Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Heat exchangers are devices that exchange the heat between two fluids of different temperatures
that are separated by a solid wall. The temperature gradient or the differences in temperature
facilitate this transfer of heat. They are widely used in space heating, refrigeration, air
conditioning, power plants, chemical plants, petrochemical plants, petroleum refineries, natural
gas processing, and sewage treatment.

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The double-pipe heat exchanger is one of the simplest
types of heat exchangers. This is a concentric tube
construction. It is called a double-pipe exchanger
because one fluid flows inside a pipe and the other fluid
flows between that pipe and another pipe that surrounds
the first.

2.0 EXPLANATION
In heat transfer process the analysis of a heat exchanger
begins with an energy and material balance. Before
doing a complete energy balance a few assumptions can Figure 1 Multi Double Pipe Heat Exchanger
be made. The first assumption is that the energy lost to
the surroundings from the cooling water or from the U-bends in the inner pipe to the
surroundings is negligible. We also assume negligible potential or kinetic energy changes and
constant physical properties such as specific heats and density. These assumptions also simplify
the basic heat-exchanger equations. The determination of the overall heat-transfer coefficient is
necessary in order to determine the heat transferred from the inner pipe to the outer pipe.

This coefficient takes into account all of the conductive and convective resistances (k and h,
respectively) between fluids separated by the inner pipe, and also takes into account thermal
resistances caused by fouling (rust, scaling, i.e.) on both sides of the inner pipe. For a double-
pipe heat exchanger the overall heat transfer coefficient, U, can be expressed as

( ) ( ) ( )

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2.1 HEAT DUTY

It is the heat transfer with respect to the time of the flow of fluid in heat exchanger.

3.0 CONTRUCTION
The double pipe heat exchanger is constructed by using metals or alloys that have good heat
resistance and corrosive resistance properties. Normally the size of double pipe heat exchanger is
between 100 200 ft2.

Figure 2 Cross-Sectional view of Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

3.1 EQUIPMENTS

The following is a list of all pieces of equipment for the double-pipe heat exchanger.

Pump
Double pipe heat exchanger
Valves
o Gate valves
o Disk blow valves
o Ball valves
o Computer controlled valves
Flow meters
Thermocouples
Low pressure steam
Computer

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4.0 FLUID MOVEMENT

There are two flow configurations co-current is when the
flow of the two streams is in the same direction, counter
current is when the flow of the streams is in opposite
directions.

4.1 COUNTER CURRENT FLOW

Fluids flow in opposite directions. These are used for

liquid-liquid, condensing and gas cooling applications. Figure 3 Tubular Heat Exchanger
Usually the counter current movement is used as the rate of
heat transfer is more as compared to co-current movement.

4.2 CO-CURRENT FLOW

In the concurrent flow exchange

mechanism, the two fluids flow in the
same direction. This type of flow is
usually used when the less heat transfer is
required. The co-efficient of heat transfer
is low in co-current flow.

Figure 4 Concurrent and countercurrent flow

5.0 MAINTENANCE
Maintenance of commercial heat exchangers is done by tracking the overall heat transfer
coefficient. The overall heat transfer coefficient tends to decline over time due to fouling.

By periodically calculating the overall heat transfer coefficient from exchanger flow rates and
temperatures, the owner of the heat exchanger can estimate when cleaning the heat exchanger
will be economically attractive.

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5.1 FOULING

Fouling occurs when impurities deposit on the heat

exchange surface. Deposition of these impurities can
be caused by the following factors

Low wall shear stress

Fluid velocity

Fluid precipitation
Suspended particles in fluid
Impurities in fluid
Reaction with exchanger material and fluid
Other pressure and temperature conditions Figure 5 Fouling

6.0 APPLICATIONS
Double pipe heat exchanger utilizes true counter-current flow to which maximizes the
temperature differences between the shell side and the tube side fluids, resulting in less
surface area required for a given duty.
Double Pipe exchangers are especially suitable for extreme temperature crossing, high
pressure, high temperature, and low to moderate surface area requirements. So when your
process calls for a temperature cross when the hot fluid outlet temperature is below the
cold fluid outlet temperature, a hairpin heat exchanger is the most efficient design and
will result in fewer sections and less surface area.
Double-pipe heat exchangers use a single pipe within a pipe design and are commonly
used for high fouling services such as slurries, where abrasive materials are present, and
for smaller duties. Standard shell diameters typically range from 2 to 6.
In commercial aircraft heat exchangers are used to take heat from the engine's oil system
to heat cold fuel. This improves fuel efficiency, as well as reduces the possibility of water
entrapped in the fuel freezing in components.
The classic example of a heat exchanger is found in an internal combustion engine in
which a circulating fluid known as engine coolant flows through radiator coils and air
flows past the coils, which cools the coolant and heats the incoming air.

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7.0 ADVANTAGES
Easy to operate.
Counter currents are obtained easily.
It can withstand high pressure and temperature.
Modular structure.
Maintenance is easy and repairing also easy
Easily displace from one place to another if required.
It can be adjusted according to the process need.
Occupy less space.
Structure is simple and heat transmission is large.
Provides shorter deliveries than shell and tube due to standardization of design and
construction.
Many suppliers are available worldwide

8.0 DISADVANTAGES
Double pipe heat exchanger is expensive for heavy duties.
The use of two single flow areas leads to relatively low flow rates and moderate
temperature differences.
Cant be used in handling dirty fluids.
It is difficult to readily inspect the shell side of the tubes for scaling or tube damage.

9.0 CONCLUSION
As the consequences of the above mentioned detailed properties, applications advantages and
disadvantages the double pipe heat exchanger is used according to the needs of the process in
industry as well as other heat exchanging processes.

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REFERENCES
http://www.scribd.com/doc/56011858/4/DOUBLE-PIPE-HEAT-EXCHANGERS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_exchanger#Applications
http://brazedplateheatexchangers.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/shell-and-tube-heat-exchanger-
advantages-and-disadvantages/
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_Advantage_and_disadvantages_of_double_pipe_he
at_exchanger

Emerson Process Management product guide.http://www.emersonprocess.com/ brooks/

products/products3d.html (accessed Sept 2002).
deNevers, N., Fluid Mechanics, McGraw Hill, (1991).

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