For all integers a1 a2 . . . ar 0 , there is a
canonical isomorphism
H 0 (M (V ), Qa ) = a V
where a V S a1 V . . . S ar V is the set of polynomials f (1 , . . . , r ) on (V )r
which are homogeneous of degree a with respect to and invariant under the
left action of Ur on (V )r = Hom(V, Cr ) :
f (1 , . . . , 1
, + , . . . , r ) = f (1 , . . . , r ) , < .
9
Formulas (2.19) and (2.20) are thus immediate consequences of the Leray spectral
ac(s)
sequence. When applied to E = p T Ms (V ) Qs , formula (2.19) yields
H p,q (Ms (V ), Qac(s)
s ) = H q M (V ), Qac(s) p T Ms (V )
= H q M (V ), Qa N(s)p T Ms (V ) ,
using the isomorphism p T Ms (V ) KMs (V ) N(s)p T Ms (V ) . In the same
way, (2.20) implies
H p,q (Ms (V ), Qas ) = H q+NN(s) M (V ), Qa+cc(s) p T Ms (V )
= H q+NN(s) M (V ), Qa+c N(s)p T Ms (V ) .
The bundle T Ms (V ) = (U s )V,ad (resp. T Ms (V ) = (gl:r /R
s )V,ad ) has a
where the indices , are such that sj < for some j . It follows that
p T Ms (V ) resp. N(s)p T Ms (V ) has a filtration with associated graded
bundle M M
s (u, p) Qu resp. s (u , N (s) p) Qu
uZr u Zr
where the weights u (resp. u ) and multiplicities s (u, p) (resp. s (u , N (s) p))
are those of p U s (resp. N(s)p gl:r /R
s ) . We need a lemma.
10
for all the above weights u and all q 1 . By proposition 2.17 it is sufficient to get
c
l a + u + c(s) N N (s) .
2
Let us observe that a weight h will be such that l(h) N N (s) as soon as
h h 0 whenever sj1 < sj < sj+1 , 1 j m 1 . For
h = a + u + 2c c(s) this condition yields, thanks to lemma 2.21 :
a a min{p+1 , r+1() , N (s)p+(sj+1 sj1 )}+()(sj+1 sj ) .
Taking as large as possible, i.e. = sj+1 sj1 1 , we get the asserted
condition.
Proof of (e). Because of the vanishing of H 1 of the graded quotients, we
obtain
M
H p,0 (Ms (V ), Qas ) = s (u, p) H NN(s) M (V ), Qa+u+cc(s) .
u
Applying proposition 2.17, we get (a + u + c c(s)) = a + u e , where u e is the
partial reordering of u such that only the coefficients in each interval [sj1 + 1, sj ]
have been reordered (in non-increasing order). The number of inversions is always
N N (s) , with equality if and only if u is non-decreasing in each interval. In
that case
H NN(s) M (V ), Qa+u+cc(s) = a+u V ,
and = 0 otherwise. Since p U s is a Bs module we have s (u, p) = s (e u, p) .
Formula (e) is proved, and we see that non-zero terms correspond to weights u
which are non-increasing in each interval [sj1 + 1, sj ] .
Remark 2.22. If the manifold Ms (V ) is a Grassmannian, then m = 2 ,
s = (0, s1 , r) . The condition required in proposition 2.21 is therefore always
satisfied when ar as1 1 , i.e. when Qas is ample.
3. An isomorphism theorem
11
The corresponding graded bundle is given by
(3.3) Gp,t = F p,t /F p+1,t = (pX ) Ytp
/X .
We have in particular
N(s)
(3.7) (Qas ) = a E , Y /X Qas = a+c(s) E .
12
4. Vanishing theorems.
In order to carry over results for line bundles to vector bundles, one needs
the following simple lemma.
Lemma 4.1. Assume that as1 > as2 > . . . > asm 0 . Then
(a) E semi-ample = Qas semi-ample;
(b) E ample = Qas ample;
(c) E semi-ample and L ample = Qas L ample.
Proof.
(a) If E is semi-ample, then by definition (1.1) S k E is spanned for k k0 large
enough. Hence ka E, which is a direct summand in S ka1 E . . . S kar E , is also
spanned for k k0 . Since the fibers of (Qka ka ka
s ) = E generate Qs , we conclude
ka
that Qs is spanned for k k0 .
(b) Similar proof, replacing semi-ample by ample and spanned by very
ample. One needs moreover the fact that Qka
s is very ample along the fibers of
(lemma 2.11).
(c) If Lk is very ample for k k1 , then Qka s L
k
is very ample for
ka
k max(k0 , k1 ) , because Qs is spanned on Y and very ample along the fibers,
whereas H 0 (Y, Lk ) = H 0 (X, Lk ) separates points of Y which lie in distinct
fibers.
We are now ready to attack the proof of the main theorems.
Proof of theorem 0.2. Let a Zr be such that
a1 a2 . . . ah > ah+1 = . . . = ar = 0 .
Define s1 < s2 < . . . < sm1 as the sequence of indices = 1, . . . , r 1 such
that a > a+1 and set a = a + (h, . . . , h) c(s) . The canonical weight c(s) is
non-decreasing and c(s)r = sm1 = h , sm = r , hence
as1 > as2 > . . . > asm = h c(s)r = 0 ,
so Qas L is ample by lemma 4.1 and a +c(s) E = a E (det E)h . Formula
(3.10) yields
H n,q (X, a E (det E)h L) H n+N(s),q (Ms (E), Qas L) .
Since dim Ms (E) = n + N (s) , the group in the right hand side is zero for q 1
by the Kodaira-Akizuki-Nakano vanishing theorem (1.2) .
Proof of theorem 0.3. The proof proceeds by backward induction on p .
The case p = n is already settled by theorem 0.2. The decomposition formula
(2.16) shows that the result is equivalent to
H p,q (X, a E (det E)l L) = 0 for p + q n + 1 , l n p + r 1
and a1 . . . ar = 0 not all zero. Define s as above and a = a +(l, . . . , l) c(s) .
Then Qas is ample since ar = l h 0 , and corollary 3.9 implies
(4.2) H p,q (X, a E (det E)l L) H q (Y, Gp,p+N(s) Qas L) .
13
p+N(s)
Now, it is clear that F p,p+N(s) = Y . We get thus an exact sequence
p+N(s)
0 F p+1,p+N(s) Y Gp,p+N(s) 0 .
The Kodaira-Akizuki-Nakano vanishing theorem (1.2) applied to Qas L with
dim Y = n + N (s) yields
p+N(s)
H q (Y, Y Qas L) = 0 for p + q n + 1 .
The cohomology groups in (4.2) will therefore vanish if and only if
(4.3) H q+1 (Y, F p+1,p+N(s) Qas L) = 0 .
Let us observe that F p+1,p+N(s) has a filtration with associated graded bundle
L p+t,p+N(s)
t1 G . In order to verify (4.3), it is thus enough to get
(4.4) H q+1 (Y, Gp+t,p+N(s) Qas L) = 0 , t 1 .
At this point, the Leray spectral sequence will be used in an essential way. Since
N(s)t
Gp+t,p+N(s) = (p+t
X ) Y /X , we get
N(s)t
Rk (Gp+t,p+N(s) Qas L) = p+t
X L R k
Y /X Q a+(l, ... ,l)c(s)
.
Proposition 2.18 (a) and (c) yields
k N(s)t a+(l, ... ,l)c(s)
0 for k t + 1 , otherwise
R Y /X Q = L b
b
E , br l t ,
0 for k t + 1 , otherwise
k
R (G p+t,p+N(s)
Qas
L) = L
b,m
p+t b m
X E (det E) L ,
where the last sum runs over weights b such that br = 0 and integers m such that
a
m l t n (p + t) + r 1 . Therefore H q+1 (Y, G p+t,p+N(s)
L j,q+1j Qs L)
We have thus E2j,q+1j = 0 for j q t by the first case, and also for j q t
j,q+1j
by the second case and the induction hypothesis. Hence E = 0 for all j ,
and (4.4) is proved.
Proof of theorem 0.6. Let us take here a = (2, 0, . . . , 0) and s = (0, 1, r) ,
so that Y = Ms (E) = P (E ) . Since a E = S 2 E and (1,1,0, ... ,0) E = 2 E ,
theorem 3.8 yields
q
H (Y, Gp+1,p+1 Q2s,1 L) H p+1,q (X, S 2 E) ,
(4.5) H q (Y, Gp,p+1 Q2s,1 L) H p,q (X, 2 E) ,
H q (Y, Gk,p+1 Q2s,1 L) = 0 for k < p ,
because u = 1 + 2 is the only weight of 1 U s such that a + u is non-
increasing, and because no such weights exist for higher exterior powers j U s .
Now, p+1
Y /F
p,p+1
has a filtration with graded quotients Gk,p+1 , k < p , therefore
H q (Y, p+1
Y /F
p,p+1
Q2s,1 L) = 0 for all q .
14
Considering the exact sequences
0 Gp,p+1 p+1Y /F
p+1,p+1
p+1
Y /F
p,p+1
0 ,
0 Gp+1,p+1 p+1 Y p+1Y /F
p+1,p+1
0 ,
we get an isomorphism
H q (Y, Gp,p+1 Q2s,1 L) H q (Y, p+1
Y /F
p+1,p+1
Q2s,1 L)
and a canonical coboundary morphism
H q (Y, p+1
Y /F
p+1,p+1
Q2s,1 L) H q+1 (Y, Gp+1,p+1 Q2s,1 L)
which by Kodaira-Akizuki-Nakano is onto for p + 1 + q + 1 n + N (s) + 1 , i.e.
p + q n + r 2 , and bijective for p + q n + r 1 . Combining this with the
first two isomorphisms (4.5) achieves the proof of theorem 0.6.
As promised in the introduction, we show now that the condition l h in
theorem 0.2 is best possible.
Example 4.6. Let X = Gr (V ) be the Grassmannian of subspaces of
codimension r of a vector space V , dimC V = d , and E the tautological quotient
vector bundle of rank r over X . Then E is spanned (hence semi-ample) and
L = det E is very ample. According to the notations of 2 , we have
X = Ms (V ) , s = (s0 , s1 , s2 ) = (0, r, d) ,
E = V /Vr , det E = Qs,1 , det Vr = Qs,2 ,
KX = Qrd r
s,1 Qs,2 .
Furthermore, for any sequence a1 . . . ar 0 , we have
a E = a (V /Vr ) = Q(a,0)
where : M (V ) Ms (V ) is the projection. If n = dim X = r(d r) , this
implies
h+rd
H n,q X, a E (det E)h = H q X, Qs,1 Qrs,2 Q(a,0)
= H q (X, Q )
where = (a1 + h + r d, . . . , ar + h + r d, r, . . . , r) Zd . The fiber of
is M (V /Vr ) M (Vr ) , hence Rq Q = 0 for q 1 by Kunneths formula and
proposition 2.18 (b) . We obtain therefore
H n,q X, a E (det E)h = H q (M (V ), Q ) .
Assume now that a1 . . . ah d r and ah = . . . = ar = 0 . Define
1 = (1, . . . , 1) Zd . Then
c 1d
= 1 + (a1 + r + h 1, . . . , ah + r ; r 1, . . . , h ; d 1, . . . , r)
2 2
where dots indicate a decreasing sequence of consecutive integers. There are exactly
(r h)(d r) inversions of the ordering, corresponding to the inversion of the last
two blocks between semicolons. Then one finds easily
c c
+ = (a1 + h + r d, . . . , ah + h + r d ; h, . . . , h) = + h1
2 2
where = (a1 + r d, . . . , ar + r d ; 0, . . . , 0) . Proposition 2.17 yields therefore
n,q a h
0 if q 6= (r h)(d r)
H X, E (det E) =
V (det V )h if q = (r h)(d r) .
15
5. On the Borel-Le Potier spectral sequence.
p+r,q+1(p+r)
that the spectral sequence degenerates in E2 , i.e. dr : Erp,qp Er is
zero for all r 2 (by Peternell, Le Potier and Schneider [12], the spectral sequence
does not degenerate in general in E1 ). Then E2p,qp = E p,qp
. This equality means
that the qth cohomology group of the E1 complex
S ) H q+1 (Y, Gp+1,t
d1 : H q (Y, Gp,t S)
is the p-graded module corresponding to a filtration of H q (Y, tY S
) . By Kodaira-
Akizuki-Nakano, we get therefore :
Proposition 5.1. Assume that E is ample and L 0 , or E 0
and L ample, and that the E2 degeneracy occurs for the ample invertible sheaf
S = Qas L on Y . Then the complex
because assumption (3.5) is satisfied for the weight b and for t = N (s) 1 . But
the above direct sum can be rewritten
M
s (u , 1) H p+1,q+1(X, a+u E (det E)l L)
u
16
Corollary 5.2. If the E2 degeneracy occurs for all ample line bundles
Qas L , a1 . . . ar = 0 , on all flag manifolds of E , then
H p,q (X, a E (det E)l L) = 0
for p + q n + 1 and l r 1 + min{n p, n q} .
Another interesting consequence of proposition 5.1 in the case Y = P (E )
would be the following generalization of theorem 0.6.
Corollary 5.3. Set Z t,k E = (kt,1,...,1,0,...,0) E S kt E t E
if 0 t k 1 and Z t,k E = 0 otherwise. Then there is a canonical complex
. . . H p,q (X, Z t,k E L) H p+1,q+1 (X, Z t1,k E L) . . .
(k,0, ... ,0)
Under the hypotheses of proposition 5.1 for S = Qs L , this complex
is exact in each degree q such that p + q + t n + r .
Proof. The only possible weight u of t U s such that (k, 0, . . . , 0) + u be
non-increasing is u = (t, 1, . . . , 1, 0, . . . , 0) . Theorem 3.8 yields therefore
H q (Y, Gp,p+t Q(k,0,
s
... ,0)
L) = H p,q (X, Z t,k E L) .
Note that the special case k = 1 , t = 0 is Le Potiers theorem, and that the
special case k = 2 , t = 1 is theorem 0.6. These two cases do not depend on any
degeneracy assumption.
17
References
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