Core Java with SCJP/ OCJP Material By Mr.

Durga Java 8 New Features

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Core Java with SCJP/ OCJP Material By Mr. Durga Java 8 New Features

Java 8 New Features

java 7 July 28th 2011

2 Years 7 Months 18 Days

Java 8 - March 18th 2014

Java 9 - September 22nd 2016

Java 10 - 2018

After java 1.5version, java 8 is the next major version.

Before java 8, sun people gave importance only for objects but in 1.8version oracle people gave the
importance for functional aspects of programming to bring its benefits to java.ie it doesnt mean java
is functional oriented programming language.

Java 8 New Features:

1) Lambda Expression
2) FunctionalInterfaces
3) Default methods
4) Predicates
5) Functions
6) Double colon operator(::)
7) Stream API
8) Date and Time API
Etc..

Lambda () Expression
Lambda calculus is a big change in mathematical world which has been introduced in 1930.
Because of benefits of Lambda calculus slowly this concepts started using in programming world.
LISP is the first programming which uses Lambda Expression.
The other languages which uses lambda expressions are:
C#.Net
C Objective
C
C++
Python
Ruby etc.
and finally in java also.

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The Main Objective of Lambda Expression is to bring benefits of functional programming into
java.

What is Lambda Expression ():

Lambda Expression is just an anonymous(nameless) function. That means the function which doesnt
have the name,return type and access modifiers.
Lambda Expression also known as anonymous functions or closures.

Ex: 1 () {
public void m1() { sop(hello);
sop(hello); }
} () { sop(hello); }
() sop(hello);
Ex:2
public void add(inta, int b) {
sop(a+b); (inta, int b) sop(a+b);
}

If the type of the parameter can be decided by compiler automatically based on the context then
we can remove types also.
The above Lambda expression we can rewrite as (a,b) sop (a+b);

Ex: 3
public String str(String str) { (String str) return str;
return str;
}
(str) str;

Conclusions:
1) A lambda expression can have zero or more number of parameters(arguments).
Ex:
() sop(hello);
(int a ) sop(a);
(inta, int b) return a+b;

2) Usually we can specify type of parameter.If the compiler expect the type based on the context
then we can remove type. i.e., programmer is not required.
Ex:
(inta, int b) sop(a+b);
(a,b) sop(a+b);

3) If multiple parameters present then these parameters should be separated with comma(,).

4) If zero number of parameters available then we have to use empty parameter [ like ()].
Ex:
() sop(hello);
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5) If only one parameter is available and if the compiler can expect the type then we can remove the
type and parenthesis also.

Ex:
(int a) sop(a);

(a) sop(a);

A sop(a);
6) Similar to method body lambda expression body also can contain multiple statements.if more
than one statements present then we have to enclose inside within curly braces.if one statement
present then curly braces are optional.

7) Once we write lambda expression we can call that expression just like a method, for this
functional interfaces are required.

Functional Interfaces:

if an interface contain only one abstract method, such type of interfaces are called functional
interfaces and the method is called functional method or single abstract method(SAM).
Ex:
1) Runnable It contains only run() method
2) Comparable It contains only compareTo() metho
3) ActionListener It contains only actionPerformed()
4) Callable It contains only call()method

Inside functional interface in addition to single Abstract method(SAM) we write any number of
default and static methods.
Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) public abstract void m1();
3) default void m2() {
4) System.out.println (hello );
5) }
6) }

In Java 8 ,SunMicroSystem introduced @FunctionalInterface annotation to specify that the interface is

FunctionalInterface.
Ex:
@FunctionalInterface
Interface Interf { this code compiles without any compilation errors.
public void m1();
}

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InsideFunctionalInterface we can take only one abstract method,if we take more than one abstract
method then compiler raise an error message that is called we will get compilation error.

Ex:
@FunctionalInterface {
public void m1(); this code gives compilation error.
public void m2();
}

Inside FunctionalInterface we have to take exactly only one abstract method.If we are not declaring
that abstract method then compiler gives an error message.
Ex:
@FunctionalInterface {
interface Interface { compilation error
}

FunctionalInterface with respect to Inheritance:

If an interface extends FunctionalInterface and child interface doesnt contain any abstract method
then child interface is also FunctionalInterface

Ex:

1) @FunctionalInterface
2) interface A {
3) public void methodOne();
4) }
5) @FunctionalInterface
6) Interface B extends A {
7) }

In the child interface we can define exactly same parent interface abstract method.
Ex:

1) @FunctionalInterface
2) interface A {
3) public void methodOne();
4) }
5) @FunctionalInterface
6) interface B extends A { No Compile Time Error
7) public void methodOne();
8) }

In the child interface we cant define any new abstract methods otherwise child interface wont be
FunctionalInterface and if we are trying to use @FunctionalInterface annotation then compiler gives
an error message.
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1) @FunctionalInterface {
2) interface A {
3) public void methodOne();
Compiletime Error
4) }
5) @FunctionalInterface
6) interface B extends A {
7) public void methodTwo();
8) }

Ex:
@FunctionalInterface
interface A {
No compile time error
public void methodOne();
}
interface B extends A {
public void methodTwo(); thiss Normal interface so that code compiles without
error
}

In the above example in both parent & child interface we can write any number of default methods
and there are no restrictions.Restrictions are applicable only for abstract methods.

FunctionalInterface Vs Lambda Expressions:

Once we write Lambda expressions to invoke its functionality, then FunctionalInterface is required.
We can use FunctionalInterface reference to refer Lambda Expression.
Where ever FunctionalInterface concept is applicable there we can use Lambda Expressions
Ex:1
Without Lambda Expression

1) interface Interf {
2) public void methodOne() {}
3) public class Demo implements Interface {
4) public void methodOne() {
5) System.out.println( method one execution );
6) }
7) public class Test {
8) public static void main(String[] args) {
9) Interfi = new Demo();
10) i.methodOne();
11) }
12) }
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Above code With Lambda expression

1) interface Interf {
2) public void methodOne() {}
3) class Test {
4) public static void main(String[] args) {
5) Interfi = () System.out.println(MethodOne Execution);
6) i.methodOne();
7) }
8) }

Without Lambda Expression

1) interface Interf {
2) public void sum(inta,int b);
3) }
4) class Demo implements Interf {
5) public void sum(inta,int b) {
6) System.out.println(The sum: +(a+b));
7) }
8) }
9) public class Test {
10) public static void main(String[] args) {
11) Interfi = new Demo();
12) i.sum(20,5);
13) }
14) }

Above code With Lambda Expression

1) interface Interf {
2) public void sum(inta, int b);
3) }
4) class Test {
5) public static void main(String[] args) {
6) Interfi = (a,b) System.out.println(The Sum: +(a+b));
7) i.sum(5,10);
8) }
9) }

Without Lambda Expressions

1) interface Interf {
2) publicint square(int x);
3) }
4) class Demo implements Interf {
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5) public int square(int x) {

6) return x*x; OR (int x) x*x
7) }
8) }
9) class Test {
10) public static void main(String[] args) {
11) Interfi = new Demo();
12) System.out.println(The Square of 7 is: +i.square(7));
13) }
14) }

Above code with Lambda Expression

1) interface Interf {
2) public int square(int x);
3) }
4) class Test {
5) public static void main(String[] args) {
6) Interfi = x x*x;
7) System.out.println(The Square of 5 is:+i.square(5));
8) }
9) }

Without Lambda expression

1) class MyRunnable implements Runnable {

2) public void main() {
3) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
4) System.out.println(Child Thread);
5) }
6) }
7) }
8) class ThreadDemo {
9) public static void main(String[] args) {
10) Runnable r = new myRunnable();
11) Thread t = new Thread(r);
12) t.start();
13) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
14) System.out.println(Main Thread)
15) }
16) }
17) }

With Lambda expression

1) class ThreadDemo {
2) public static void main(String[] args) {
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3) Runnable r = () {
4) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
5) System.out.println(Child Thread);
6) }
7) };
8) Thread t = new Thread(r);
9) t.start();
10) for(i=0; i<10; i++) {
11) System.out.println(Main Thread);
12) }
13) }
14) }

Anonymous inner classes vs Lambda Expressions

Wherever we are using anonymous inner classes there may be a chance of using Lambda expression
to reduce length of the code and to resolve complexity.

Ex: With anonymous inner class

1) class Test {
2) public static void main(String[] args) {
3) Thread t = new Thread(new Runnable() {
4) public void run() {
5) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
6) System.out.println("Child Thread");
7) }
8) }
9) });
10) t.start();
11) for(int i=0; i<10; i++)
12) System.out.println("Main thread");
13)
14) }
15) }

With Lambda expression

1) class Test {
2) public static void main(String[] args) {
3) Thread t = new Thread(() {
4) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
5) System.out.println("Child Thread");
6) }
7) });
8) t.start();
9) for(int i=0; i<10; i++) {
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10) System.out.println("Main Thread");

11) }
12) }
13) }

What are the advantages of Lambda expression?

We can reduce length of the code so that readability of the code will be improved.
We can resolve complexity of anonymous inner classes.
We can provide Lambda expression in the place of object.
We can pass lambda expression as argument to methods.

Note:
Anonymous inner class can extend concrete class, can extend abstract class,can implement
interface with any number of methods but
Lambda expression can implement an interface with only single abstract
method(FunctionalInterface).
Hence if anonymous inner class implements functionalinterface in that particular case only we can
replace with lambda expressions.hence wherever anonymous inner class concept is there,it may
not possible to replace with Lambda expressions.
Anonymous inner class! = Lambda Expression

Inside anonymous inner class we can declare instance variables.

Inside anonymous inner class this always refers current inner class object(anonymous inner
class) but not related outer class object

Ex:

Inside lambda expression we cant declare instance variables.

Whatever the variables declare inside lambda expression are simply acts as local variables
Within lambda expression this keyword represents current outer class object reference (that is
current enclosing class reference in which we declare lambda expression)

Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) public void m1();
3) }
4) class Test {
5) int x = 777;
6) public void m2() {
7) Interfi = () {
8) int x = 888;
9) System.out.println(x); 888
10) System.out.println(this.x); 777
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11) };
12) i.m1();
13) }
14) public static void main(String[] args) {
15) Test t = new Test();
16) t.m2();
17) }
18) }

From lambda expression we can access enclosing class variables and enclosing method variables
directly.
The local variables referenced from lambda expression are implicitly final and hence we cant
perform re-assignment for those local variables otherwise we get compile time error

Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) public void m1();
3) }
4) class Test {
5) int x = 10;
6) public void m2() {
7) int y = 20;
8) Interfi = () {
9) System.out.println(x); 10
10) System.out.println(y); 20
11) x = 888;
12) y = 999; //CE
13) };
14) i.m1();
15) y = 777;
16) }
17) public static void main(String[] args) {
18) Test t = new Test();
19) t.m2();
20) }
21) }

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Differences between anonymous inner classes and Lambda expression

Anonymous Inner class Lambda Expression

Its a class without name Its a method without name(anonymous function)
Anonymous inner class can extend lambda expression cant extend
Abstract and concreateclasses Abstract and concreate classes
Anonymous inner class can implement lambda expression can implement an
An interface that contains any number of Interface which contains single abstract method
Abstract methods (FunctionalInterface)
Inside anonymous inner class we can Inside lambda expression we cant
Declare instance variables. Declare instance variables,whater the variables
declare are simply acts as local variables.
Anonymous inner classes can be lambda expressions cant be instantiated
Instantiated
Inside anonymous inner class this Inside lambda expression this
Always refers current anonymous Always refers current outer class object.that is
Inner class object but not outer class enclosing class object.
Object.
Anonymous inner class is the best choice Lambda expression is the best Choice if we want
If we want to handle multiple methods. to handle interface
With single abstract method (FuntionalInterface).
In the case of anonymous inner class At the time of compilation no dot Class file will be
At the time of compilation a separate generated for Lambda expression.it simply
Dot class file will be generated convert in to private method outer class.
(outerclass$1.class)
Memory allocated on demand Reside in permanent memory of JVM
Whenever we are creating an object (Method Area).

Default methods
Until 1.7 version onwards inside interface we can take only public abstract methods and public
static final variables(every method present inside interface is always public and abstract whether
we are declaring or not).
Every variable declared inside interface is always public static final whether we are declaring or
not.
But from 1.8 version onwards in addition to these, we can declare default concrete methods also
inside interface,which are also known as defender methods.

We can declare default method with the keyword default as follows

1) default void m1(){

2) System.out.println (Default Method);
3) }

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Interface default methods are by-default available to all implementation classes.Based on

requirement implementation class can use these default methods directly or can override.

Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) default void m1() {
3) System.out.println("Default Method");
4) }
5) }
6) class Test implements Interf {
7) public static void main(String[] args) {
8) Test t = new Test();
9) t.m1();
10) }
11) }

Default methods also known as defender methods or virtual extension methods.

The main advantage of default methods is without effecting implementation classes we can addnew
functionality to the interface(backward compatibility).

Note:
We cant override object class methods as default methods inside interface otherwise we get
compiletime error.

Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) default inthashCode() {
3) return 10;
4) }
5) }

CompileTimeError

Reason: object class methods are by-default available to every java class hence its not required to
bring through default methods.

Default method vs multiple inheritance

Two interfaces can contain default method with same signature then there may be a chance of
ambiguity problem(diamond problem) to the implementation class.to overcome this problem
compulsory we should override default method in the implementation class otherwise we get
compiletime error.

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1) Eg 1:
2) interface Left {
3) default void m1() {
4) System.out.println("Left Default Method");
5) }
6) }
7)
8) Eg 2:
9) interface Right {
10) default void m1() {
11) System.out.println("Right Default Method");
12) }
13) }
14)
15) Eg 3:
16) class Test implements Left, Right {}

How to override default method in the implementation class?

In the implementation class we can provide complete new implementation or we can call any
interface method as follows.
interfacename.super.m1();

Ex:

1) class Test implements Left, Right {

2) public void m1() {
3) System.out.println("Test Class Method"); OR Left.super.m1();
4) }
5) public static void main(String[] args) {
6) Test t = new Test();
7) t.m1();
8) }
9) }

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Differences between interface with default methods and abstract class

Eventhough we can add concrete methods in the form of default methods to the interface , it wont be
equal to abstract class.

Interface with Default Methods Abstract Class

Inside interface every variable is Inside abstract class there may be a Chance of
Always public static final and there is instance variables which Are required to the child
No chance of instance variables class.
Interface never talks about state of Abstract class can talk about state of Object.
Object.
Inside interface we cant declare Inside abstract class we can declare Constructors.
Constructors.
Inside interface we cant declare Inside abstract class we can declare Instance and
Instance and static blocks. static blocks.
Functional interface with default Abstract class cant refer lambda Expressions.
Methods Can refer lambda expression.
Inside interface we cant override Inside abstract class we can override Object class
Object class methods. methods.

Interface with default method != abstract class

Static methods inside interface:

From 1.8version onwards in addition to default methods we can write static methods also inside
interface to define utility functions.
Interface static methods by-default not available to the implementation classes hence by using
implementation class reference we cant call interface static
methods.we should call interface static methods by using interface name.

Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) public static void sum(int a, int b) {
3) System.out.println("The Sum:"+(a+b));
4) }
5) }
6) class Test implements Interf {
7) public static void main(String[] args) {
8) Test t = new Test();
9) t.sum(10, 20); //CE
10) Test.sum(10, 20); //CE
11) Interf.sum(10, 20);
12) }
13) }

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As interface static methods by default not available to the implementation class,overriding concept is
not applicable.
Based on our requirement we can define exactly same method in the implementation class,its valid
but not overriding.

Ex:1

1) interface Interf {
2) public static void m1() {}
3) }
4) class Test implements Interf {
5) public static void m1() {}
6) }

Its valid but not overriding

Ex:2

1) interface Interf {
2) public static void m1() {}
3) }
4) class Test implements Interf {
5) public void m1() {}
6) }

Thiss valid but not overriding

Ex3:

1) class P {
2) private void m1() {}
3) }
4) class C extends P {
5) public void m1() {}
6) }

Thiss valid but not overriding

From 1.8version onwards we can write main()method inside interface andhence we can run interface
directly from the command prompt.
Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) public static void main(String[] args) {
3) System.out.println("Interface Main Method");
4) }
5) }
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At the command prompt:

javac Interf.java
javaInterf

Predicates

A predicate is a function with a single argument and returns boolean value.

To implement predicate functions injava,oracle people introduced Predicate interface in 1.8
version(i.e.,Predicate<T>).
Predicate interface present in java.util.function package.
Its a functional interface and it contains only one method i.e., test()

Ex:
interface Predicate<T> {
public boolean test(T t);
}
As predicate is a functional interface and hence it can refers lambda expression

Ex:1
Write a predicate to check whether the given integer is greater than 10 or not.

Ex:
public boolean test(Integer I) {
if (I >10) {
return true;
}
else {
return false;
}
}

(Integer I) { if(I > 10)

return true;
else
return false;
}

I (I>10);

predicate<Integer> p = I (I >10);
System.out.println (p.test(100)); true
System.out.println (p.test(7)); false

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Program:

1) import java.util.function;
2) class Test {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) predicate<Integer> p = I (i>10);
5) System.out.println(p.test(100));
6) System.out.println(p.test(7));
7) System.out.println(p.test(true)); //CE
8) }
9) }

# 1 Write a predicate to check the length of given string is greater than 3 or not.
Predicate<String> p = s (s.length() > 3);
System.out.println (p.test(rvkb)); true
System.out.println (p.test(rk)); false

#-2 write a predicate to check whether the given collection is empty or not.
Predicate<collection> p = c c.isEmpty();

Predicate joining
Its possible to join predicates into a single predicate by using the following methods.
and()
or()
negate()
these are exactly same as logical AND ,OR complement operators

Ex:

1) import java.util.function.*;
2) class test {
3) public static void main(string[] args) {
4) int[] x = {0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30};
5) predicate<integer> p1 = i->i>10;
6) predicate<integer> p2=i -> i%2==0;
7) System.out.println("The Numbers Greater Than 10:");
8) m1(p1, x);
9) System.out.println("The Even Numbers Are:");
10) m1(p2, x);
11) System.out.println("The Numbers Not Greater Than 10:");
12) m1(p1.negate(), x);
13) System.out.println("The Numbers Greater Than 10 And Even Are: );
14) m1(p1.and(p2), x);
15) System.out.println("The Numbers Greater Than 10 OR Even: );
16) m1(p1.or(p2), x);
17) }
18) public static void m1(predicate<integer>p, int[] x) {
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19) for(int x1:x) {

20) if(p.test(x1))
21) System.out.println(x1);
22) }
23) }
24) }

Function
Functions are exactly same as predicates except that functions can return any type of result but
function should(can)return only one value and that value can be any type as per our requirement.
To implement functions oracle people introduced Function interface in 1.8version.
Function interface present in java.util.function package.
Functional interface contains only one method i.e., apply()

interface function(T,R) {
public R apply(T t);
}

Assignment:
Write a function to find length of given input string.

Ex:

1) import java.util.function.*;
2) class Test {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) Function<String, Integer> f = s ->s.length();
5) System.out.println(f.apply("Durga"));
6) System.out.println(f.apply("Soft"));
7) }
8) }

Note:
Function is a functional interface and hence it can refer lambda expression.

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Differenece between predicate and function

Predicate Function
To implement conditional checks To perform certain operation And to return some
We should go for predicate result we Should go for function.
Predicate can take one type Function can take 2 type Parameters.first one
Parameter which represents represent Input argument type and Second one
Input argument type. represent return Type.
Predicate<T> Function<T,R>
Predicate interface defines Function interface defines only one Method
only one method called test() called apply().
publicboolean test(T t) public R apply(T t)

Predicate can return only Function can return any type of value
boolean value.

Note:
Predicate is a boolean valued function
and(), or(), negate() are default methods present inside Predicate interface.

Method and Constructor references by using ::(double colon)operator

functionalInterface method can be mapped to our specified method by using :: (double

colon)operator. This is called method reference.

Our specified method can be either static method or instance method.

FunctionalInterface method and our specified method should have same argument types ,except this
the remaining things like
returntype,methodname,modifiersetc are not required to match.

Syntax:
if our specified method is static method

Classname::methodName

if the method is instance method

Objref::methodName

FunctionalInterface can refer lambda expression and FunctionalInterface can also refer method
reference . Hence lambda expression can be replaced with method reference.
hence method reference is alternative syntax to lambda expression.

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Ex: With Lambda Expression

1) class Test {
2) public static void main(String[] args) {
3) Runnable r = () {
4) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
5) System.out.println("Child Thread");
6) }
7) };
8) Thread t = new Thread(r);
9) t.start();
10) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
11) System.out.println("Main Thread");
12) }
13) }
14) }

With Method Reference

1) class Test {
2) public static void m1() {
3) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
4) System.out.println("Child Thread");
5) }
6) }
7) public static void main(String[] args) {
8) Runnable r = Test:: m1;
9) Thread t = new Thread(r);
10) t.start();
11) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
12) System.out.println("Main Thread");
13) }
14) }

In the above example Runnable interface run() method referring to Test class static method m1().
Method reference to Instance method:

Ex:

1) interface Interf {
2) public void m1(int i);
3) }
4) class Test {
5) public void m2(int i) {
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6) System.out.println("From Method Reference:"+i);

7) }
8) public static void main(String[] args) {
9) Interf f = I ->sop("From Lambda Expression:"+i);
10) f.m1(10);
11) Test t = new Test();
12) Interf i1 = t::m2;
13) i1.m1(20);
14) }
15) }

In the above example functional interface method m1() referring to Test class instance method m2().
The main advantage of method reference is we can use already existing code to implement functional
interfaces(code reusability).

Constructor References
We can use :: ( double colon )operator to refer constructors also

Syntax: classname :: new

Ex:
Interf f = sample :: new;
functional interface f referring sample class constructor

Ex:

1) class Sample {
2) private String s;
3) Sample(String s) {
4) this.s = s;
5) System.out.println("Constructor Executed:"+s);
6) }
7) }
8) interface Interf {
9) public Sample get(String s);
10) }
11) class Test {
12) public static void main(String[] args) {
13) Interf f = s -> new Sample(s);
14) f.get("From Lambda Expression");
15) Interf f1 = Sample :: new;
16) f1.get("From Constructor Reference");
17) }
18) }

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Note:
In method and constructor references compulsory the argument types must be matched.

Streams
To process objects of the collection, in 1.8 version Streams concept introduced.

What is the differences between java.util.streams and java.io streams?

java.util streams meant for processing objects from the collection. Ie, it represents a stream of objects
from the collection but java.io streams meant for processing binary and character data with respect to
file. i.e it represents stream of binary data or character data from the file .hence java.io streams and
java.util streams both are different.

What is the difference between collection and stream?

if we want to represent a group of individual objects as a single entity then

we should go for collection.
if we want to process a group of objects from the collection then we should
go for streams.

we can create a stream object to the collection by using stream()method of Collection interface.
stream() method is a default method added to the Collection in 1.8 version.

default Stream stream()

Ex:
Stream s = c.stream();

Stream is an interface present in java.util.stream.

once we got the stream, by using that we can process objects of that collection.

we can process the objects in the following two phases

1.configuration
2.processing

configuration:
we can configure either by using filter mechanism or by using map mechanism.

Filtering:
we can configure a filter to filter elements from the collection based on some boolean condition by
using filter()method of Stream interface.

public Stream filter(Predicate<T> t)

here (Predicate<T > t ) can be a boolean valued function/lambda expression

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Ex:
Stream s=c.stream();
Stream s1=s.filter(i -> i%2==0);

Hence to filter elements of collection based on some booleancondition we should go for

filter()method.

Mapping:
If we want to create a separate new object, for every object present in the collection based on our
requirement then we should go for map () method of Stream interface.

public Stream map (Function f);

It can be lambda expression also

Ex:
Stream s = c.stream();
Stream s1 = s.map(i-> i+10);
Once we performed configuration we can process objects by using several methods.

2.Processing

processing by collect() method

Processing by count()method
Processing by sorted()method
Processing by min() and max() methods
forEach() method
toArray() method
Stream.of()method

processing by collect() method

This method collects the elements from the stream and adding to the specified to the collection
indicated (specified)by argument.

Ex:1
To collect only even numbers from the array list

Approach-1: without Streams

1) import java.util.*;
2) class Test {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) ArrayList<Integer> l1 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
5) for(int i=0; i<=10; i++) {
6) l1.add(i);
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7) }
8) System.out.println(l1);
9) ArrayList<Integer> l2 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
10) for(Integer i:l1) {
11) if(i%2 == 0)
12) l2.add(i);
13) }
14) System.out.println(l2);
15) }
16) }

Approach-2: With Streams

1) import java.util.*;
2) import java.util.stream.*;
3) class Test {
4) public static void main(String[] args) {
5) ArrayList<Integer> l1 = new ArrayList<Integer>();
6) for(inti=0; i<=10; i++) {
7) l1.add(i);
8) }
9) System.out.println(l1);
10) List<Integer> l2 = l1.stream().filter(i -> i%2==0).collect(Collectors.toList());
11) System.out.println(l2);
12) }
13) }

Ex: Program for map() and collect() Method

1) import java.util.*;
2) import java.util.stream.*;
3) class Test {
4) public static void main(String[] args) {
5) ArrayList<String> l = new ArrayList<String>();
6) l.add("rvk"); l.add("rk"); l.add("rkv"); l.add("rvki"); l.add("rvkir");
7) System.out.println(l);
8) List<String> l2 = l.Stream().map(s ->s.toUpperCase()).collect(Collectors.toList());
9) System.out.println(l2);
10) }
11) }

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II.Processing by count()method
this method returns number of elements present in the stream.

public long count()

Ex:
long count=l.stream().filter(s ->s.length()==5).count();
sop(the number of 5 length strings is:+count);

III.Processing by sorted()method
if we sort the elements present inside stream then we should go for sorted() method.
the sorting can either default natural sorting order or customized sorting order specified by
comparator.
sorted()- default natural sorting order
sorted(Comparator c)-customized sorting order.

Ex:
List<String> l3=l.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());
sop(according to default natural sorting order:+l3);

List<String> l4=l.stream().sorted((s1,s2) -> -s1.compareTo(s2)).collect(Collectors.toList());

sop(according to customized sorting order:+l4);

IV.Processing by min() and max() methods

min(Comparator c)
returns minimum value according to specified comparator.

max(Comparator c)
returns maximum value according to specified comparator

Ex:
String min=l.stream().min((s1,s2) -> s1.compareTo(s2)).get();
sop(minimum value is:+min);

String max=l.stream().max((s1,s2) -> s1.compareTo(s2)).get();

sop(maximum value is:+max);

V.forEach() method

this method will not return anything.

this method will take lambda expression as argument and apply that lambda expression for each
element present in the stream.
Ex:
l.stream().forEach(s->sop(s));
l3.stream().forEach(System.out:: println);

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Ex:

1) import java.util.*;
2) import java.util.stream.*;
3) class Test1 {
4) public static void main(String[] args) {
5) ArrayList<Integer> l1 = new ArrayaList<Integer>();
6) l1.add(0); l1.add(15); l1.add(10); l1.add(5); l1.add(30); l1.add(25); l1.add(20);
7) System.out.println(l1);
8) ArrayList<Integer> l2=l1.stream().map(i-> i+10).collect(Collectors.toList());
9) System.out.println(l2);
10) long count = l1.stream().filter(i->i%2==0).count();
11) System.out.println(count);
12) List<Integer> l3=l1.stream().sorted().collect(Collectors.toList());
13) System.out.println(l3);
14) Comparator<Integer> comp=(i1,i2)->i1.compareTo(i2);
15) List<Integer> l4=l1.stream().sorted(comp).collect(Collectors.toList());
16) System.out.println(l4);
17) Integer min=l1.stream().min(comp).get();
18) System.out.println(min);
19) Integer max=l1.stream().max(comp).get();
20) System.out.println(max);
21) l3.stream().forEach(i->sop(i));
22) l3.stream().forEach(System.out:: println);
23)
24) }
25) }

VI.toArray() method
we can use toArray() method to copy elements present in the stream into specified array

Integer[] ir = l1.stream().toArray(Integer[] :: new);

for(Integer i: ir) {
sop(i);
}

VII.Stream.of()method

we can also apply a stream for group of values and for arrays.

Ex:
Stream s=Stream.of(99,999,9999,99999);
s.forEach(System.out:: println);

Double[] d={10.0,10.1,10.2,10.3};
Stream s1=Stream.of(d);
s1.forEach(System.out :: println);
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Date and Time API: (Joda-Time API)

until java 1.7version the classes present in java.util package to handle Date and Time(like
Date,Calendar,TimeZoneetc) are not upto the mark with respect to convenience and performance.

To overcome this problem in the 1.8version oracle people introduced Joda-Time API . This API
developed by joda.org and available in java in the form of java.time package.

# program for to display System Date and time.

1) import java.time.*;
2) public class DateTime {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
5) System.out.println(date);
6) LocalTime time=LocalTime.now();
7) System.out.println(time);
8) }
9) }

O/p:
2015-11-23
12:39:26:587

Once we get LocalDate object we can call the following methods on that object to retrieve Day,month
and year values separately.
Ex:

1) import java.time.*;
2) class Test {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) LocalDate date = LocalDate.now();
5) System.out.println(date);
6) int dd = date.getDayOfMonth();
7) int mm = date.getMonthValue();
8) int yy = date.getYear();
9) System.out.println(dd+"..."+mm+"..."+yy);
10) System.out.printf("\n%d-%d-%d",dd,mm,yy);
11) }
12) }

Once we get LocalTime object we can call the following methods on that object.
Ex:

1) importjava.time.*;
2) class Test {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) LocalTime time = LocalTime.now();
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5) int h = time.getHour();
6) int m = time.getMinute();
7) int s = time.getSecond();
8) int n = time.getNano();
9) System.out.printf("\n%d:%d:%d:%d",h,m,s,n);
10) }
11) }

If we want to represent both Date and Time then we should go for LocalDateTime object.

LocalDateTimedt = LocalDateTime.now();
System.out.println(dt);

O/p:2015-11-23T12:57:24.531

We can represent a particular Date and Time by using LocalDateTime object as follows.
Ex:
LocalDateTime dt1=LocalDateTime.of(1995,Month.APRIL,28,12,45);
sop(dt1);

Ex:
LocalDateTime dt1=LocalDateTime.of(1995,04,28,12,45);
sop(dt1);

Sop(After six months:+dt.plusMonths(6));

Sop(Before six months:+dt.minusMonths(6));

To Represent Zone:
ZoneId object can be used to represent Zone.

Ex:

1) import java.time.*;
2) class ProgramOne {
3) public static void main(String[] args) {
4) ZoneId zone = ZoneId.systemDefault();
5) System.out.println(zone);
6) }
7) }

We can create ZoneId for a particular zone as follows

Ex:
ZoneId la = ZoneId.of("America/Los_Angeles");
ZonedDateTimezt = ZonedDateTime.now(la);
System.out.println(zt);

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Period Object:
Period object can be used to represent quantity of time
Ex:
LocalDate today = LocalDate.now();
LocalDate birthday = LocalDate.of(1989,06,15);
Period p = Period.between(birthday,today);
System.out.printf("age is %d year %d months %d days",p.getYears(),p.getMonths(),p.getDays());

# write a program to check the given year is leap year or not.

1) import java.time.*;
2) public class Leapyear {
3) int n = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);
4) Year y = Year.of(n);
5) if(y.isLeap())
6) System.out.printf("%d is Leap year",n);
7) else
8) System.out.printf("%d is not Leap year",n);
9) }

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