Chap 023

Chapter 23 - Managing Risk off the Balance Sheet with Derivative Securities
Chapter 23
Managing Risk off the Balance Sheet with Derivative Securities
True / False Questions
1. A spot contract is an immediate delivery versus payment contract.

True False
2. The lack of perfect correlation between spot and futures prices implies that most hedges
will have some basis risk.
True False
3. Gains and losses on a futures contract must be recognized daily.

True False
4. Buying a cap is similar to buying a call option on bond prices.

True False
5. A macro hedge is a hedge of a particular asset or liability exposure to a change in a

macroeconomic variable.
True False
6. Basis risk is the risk that the prices or value of the underlying spot and the derivatives
instrument used to hedge do not move predictably relative to one another.
True False
7. Writing a call option on a bond pays off if interest rates rise.

True False
23-1
8. Futures contracts are not subject to capital requirements for banks, but many forward
contracts are.
True False
9. Swaps are usually the best hedging tool to use to hedge long-term risks of 4 or 5 years or
more.
True False
10. A U.S. corporation has a yen-denominated loan it must repay in 6 months. A long position
in yen futures could help offset the corporation's foreign exchange risk.
True False
11. A purchaser of a bond call option gains if interest rates fall.

True False
12. As interest rates fall, bond prices and call option potential profits increase.
True False
13. Swaps and forwards are subject to contingent risk; exchange-traded futures and options
are not.
True False
14. The buyer of an American-style bond call option has the right, but not the obligation, to
sell the bond at a set price until the option expires.
True False
23-2
15. The writer of an American-style bond call option has the right, but not the obligation, to
buy the bond at a preset price until the option expires.
True False
16. The maximum gain (ignoring commissions and taxes) from buying an at-the-money bond
put option is the bond price at time of option purchase less the put premium. The maximum
loss is the put premium.
True False
17. A fixed-floating interest rate swap is called a plain vanilla swap.

True False
18. An FI with DA < kDL may choose to enter into a long-term swap where it pays a fixed rate
of interest and receives a variable rate in order to effectively reduce the duration gap.
True False
19. A bank with a negative repricing gap could enter into a swap to pay a fixed rate of interest
and receive a variable rate of interest to effectively reduce its repricing gap.
True False
20. A bank has a positive repricing gap and wishes to protect its profits from an unfavorable
interest rate move. Purchasing a cap will help limit this bank's interest rate risk.
True False
23-3
Multiple Choice Questions
21. Which of the following requires daily cash flow settlements between the parties?
A. Forward contract
B. Futures contract
C. Purchased options contract
D. Swap contract
E. Collars
22. A macrohedge is a
A. hedge of a particular asset or liability.
B. hedge of an entire balance sheet.
C. hedge using options.
D. hedge without basis risk.
E. hedge using futures on macroeconomic variables.
23. A microhedge is a
B. hedge against a change in a particular macro variable.
C. hedge of an entire balance sheet.
D. hedge using options.
E. hedge without basis risk.
24. Basis risk occurs because it is generally impossible to

A. hedge unanticipated rate changes.
B. exactly predict interest rate changes.
C. exactly match the terms of the hedging instrument with the terms of the asset or liability at
risk.
D. find negatively correlated asset prices.
E. all of the above
23-4
25. A bond portfolio manager has a $25 million market value bond portfolio with a 6-year
duration. The manager believes interest rates may increase 50 basis points. Which of the
following could be used to help limit his risk?
I. Sell the bonds forward.

II. Buy bond futures contracts.
III. Buy call options on the bonds.
IV. Buy put options on the bonds.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I and IV only
E. II and III only
26. Which of the following are potentially subject to risk-based capital requirements?
A. Swaps and futures
B. Swaps and forwards
C. Forwards and futures
D. Purchased option positions and futures
E. Purchased option positions and swaps
27. A forward contract

A. is marked to market.
B. has significant default risk.
C. is standardized.
D. is traded over the counter.
E. is highly liquid.
28. The price of a bond rises from 98 to par. Even if you do nothing, this would still result in
an immediately recognized loss on a _____________ on a bond, and a paper gain on a bond
______________.
A. long forward contract; call option
B. short futures contract; call option
C. call option; put option
D. short futures contract; put option
E. short forward contract; call option
23-5
29. A _____ position in T-bond futures should be used to hedge falling interest rates and a
_____ position in T-bond futures should be used to hedge falling bond prices.
A. long; short
B. long; long
C. short; long
D. short; short
30. Which of the following bond option positions increase in value when interest rates
increase?
A. Long call; written put
B. Long put; written call
C. Long put; long call
D. Written put; written call
31. For a bond put option, the _____ the exercise price, the greater the cost of the put, and for
a bond call option, the _____ the exercise price, the higher the cost of the call option.
A. higher; higher
B. lower; lower
C. higher; lower
D. lower; higher
32. The safest way to hedge a bond asset with options is to

A. purchase a call option on the bond.
B. write a call option on the bond.
C. purchase a put option on the bond.
D. write a put option on the bond.
33. The safest way to hedge a bond liability with options is to

23-6
34. An FI with DA > kDL could do which of the following to reduce the duration gap?
A. Engage in a swap and pay a variable rate and receive a fixed rate of interest
B. Sell bond futures contracts
C. Buy bonds forward
D. Buy bond call options
E. None of the above
35. The largest two categories of swaps are

A. credit risk and interest rate swaps.
B. currency and commodity swaps.
C. interest rate and currency swaps.
D. equity and interest rate swaps.
E. none of the above
36. A bondholder owns 15-year government bonds with a $5 million face value and a 6%
coupon that is paid annually. The bonds are currently priced at $550,018.73 with a yield of
5.034%. The bonds have a duration of 10.53 years. If interest rates are projected to increase
by 50 basis points, how much will the bondholder gain or lose?
A. $27,571
B. $25,063
C. -$27,571
D. -$25,063
E. $5,313
37. An FI has long-term, fixed-rate assets funded by short-term, variable-rate liabilities. To

protect the equity value, the FI may engage in a swap to pay a _____ rate and receive a _____
interest.
A. fixed; variable
B. variable; variable
C. variable; fixed
D. fixed; fixed
23-7
38. The profits on a derivatives position are fixed when a bond's price falls below a certain
point, but above that point the profits fall when the bond price rises. This profit profile fits
which of the following positions?
A. Purchased call option
B. Written call option
C. Purchased put option
D. Written put option
39. Plain vanilla interest rate swaps are exchanges of

A. principle only.
B. interest only.
C. principle and interest.
D. principle and currency.
E. interest rate and currency.
Figure 23-1
After conducting a rate sensitive analysis, a bank finds itself with the following amounts of
rate- sensitive assets and liabilities (RSAs and RSL) and fixed-rate assets and liabilities
(FRAs and FRLs), the rate of return and cost rates on the accounts are also given:
23-8
40. If we were to design a macrohedge, which of the following positions would help reduce
the bank's interest rate risk?
I. Long position in bond futures contracts

II. Buying put options on bonds
III. Purchasing an interest rate cap
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. II and III only
41. If the bank wishes to set up a swap to totally hedge the interest rate risk, the bank should
A. pay a variable rate of interest and receive a fixed rate of interest.
B. pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable rate of interest.
C. pay a variable rate of interest and receive a variable rate of interest.
D. pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a fixed rate of interest.
42. Suppose the institution wishes to fully hedge the interest rate risk with a swap. A swap is
available with whatever notional principle is needed that pays fixed at 4.95% and pays
variable at LIBOR. LIBOR is currently 5.11%. By how much would profits change right now
if the bank engages in the swap?
A. $202,600
B. -$202,600
C. $300,000
D. -$195,200
E. $195,200
23-9
43. A thrift purchases a 1-year interest rate floor with a floor rate of 4.23% from a large bank.
The option has a notional principle of $1 million and costs $2,000. If in one year, interest rates
are 3%, the thrift's net profit, ignoring commissions and taxes was _____ and if in one year,
interest rates were 2%, the thrift's net profit was _____.
A. $0; $7,500
B. $8,800; -$2,000
C. $8,800; $0
D. $29,500; -$2,000
E. $29,500; $0
44. A regional bank negotiates the purchase of a one-year interest rate cap with a cap rate of
5.45% with a large bank. The option has a notional principle of $2 million and costs $3,400.
In one year, interest rates are 6.33%. The regional bank's net profit, ignoring commissions and
taxes, was
A. $105,600.
B. $18,400.
C. $17,600.
D. $14,200.
E. $11,500.
45. Your firm has sold long-term government bonds short on a when-issued basis; your firm
must purchase the bonds and deliver them when they are issued in 6 months. To hedge this
risk, you could
I. buy at-the-money put options on bonds.

II. sell bond futures contracts.
III. write at-the-money call options on bonds.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. none of these would hedge the risk
23-10
46. In 2010, only about _____ of the largest banks actively used derivatives.
A. 750
B. 830
C. 940
D. 990
E. 1100
47. A nave hedge is one

A. where the hedger is not fully informed.
B. where the hedger attempts to eliminate all of the risk of the underlying spot position.
C. where the hedger uses microhedges rather than macrohedges to limit risk.
D. where the hedger unwittingly increases the risk of the FI's position.
E. that does not have to be reported on the FI's financial statements.
48. The primary federal banks regulators have established guidelines for derivatives usage at
banks including:
I. banks must establish internal guidelines regarding hedging activity.

II. banks must establish trading limits.
III. banks are prohibited from using derivatives to speculate.
IV. banks must disclose large derivatives positions that may materially affect stakeholders in
their financial statements.
A. I and II only
B. I, III, and IV only
C. I, II, and IV only
D. II, III, and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV
23-11
Short Answer Questions
49. A U.S. firm is earning British pounds from its foreign subsidiary. A U.K. firm is earning
dollars from its U.S. subsidiary. Neither firm can borrow at a cost-effective rate outside of its
home country/currency. What kind of swap could be used to limit the FX risk of both firms
and explain the payment flows involved (be specific)?
50. Why is the credit risk on a plain vanilla interest rate swap generally less than the credit
risk of a loan with an equivalent (notional) principle amount?
51. Is it safer to hedge a contingent liability with options, futures, forwards, or swaps?
Explain.
52. Draw a graph of the gains and losses from owning a bond and simultaneously buying a
put on the bond.
23-12
Figure 23-2
A U.S. bank has deposit liabilities denominated in euros that must be repaid in 2 years. The
deposits pay a fixed interest rate of 4%. The bank took the money raised and converted it to
dollars, whereupon it lent the dollars to a corporate customer who will repay the bank over the
next two years in dollars at a variable rate of interest equal to LIBOR +3%. The interest rate
earned may change every six months.
53. Other than credit risk, what are the risks to the bank?
54. Design a swap that the bank could use to reduce their risks.
55. A U.S. corporation is bidding on a revenue-generating contract in England. If the

corporation gets the bid, they will be paid in pounds. A) If the managers are risk averse, can
hedging increase the likelihood that the U.S. firm gets the bid? Explain. B) In this situation,
should the corporation hedge with options, futures, or forwards? Explain.
23-13
56. What are the advantages and disadvantages of forwards versus futures contracts?
57. In terms of direct costs, are futures or options likely to be a more expensive form of
hedging? Why? In terms of opportunity costs, which is more expensive? Why?
58. A bank wishes to hedge its $30 million face value bond portfolio (currently priced at 99%
of par). The bond portfolio has a duration of 9.75 years. They will hedge with T-Bond futures
($100,000 face) priced at 98% of par. The duration of the T-Bonds to be delivered is 9 years.
How many contracts are needed to hedge? Should the contracts be bought or sold? Ignore
basis risk.
23-14
59. An FI has DA = 2.45 years and kDL = 0.97 years. The FI has total assets equal to $375
million. The FI wishes to effectively reduce the duration gap to one year by hedging with T-
Bond futures that have a market value of $115,000 and a DFut = 8 years. How many contracts
are needed and should the FI buy or sell them? (D = Duration)
60. A bank wishes to hedge its $25 million face value bond portfolio (currently priced at
106% of par). The bond portfolio has a duration of 5 years. They will hedge with put options
that have a delta of 0.67. The bond underlying the option contract has a market value of
$112,000 and a duration of 8 years. How many put options are needed? Assume that there is
no basis risk on the hedge.
61. A $995 million bank has a negative repricing gap equal to 6% of assets. The bank is
currently paying 4.5% on its rate-sensitive liabilities. These rates will vary as interest rates
move. The managers wish to reduce the effective repricing gap to zero with an interest rate
cap or floor. A one-year cap is available with a 5% cap rate and a one-year floor is available at
a floor rate of 4%.
a) Suggest a position using either the cap or the floor (but not both) that will limit the bank's
interest rate risk. Explain.
b) Suppose that interest rates are volatile this year and the cap costs $275,000 and the floor
costs $195,000. Suggest a collar that helps limit the bank's cost of hedging. How does the
collar affect the bank's risk?
23-15
62. A bank wishes to reduce its duration gap from 1.2 years to zero by using put options. The
bank has $800 million in assets. The underlying bonds on the puts are valued at $115,000 and
have a duration of 4 years. The put options have a delta of 0.58. How many put options are
needed? Assume that there is no basis risk on the hedge.
23-16
Chapter 23 Managing Risk off the Balance Sheet with Derivative Securities
Answer Key
True / False Questions
1. A spot contract is an immediate delivery versus payment contract.

TRUE
AACSB: Reflective Thinking

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Goal: 23-01 Know how risk can be hedged with forward contracts.
Topic: Forward and Futures Contracts
2. The lack of perfect correlation between spot and futures prices implies that most hedges
will have some basis risk.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
3. Gains and losses on a futures contract must be recognized daily.

TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
23-17
4. Buying a cap is similar to buying a call option on bond prices.

FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 2 Medium
Learning Goal: 23-04 Recognize how risk can be hedged with option contracts.
Topic: Options
5. A macro hedge is a hedge of a particular asset or liability exposure to a change in a

macroeconomic variable.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Learning Goal: 23-03 Distinguish a microhedge from a macrohedge.
6. Basis risk is the risk that the prices or value of the underlying spot and the derivatives
instrument used to hedge do not move predictably relative to one another.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
7. Writing a call option on a bond pays off if interest rates rise.

TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
23-18
8. Futures contracts are not subject to capital requirements for banks, but many forward
contracts are.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Learning Goal: 23-02 Know how risk can be hedged with futures contracts.
9. Swaps are usually the best hedging tool to use to hedge long-term risks of 4 or 5 years or
more.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Learning Goal: 23-05 Comprehend how risk can be hedged with swap contracts.
Topic: Swaps
10. A U.S. corporation has a yen-denominated loan it must repay in 6 months. A long position
in yen futures could help offset the corporation's foreign exchange risk.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
11. A purchaser of a bond call option gains if interest rates fall.

TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
23-19
12. As interest rates fall, bond prices and call option potential profits increase.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Options
13. Swaps and forwards are subject to contingent risk; exchange-traded futures and options
are not.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 3 Difficult
Topic: Swaps
14. The buyer of an American-style bond call option has the right, but not the obligation, to
sell the bond at a set price until the option expires.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Options
15. The writer of an American-style bond call option has the right, but not the obligation, to
buy the bond at a preset price until the option expires.
FALSE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Options
23-20
16. The maximum gain (ignoring commissions and taxes) from buying an at-the-money bond
put option is the bond price at time of option purchase less the put premium. The maximum
loss is the put premium.
TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Options
17. A fixed-floating interest rate swap is called a plain vanilla swap.

TRUE

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Swaps
18. An FI with DA < kDL may choose to enter into a long-term swap where it pays a fixed rate
of interest and receives a variable rate in order to effectively reduce the duration gap.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Swaps
19. A bank with a negative repricing gap could enter into a swap to pay a fixed rate of interest
and receive a variable rate of interest to effectively reduce its repricing gap.
TRUE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Swaps
23-21
20. A bank has a positive repricing gap and wishes to protect its profits from an unfavorable
interest rate move. Purchasing a cap will help limit this bank's interest rate risk.
FALSE

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
Multiple Choice Questions
21. Which of the following requires daily cash flow settlements between the parties?
A. Forward contract
B. Futures contract
C. Purchased options contract
D. Swap contract
E. Collars

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
22. A macrohedge is a
B. hedge of an entire balance sheet.
C. hedge using options.
D. hedge without basis risk.
E. hedge using futures on macroeconomic variables.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
23-22
23. A microhedge is a
B. hedge against a change in a particular macro variable.
C. hedge of an entire balance sheet.
D. hedge using options.
E. hedge without basis risk.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
24. Basis risk occurs because it is generally impossible to

A. hedge unanticipated rate changes.
B. exactly predict interest rate changes.
C. exactly match the terms of the hedging instrument with the terms of the asset or liability at
risk.
D. find negatively correlated asset prices.
E. all of the above
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Evaluate
Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
23-23
25. A bond portfolio manager has a $25 million market value bond portfolio with a 6-year
duration. The manager believes interest rates may increase 50 basis points. Which of the
following could be used to help limit his risk?
I. Sell the bonds forward.

II. Buy bond futures contracts.
III. Buy call options on the bonds.
IV. Buy put options on the bonds.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. I and IV only
E. II and III only

Blooms: Understand
Difficulty: 1 Easy
26. Which of the following are potentially subject to risk-based capital requirements?
A. Swaps and futures
B. Swaps and forwards
C. Forwards and futures
D. Purchased option positions and futures
E. Purchased option positions and swaps

Blooms: Remember
Learning Goal: 23-06 Understand how the different hedging methods compare.
Topic: Derivative Trading Policies of Regulators
23-24
27. A forward contract

A. is marked to market.
B. has significant default risk.
C. is standardized.
D. is traded over the counter.
E. is highly liquid.

Blooms: Remember
28. The price of a bond rises from 98 to par. Even if you do nothing, this would still result in
an immediately recognized loss on a _____________ on a bond, and a paper gain on a bond
______________.
A. long forward contract; call option
B. short futures contract; call option
C. call option; put option
D. short futures contract; put option
E. short forward contract; call option

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
29. A _____ position in T-bond futures should be used to hedge falling interest rates and a
_____ position in T-bond futures should be used to hedge falling bond prices.
A. long; short
B. long; long
C. short; long
D. short; short

Blooms: Understand
23-25
30. Which of the following bond option positions increase in value when interest rates
increase?
A. Long call; written put
B. Long put; written call
C. Long put; long call
D. Written put; written call

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
31. For a bond put option, the _____ the exercise price, the greater the cost of the put, and for
a bond call option, the _____ the exercise price, the higher the cost of the call option.
A. higher; higher
B. lower; lower
C. higher; lower
D. lower; higher

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
32. The safest way to hedge a bond asset with options is to


Blooms: Remember
Topic: Options
23-26
33. The safest way to hedge a bond liability with options is to


Blooms: Remember
Topic: Options
34. An FI with DA > kDL could do which of the following to reduce the duration gap?
A. Engage in a swap and pay a variable rate and receive a fixed rate of interest
B. Sell bond futures contracts
C. Buy bonds forward
D. Buy bond call options
E. None of the above

Blooms: Understand
35. The largest two categories of swaps are

A. credit risk and interest rate swaps.
B. currency and commodity swaps.
C. interest rate and currency swaps.
D. equity and interest rate swaps.
E. none of the above

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Comparison of Hedging Methods
23-27
36. A bondholder owns 15-year government bonds with a $5 million face value and a 6%
coupon that is paid annually. The bonds are currently priced at $550,018.73 with a yield of
5.034%. The bonds have a duration of 10.53 years. If interest rates are projected to increase
by 50 basis points, how much will the bondholder gain or lose?
A. $27,571
B. $25,063
C. -$27,571
D. -$25,063
E. $5,313
$P = - Dur x (R/(1+R)) x P0 = -10.53 x (0.0050/1.0534) x 550,018.73= $-27,571
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
37. An FI has long-term, fixed-rate assets funded by short-term, variable-rate liabilities. To

protect the equity value, the FI may engage in a swap to pay a _____ rate and receive a _____
interest.
A. fixed; variable
B. variable; variable
C. variable; fixed
D. fixed; fixed

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Swaps
23-28
38. The profits on a derivatives position are fixed when a bond's price falls below a certain
point, but above that point the profits fall when the bond price rises. This profit profile fits
which of the following positions?
A. Purchased call option
B. Written call option
C. Purchased put option
D. Written put option

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
39. Plain vanilla interest rate swaps are exchanges of

A. principle only.
B. interest only.
C. principle and interest.
D. principle and currency.
E. interest rate and currency.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Swaps
23-29
Figure 23-1
After conducting a rate sensitive analysis, a bank finds itself with the following amounts of
rate- sensitive assets and liabilities (RSAs and RSL) and fixed-rate assets and liabilities
(FRAs and FRLs), the rate of return and cost rates on the accounts are also given:
40. If we were to design a macrohedge, which of the following positions would help reduce
the bank's interest rate risk?
I. Long position in bond futures contracts

II. Buying put options on bonds
III. Purchasing an interest rate cap
A. I only
B. II only
C. III only
D. I and III only
E. II and III only
Risk is from falling interest rates or rising prices with a positive repricing gap.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
23-30
41. If the bank wishes to set up a swap to totally hedge the interest rate risk, the bank should
A. pay a variable rate of interest and receive a fixed rate of interest.
B. pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a variable rate of interest.
C. pay a variable rate of interest and receive a variable rate of interest.
D. pay a fixed rate of interest and receive a fixed rate of interest.
Risk is from falling interest rates or rising prices with a positive repricing gap.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Swaps
42. Suppose the institution wishes to fully hedge the interest rate risk with a swap. A swap is
available with whatever notional principle is needed that pays fixed at 4.95% and pays
variable at LIBOR. LIBOR is currently 5.11%. By how much would profits change right now
if the bank engages in the swap?
A. $202,600
B. -$202,600
C. $300,000
D. -$195,200
E. $195,200
Pay variable, receive fixed; (322-200) x (4.95% - 5.11%) = -$195,200
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Swaps
23-31
43. A thrift purchases a 1-year interest rate floor with a floor rate of 4.23% from a large bank.
The option has a notional principle of $1 million and costs $2,000. If in one year, interest rates
are 3%, the thrift's net profit, ignoring commissions and taxes was _____ and if in one year,
interest rates were 2%, the thrift's net profit was _____.
A. $0; $7,500
B. $8,800; -$2,000
C. $8,800; $0
D. $29,500; -$2,000
E. $29,500; $0
Max [(Floor rate - Actual rate) x NP, 0] - 2,000 = ((4.23%-3.15%) x $1 million) - 2,000 =
$8,800; $0
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Options
44. A regional bank negotiates the purchase of a one-year interest rate cap with a cap rate of
5.45% with a large bank. The option has a notional principle of $2 million and costs $3,400.
In one year, interest rates are 6.33%. The regional bank's net profit, ignoring commissions and
taxes, was
A. $105,600.
B. $18,400.
C. $17,600.
D. $14,200.
E. $11,500.
Max [(Actual rate - Cap rate) x NP, 0] - 3,400 = ((6.33% - 5.45%) x 2M) - 3,400 = $14,200
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Options
23-32
45. Your firm has sold long-term government bonds short on a when-issued basis; your firm
must purchase the bonds and deliver them when they are issued in 6 months. To hedge this
risk, you could
I. buy at-the-money put options on bonds.

II. sell bond futures contracts.
III. write at-the-money call options on bonds.
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and III only
D. II and III only
E. none of these would hedge the risk
The risk is from rising prices.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Evaluate
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
46. In 2010, only about _____ of the largest banks actively used derivatives.
A. 750
B. 830
C. 940
D. 990
E. 1100

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Risks Associated with Futures, Forwards, and Options
23-33
47. A nave hedge is one

A. where the hedger is not fully informed.
B. where the hedger attempts to eliminate all of the risk of the underlying spot position.
C. where the hedger uses microhedges rather than macrohedges to limit risk.
D. where the hedger unwittingly increases the risk of the FI's position.
E. that does not have to be reported on the FI's financial statements.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
48. The primary federal banks regulators have established guidelines for derivatives usage at
banks including:
I. banks must establish internal guidelines regarding hedging activity.

II. banks must establish trading limits.
III. banks are prohibited from using derivatives to speculate.
IV. banks must disclose large derivatives positions that may materially affect stakeholders in
their financial statements.
A. I and II only
B. I, III, and IV only
C. I, II, and IV only
D. II, III, and IV only
E. I, II, III, and IV

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Derivative Trading Policies of Regulators
23-34
Short Answer Questions
49. A U.S. firm is earning British pounds from its foreign subsidiary. A U.K. firm is earning
dollars from its U.S. subsidiary. Neither firm can borrow at a cost-effective rate outside of its
home country/currency. What kind of swap could be used to limit the FX risk of both firms
and explain the payment flows involved (be specific)?
The U.S. firm would borrow $ in the U.S., the U.K. firm would borrow in the U.K. The U.S.
firm agrees to pay the interest and principle on the U.K. firm's borrowings using its
subsidiary's pound earnings and the British firm agrees to pay the $ interest and principle on
the American firm's debt (using its subsidiary's $ proceeds).

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Swaps
50. Why is the credit risk on a plain vanilla interest rate swap generally less than the credit
risk of a loan with an equivalent (notional) principle amount?
Swap payments are netted against one another so the actual payment due is lower than on an
equivalent principle loan. There is no lending of principle and thus, no principle is due on a
swap, but it is on a loan. A third party may be hired (for a fee) to guarantee payments on a
swap, even if a counterparty defaults, or a standby letter of credit or collateral may be
required.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Swaps
23-35
51. Is it safer to hedge a contingent liability with options, futures, forwards, or swaps?
Explain.
A contingent liability should be hedged by buying options; then if the liability doesn't occur,
the FI is not left with an unlimited loss exposed risk position in a derivative without an
offsetting spot position.

Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
Topic: Swaps
52. Draw a graph of the gains and losses from owning a bond and simultaneously buying a
put on the bond.

Blooms: Remember
Difficulty: 1 Easy
Topic: Options
23-36
Figure 23-2
A U.S. bank has deposit liabilities denominated in euros that must be repaid in 2 years. The
deposits pay a fixed interest rate of 4%. The bank took the money raised and converted it to
dollars, whereupon it lent the dollars to a corporate customer who will repay the bank over the
next two years in dollars at a variable rate of interest equal to LIBOR +3%. The interest rate
earned may change every six months.
53. Other than credit risk, what are the risks to the bank?
There are two risks other than credit risk:
1) Interest rates may fall reducing the income from the corporate loan while the funding cost
of the liabilities would stay the same.
2) The value of the euro could increase against the dollar, raising the dollar cost to repay the
euro deposits because the dollars earned would buy fewer euros.

Blooms: Remember
Topic: Swaps
54. Design a swap that the bank could use to reduce their risks.
The bank could pay dollars at a variable rate of interest based on LIBOR and receive euros at
a fixed rate of interest. This would reduce both the foreign exchange and interest rate risk.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Create
Topic: Swaps
23-37
55. A U.S. corporation is bidding on a revenue-generating contract in England. If the

corporation gets the bid, they will be paid in pounds. A) If the managers are risk averse, can
hedging increase the likelihood that the U.S. firm gets the bid? Explain. B) In this situation,
should the corporation hedge with options, futures, or forwards? Explain.
A) Hedging can increase the likelihood the firm gets the bid because if the firm hedges they
can be more certain of the dollar value of the pounds received if they hedge now before the
outcome of the bid is known. This should allow the firm to bid more and increase their
chances of obtaining the contract even after considering the cost of hedging.
B) In this case, an options hedge will be preferred (buy puts on the pound) since the firm is
not sure that they will get the bid. Options are preferred in this case because the firm does not
have to use them if they do not get the bid. If the firm hedges with futures or forwards before
receiving the outcome of the bid, and then they don't get the bid, the firm finds that it has
engaged in highly risky currency speculation without an offsetting spot position to limit the
risk.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Evaluate
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Options
56. What are the advantages and disadvantages of forwards versus futures contracts?
The advantages of forwards include the participant's ability to negotiate nonstandard terms
and the lack of required cash payments before maturity. Advantages of futures include their
marketability, the lack of counterparty default risk, and the anonymity of the participants.

Blooms: Understand
23-38
57. In terms of direct costs, are futures or options likely to be a more expensive form of
hedging? Why? In terms of opportunity costs, which is more expensive? Why?
In terms of direct costs, options are generally a more expensive form of hedging because they
are a right and not an obligation. An option writer knows that the buyer will only exercise the
option when it is in the buyer's favor and at the writer's expense, so the writer will charge for
this right. In terms of opportunity costs, however, futures are probably a more expensive
method of hedging, because futures hedges limit both gains and losses, but long option hedges
truncate losses while allowing large gains. However, in a totally efficient market, the
additional flexibility provided by options would increase the price of the option relative to
futures till no net advantage existed.

Blooms: Remember
Blooms: Understand
Topic: Comparison of Hedging Methods
58. A bank wishes to hedge its $30 million face value bond portfolio (currently priced at 99%
of par). The bond portfolio has a duration of 9.75 years. They will hedge with T-Bond futures
($100,000 face) priced at 98% of par. The duration of the T-Bonds to be delivered is 9 years.
How many contracts are needed to hedge? Should the contracts be bought or sold? Ignore
basis risk.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Appendix 23A: Hedging with Futures Contracts
23-39
59. An FI has DA = 2.45 years and kDL = 0.97 years. The FI has total assets equal to $375
million. The FI wishes to effectively reduce the duration gap to one year by hedging with T-
Bond futures that have a market value of $115,000 and a DFut = 8 years. How many contracts
are needed and should the FI buy or sell them? (D = Duration)
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Appendix 23A: Hedging with Futures Contracts
60. A bank wishes to hedge its $25 million face value bond portfolio (currently priced at
106% of par). The bond portfolio has a duration of 5 years. They will hedge with put options
that have a delta of 0.67. The bond underlying the option contract has a market value of
$112,000 and a duration of 8 years. How many put options are needed? Assume that there is
no basis risk on the hedge.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Appendix 23B: Hedging with Options
23-40
61. A $995 million bank has a negative repricing gap equal to 6% of assets. The bank is
currently paying 4.5% on its rate-sensitive liabilities. These rates will vary as interest rates
move. The managers wish to reduce the effective repricing gap to zero with an interest rate
cap or floor. A one-year cap is available with a 5% cap rate and a one-year floor is available at
a floor rate of 4%.
a) Suggest a position using either the cap or the floor (but not both) that will limit the bank's
interest rate risk. Explain.
b) Suppose that interest rates are volatile this year and the cap costs $275,000 and the floor
costs $195,000. Suggest a collar that helps limit the bank's cost of hedging. How does the
collar affect the bank's risk?
a) The bank's risk is from rising interest rates. The required notional principle = 6% x $995
million = $59.7 million, the size of the repricing gap. The bank should purchase the cap with a
notional principle amount of $59.7 million. If interest rates rise above the cap rate of 5%,
driving up the bank's liability costs, payments received on the cap will help offset the rising
costs of the rate-sensitive liabilities. The cap doesn't earn anything until rates move above 5%,
so the bank will lose profitability equal to $59.7 million x 0.005 = $298,500 before the cap
moves into the money.
b) The bank could purchase the cap and sell the floor to limit the cost of hedging. The net cost
of the collar is then the income from selling the floor, $195,000 minus the cost of the cap,
$275,000, or a net cost of $80,000. Selling the floor limits net gains from the declining cost of
the rate-sensitive liabilities on the balance sheet if interest rates drop. In other words, selling
the floor adds an opportunity cost from declining interest rates.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Create
Blooms: Evaluate
Topic: Appendix 23C: Hedging with Caps, Floors, and Collars
23-41
62. A bank wishes to reduce its duration gap from 1.2 years to zero by using put options. The
bank has $800 million in assets. The underlying bonds on the puts are valued at $115,000 and
have a duration of 4 years. The put options have a delta of 0.58. How many put options are
needed? Assume that there is no basis risk on the hedge.
AACSB: Analytic
Blooms: Analyze
Blooms: Apply
Topic: Appendix 23B: Hedging with Options
23-42

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Chapter 23 - Managing Risk off the Balance Sheet with Derivative Securities

True / False Questions

1. A spot contract is an immediate delivery versus payment contract.

3. Gains and losses on a futures contract must be recognized daily.

4. Buying a cap is similar to buying a call option on bond prices.

5. A macro hedge is a hedge of a particular asset or liability exposure to a change in a

7. Writing a call option on a bond pays off if interest rates rise.

11. A purchaser of a bond call option gains if interest rates fall.

17. A fixed-floating interest rate swap is called a plain vanilla swap.

Multiple Choice Questions

24. Basis risk occurs because it is generally impossible to

I. Sell the bonds forward.

27. A forward contract

32. The safest way to hedge a bond asset with options is to

33. The safest way to hedge a bond liability with options is to

35. The largest two categories of swaps are

37. An FI has long-term, fixed-rate assets funded by short-term, variable-rate liabilities. To

39. Plain vanilla interest rate swaps are exchanges of

I. Long position in bond futures contracts

I. buy at-the-money put options on bonds.

47. A nave hedge is one

I. banks must establish internal guidelines regarding hedging activity.

Short Answer Questions

55. A U.S. corporation is bidding on a revenue-generating contract in England. If the

True / False Questions

1. A spot contract is an immediate delivery versus payment contract.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

3. Gains and losses on a futures contract must be recognized daily.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

4. Buying a cap is similar to buying a call option on bond prices.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

5. A macro hedge is a hedge of a particular asset or liability exposure to a change in a

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

7. Writing a call option on a bond pays off if interest rates rise.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

11. A purchaser of a bond call option gains if interest rates fall.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

17. A fixed-floating interest rate swap is called a plain vanilla swap.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

Multiple Choice Questions

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

AACSB: Reflective Thinking

24. Basis risk occurs because it is generally impossible to

I. Sell the bonds forward.

AACSB: Reflective Thinking